HDFS Chapter 10

Development of prejudice

-Around 5 to 6/early school years children have already developed idea that power & privilege accompanies being white and poverty associated with people of color -in-group favoritism -out-group prejudice -minority children show reverse favoritism (ex. of sorting positive and negative adjectives into boxes)

Industry vs. Inferiority

-Conflict of middle childhood -resolved well when children develop a sense of competence -danger is reflected in pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well (can develop through family life or teachers/peers)

Child sexual abuse- characteristics of abusers and victims

-can be both but most often girls -typically abuser is male, 25% mothers are offenders with sons -many offenders will blame abuse on "seductive" youngster -have great difficulty controlling impulses and may suffer from psychological disorders (maybe alcohol or drug abuse) -reported cases often linked to poverty or marital instability

Extent of prejudice influenced by

-fixed view of personality traits -overly high self esteem -a social world in which people are sorted into groups

Compared to children with siblings only children are known to...

-have higher self-esteem -do better in school -attain higher levels of education -tend to be less well-accepted in a peer group

Four general categories of peer acceptance

-popular children -rejected children -controversial children -neglected children

Several important developments of middle childhood

-positive but realistic self concept -pride in accomplishment -moral responsibility -cooperative participation with agemates

Friendships contribute to

-trust and sensitivity -by age 8 or 9 # of friends decreases because of these features kids are more selective -girls demand greater closeness and are more exclusive -children learn to tolerate critiscism/resolve disputes=close relationships can survive disagreements

Controversial and neglected children

Display a blend of behaviors

Positive adjustment to divorce

Effective parenting- shielding the child from family conflict and using authoritative child rearing Warm father/child relationship can prevent early sexuality in girls and affect overall psychological health in boys

Gender identity involves the following evaluations...

Gender typicality Gender contentedness Felt pressure to conform to gender roles

Divorce

Immediate consequences: -preschool/youngchildren tend to blame themselves -olderchildren may have the maturity to understand it's not their fault but can still react strongly, especially if they try to take on extra household tasks that become too overwhelming -sex differences (girls may internalize reaction and cry, self-critiscize, withdrawal. boys are at risk for serious adjustment problems b/c of more active and noncompliant behaviors) Long term consequences: -linked to problems with adolescent sexuality and development of intimate ties, and overall children/adolescents of divorced parents tend to show lower academic achievement, self-esteem, social competence, and emotional and behavior problems

Self-Understanding

In MC, kids begin to describe themselves in terms of psychological traits, comparing their own characteristics with those of their peers, and speculate about the causes of their strengths and weaknesses. These have a major impact on self esteem

The beginning of formal schooling marks the transition to

Middle Childhood

Children begin to construct a flexible appreciate of moral rules

Moral and Social-Conventional Understanding... Peoples intentions and the contexts of their actions affect the moral implications of violating a social convention

Self esteem in young children

Typically very high in preschoolers, adjusts to be more realistic once entering school

Sibling rivalry tends to ____ in middle childhood

increase to reduce rivalry children strive to be different from one another; unique however still rely on each other for companionship and support when siblings get along the older sibling's academic and social competence tend to rub off

Perspective taking

inferring others attitudes

Social comparisons

judgments of one's own appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others

Peer acceptance

likability - the extent to which someone is viewed as a worthy social partner

Self-concept

major changes in self concept btw 8 and 11; as someone ages it is increasingly vested in feedback

From 3rd to 6th grade, boys tend to strengthen their identification with _____ traits while girls become more ____

masculine; androgynous

During childhood and adolescence, perceived _____ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other self-esteem factor

physical appearance

Popular children

popular prosocial (majority; combine academic and social competence) popular-antisocial (includes "tough" boys and relationally aggressive boys and girls)

self-care children

regularly look after themselves for some period of time after school too much time alone can lead to emotional and social difficulties

Children's fears are shaped in part by their culture

some are realistic about 5% develop an intense unmanageable phobia school phobia usually appears around ages 11 to 13

Remaining in an intact high conflict family is much worse than

transitioning to a low conflict single parent household

pg. 277 on blended families

worth a serious read, really applies

Coregulation

form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charger of moment-by-moment decision making

Children begin to understand individual rights

as grasp of moral imperatives and social convention strengthens, so does their conviction that certain choices are up to the individual

Peer groups

Collectives that generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers Can organize based on proximity, similarity in sex, ethnicity, academic achievement, popularity, aggression

Influences on self-esteem

Culture (gender stereotyped expectations), Child rearing practices, Achievement-Related attributions, Influences on achievement-related attributions

Rejected children

Rejected-aggressive Rejected-withdrawn (passive/socially awkward)

Learned helplessness

attribute failures, not successes, to ability. When they succeed, they conclude that it was external factors like luck. They believe ability is fixed and cannot be improved

resilience

a capacity that develops enabling children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity

As children internalize others' expectations and make social comparisons, they form _____ that they use to evaluate _____

an ideal self; their real self

Consequences of child sexual abuse

anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, mistrust of adults, anger, hostility younger children often react with sleep difficulties, loss of appetite, and generalized fearfulness

mastery oriented attributions

crediting their successes to ability ( a characteristic they can improve through trying hard and can count on when facing new challenges) and failure to factors that can be changed or controlled (insufficient effort or a very difficult task)