HDFS ch. 9&10

When studying distributive justice, researchers note that children from the United States divide resources according to performance and merit. a. True b. False

a. True

At what age(s) does childhood mortality decline significantly? a. Between ages 1 and 4 b. Between ages 5 and 14 c. After 12 years old d. After 16 years old

b. Between ages 5 and 14

A child has trouble counting and adding numbers. Which disorder is this child most likely experiencing? a. Autistic spectrum disorder b. Dyscalculia c. Developmental dyslexia d. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

b. Dyscalculia

Most children in the United States meet the recommended guidelines of at least 60 minutes of moderate physical activity per day. a. True b. False

b. False

Research on identical twins indicates that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is caused entirely by genetics. a. True b. False

b. False

Synaptogenesis and pruning lead to ______. a. Decreases in hippocampus connections b. Increases in gray matter c. Increases in all areas of the brain being used d. Decreases in working memory

b. Increases in gray matter

Wechsler viewed intelligence as the ______. a. Ability to organize items into meaningful groups b. Ways in which people can talk about multiple topics c. Manifestations of creativity in school work and projects d. Perseverance needed to learn in challenging contexts

a. Ability to organize items into meaningful groups

Which is a form of intelligence within the triarchic theory of intelligence? a. Analytical b. Musical c. Interpersonal d. Naturalistic

a. Analytical

A child recognizes that the amount of cake batter used to make 24 cupcakes is the same as the amount used to make one big cake. This child has mastered ______. a. Conservation b. Seriation c. Transitive inference d. Class inclusion

a. Conservation

Which condition often precedes having a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)? a. Having parents who are advanced in age b. Being born with an above-average birth weight c. Not participating in regular vaccinations d. Running a high fever as an infant

a. Having parents who are advanced in age

Which statement is an example of self-concept in middle childhood? a. I am helpful and kind b. I have a dog and blue eyes c. I am tall and have blonde hair d. I play soccer and watch TV

a. I am helpful and kind

The homework gap is characterized by ______. a. Inequity in access to technology at home b. Work or household tasks students must do after school c. An inability to competently complete assignments d. An overabundance of after-school sports and activities

a. Inequity in access to technology at home

Which occurs in middle childhood regarding sibling rivalry? a. It increases as children become more competitive b. It increases as children identify less with siblings c. It decreases as children learn to get along better d. It decreases as children understand that they are equal

a. It increases as children become more competitive

How can children with parents who are incarcerated best be helped while the parents are imprisoned? a. Making sure they have a close nurturing relationship with a caregiver b. Helping children stay on track academically c. Providing connections within the community d. Establishing daily routines that help these children maintain focus

a. Making sure they have a close nurturing relationship with a caregiver

What is expected of children who positively navigate industry versus inferiority? a. Mastering skills valuable to society b. Working on tasks independently c. Feeling a sense of superiority to peers d. Determining their role in life

a. Mastering skills valuable to society

______ refers to the knowledge of the nature and qualities of language. a. Metalinguistic awareness b. Conceptual knowledge c. Pragmatics Syntax

a. Metalinguistic awareness

Which is true about the impact parents have on development of self-esteem? a. Parents who are more encouraging foster positive self-esteem b. The way parents exhibit industry is associated with positive self-esteem c. When parents present children with high expectations, they maintain positive self-esteem d. Parental achievement directly impacts a child's self-esteem

a. Parents who are more encouraging foster positive self-esteem

How are rules viewed in autonomous morality? a. Products of group agreement b. Constructed by parents c. Made with fairness in mind d. Disagreeable and cruel

a. Products of group agreement

When a child places blocks in order from smallest to largest, they have mastered ______. a. Seriation b. Transitive inference c. Conservation d. Class inclusion

a. Seriation

Why does a child's understanding of rules become more flexible as they age? a. They are exposed to friend's perspectives, allowing them to understand that rules are socially constructed b. They are allowed to break the rules in situations where parents feel rule-breaking is fairly inconsequential c. They are granted freedom to enforce household rules upon their siblings, causing them to see how difficult keeping some rules can be d. They are motivated to continue to "play by the rules" because they understand the consequences of breaking them

a. They are exposed to friend's perspectives, allowing them to understand that rules are socially constructed

Why might a child in early adolescence have better planning and memory skills than one in middle childhood? a. They have a more developed prefrontal cortex b. They are further along in education c. They are more other-focused d. They have had fewer opportunities for synaptic pruning

a. They have a more developed prefrontal cortex

How do children tend to react to "losing" a close friend in middle childhood? a. They will work to replace the old friend with a new one b. They tend to grieve for a period of time and withdraw from friends c. They lose confidence and cannot trust new friends d. They will spend more time with parents who can become "best" friends

a. They will work to replace the old friend with a new one

Children who live in disadvantaged neighborhoods are more prone to physical injury than children in other types of neighborhoods. a. True b. False

a. True

Developmental dyslexia is the most common specific learning disorder (SLD). a. True b. False

a. True

Gender typing begins in early childhood. a. True b. False

a. True

Girls tend to use relational aggression more than boys. a. True b. False

a. True

In the United States, dual-language learning occurs when English-speaking and non-English-speaking students learn each other's languages simultaneously. a. True b. False

a. True

PTSD symptoms can affect children of service members returning home and reintegrating into family life. a. True b. False

a. True

Self-concept is relevant to abilities and personality traits instead of actual behaviors. a. True b. False

a. True

There are more differences among boys than between boys and girls. a. True b. False

a. True

Transgender children demonstrate more flexible views of gender than their cisgender counterparts. a. True b. False

a. True

Which statement is accurate about Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences? a. It tests mathematical, scientific, and language knowledge b. It moves away from the reliance on standardized testing c. It provides quantifiably measured intelligence scores d. It accounts for cultural and environmental factors

b. It moves away from the reliance on standardized testing

Industry versus inferiority can be navigated successfully if a child ______. a. Works independently on tasks b. Masters skills that society values c. Feels a sense of superiority over peers d. Successfully determines their role in life

b. Masters skills that society values

How are Gardner's multiple intelligences measured? a. Standardized testing b. Observation

b. Observation

Gender identity in middle childhood expands so that children consider their ______. a. Parents b. Peers c. Communities d. Countries

b. Peers

Which of the following occurs as a result of adrenarche? a. Moodiness b. Permanent molars c. Decreases in working memory Weight loss

b. Permanent molars

Body mass index is a measure of ______. a. Nutritional intake b. Weight divided by height c. One's susceptibility to disease d. One's potential for developing a disability

b. Weight divided by height

How is bullying perceived by those who bully? a. As a way to stop the spread of rumors and gossip b. As a manifestation of authoritative parenting c. As a way to maintain prestige and social status d. As a means to shift the focus toward other children

c. As a way to maintain prestige and social status

Which is the most commonly diagnosed disorder in children? a. Intellectual disability b. Autistic spectrum disorder c. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder d. Developmental dyslexia

c. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

In preconventional reasoning, children are motivated by ______. a. Helping others b. Seeking rewards c. Avoiding punishment d. Desiring justice

c. Avoiding punishment

When an individual is androgynous, they identify with ______. a. Female gender b. Male gender c. Both genders d. Neither gender

c. Both genders

Why might it be beneficial for children to go for a short run before starting homework? a. Cardiovascular activity helps children get better sleep at night, thus improving focus b. Children who exercise before doing homework have fewer problems with obesity c. Cardiovascular activity improves attention and executive functioning in children d. Children will not be as restless when it is time to do homework

c. Cardiovascular activity improves attention and executive functioning in children

Which statement is true regarding sexual abuse in childhood? a. Adolescent girls are most likely to experience sexual abuse b. Unknown abusers strike randomly c. Child abuse is often not reported d. Adolescent boys report abuse more than girls

c. Child abuse is often not reported

An intelligence test provides information about ______. a. Social skill development b. Motor skill development c. Cognitive development d. Sensory development

c. Cognitive development

How is culture important to the performance of conservation tasks? a. Conservation tasks remain consistent from one culture to the next b. Operational reasoning varies from culture to culture c. Culturally familiar objects can help a child better master conservation d. Conservation tasks are performed better in Western cultures

c. Culturally familiar objects can help a child better master conservation

Which disorder is characterized by deficits in matching letters to sounds and word recognition? a. Autistic spectrum disorder b. Dyscalculia c. Developmental dyslexia d. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

c. Developmental dyslexia

Older children are better able to perform spatial recall tasks because they show more activity in the ______ lobe of the brain than younger children. a. Temporal b. Occipital c. Frontal d. Parietal

c. Frontal

Which of the following is something that many single-mother households experience? a. Adjusting to external support b. Finding a supportive community c. Living in poverty d. Distrusting any male relatives

c. Living in poverty

Which occurs when a child uses hard work to overcome a failure? a. Fixed mindset b. Learned helplessness c. Mastery orientation d. Externalizing self-esteem

c. Mastery orientation

How does parenting impact self-esteem? a. Parent expectations maintain high self-esteem b. Parent achievement impacts child self-esteem c. Parental warmth is associated with positive self-esteem d. Parent-modeled behaviors are associated with higher self-esteem

c. Parental warmth is associated with positive self-esteem

Which of the following is a risk factor for bullying? a. Extroversion b. Overconfidence c. Passivity d. Aggression

c. Passivity

Which type of aggression includes ridiculing, embarrassing, and spreading rumors? a. Physical b. Reactive c. Relational d. Bully-victim

c. Relational

How do boys and girls differ in body growth from ages 9 to 12? a. The growth rate of boys is faster than the growth rate of girls b. The growth rate of girls slows down, while the growth rate of boys speeds up c. The growth rate of girls goes through a short spurt, while the growth rate of boys slows down d. The growth rate of girls goes through a slow period, while the growth rate of boys goes through a short spurt

c. The growth rate of girls goes through a short spurt, while the growth rate of boys slows down

Why might children ages 8 to 10 think of both merit and need in the context of distributive justice? a. They are concerned with efficiency b. They are wanting to be fair c. They are influenced by cultural values d. They are wanting to be self-serving

c. They are influenced by cultural values

Why are brief physical breaks in a classroom setting important? a. They facilitate improvements in working memory b. They help teachers with general classroom transitions c. They can enhance task performance and learning d. They improve social skills for all children

c. They can enhance task performance and learning

Which of the following is the most common cause of death in children in the United States? a. Child abuse b. Malnutrition c. Unintentional injuries d. Birth defects

c. Unintentional injuries

Which term describes a child who is very quiet and sits alone every day at lunch? a. Relationally aggressive b. Aggressive-rejected c. Withdrawn-rejected d. Peer acceptance

c. Withdrawn-rejected

Which is true about self-esteem in middle childhood? a. How children in middle childhood feel is often tied to overly positive self-evaluations b. Beliefs about self are more closely related to the behavior of others c. The home environment ceases to influence development of self-esteem d. Children with low self-esteem tend to maintain awareness of weaknesses

d. Children with low self-esteem tend to maintain awareness of weaknesses

During middle childhood, children begin to learn penmanship. This signifies the development of ______. a. Cognitive skills b. Gross motor skills c. Reasoning skills d. Fine motor skills

d. Fine motor skills

Which statement is true based on motor skill development? a. Rapid growth typically increases motor skill abilities b. The motor skills developed early in life can predict motor skills in adulthood c. Increases in body size will temporarily decrease motor skills d. Motor skills developed by age 4 can predict middle childhood motor skills

d. Motor skills developed by age 4 can predict middle childhood motor skills

Which of the following everyday experiences requires moral reasoning? a. Playing with a friend b. Cooking using a recipe c. Talking to grandparents d. Not finishing homework

d. Not finishing homework

Which describes a child using chunking or grouping as a memory strategy? a. Metamemory b. Rehearsal c. Elaboration d. Organization

d. Organization

With which method of language learning are children drilled on the patterns of sound combinations? a. Whole language approach b. Pragmatics c. Syntax d. Phonics instruction

d. Phonics instruction

Pragmatics consists of ______. a. Knowledge about the nature of language b. Complex grammatical structures c. Words having more than one meaning d. Practical application of language

d. Practical application of language

Popular children are typically perceived as ______. a. Mean b. Empathetic c. Manipulative d. Prosocial

d. Prosocial

According to Piaget, moral development embodies ______. a. Inequity and harshness b. Obedience and authority c. Inflexibility and justice d. Rules and fairness

d. Rules and fairness

Which statement is true regarding children of LGBT parents? a. They demonstrate lower academic abilities b. They are more likely to identify as gay and lesbian c. They exhibit social and behavioral problems d. They proceed normally in emotional development

d. They proceed normally in emotional development