HDFS EXAM ONE

ecological momentary assessment

An overarching term to describe methodologies that repeatedly sample participants' real-world experiences, behavior, and physiology in real time.

indirect rewards

Refer to relatively subtle indirect benefits that the receiver is not always aware of

Archives

Stores of data collected by others

The tendency of partners to generate different explanations for their own behavior than they do for the similar things they observe in their partners is referred to as

actor/observer effects

A characteristic of positive illusions in romantic relationships is that the illusions ______. Multiple choice question. are a mix of realistic knowledge and idealized perceptions of partners are independent of the nature of interpretation of facts do not consider the partner's faults to be specific drawbacks do not involve judging partners more positively than they judge themselves

are a mix of realistic knowledge and idealized perceptions of partners

According to Little et al., women usually find rugged, manly features more appealing when they ______. Multiple choice question. are fertile, just before ovulation have irregular sleeping patterns have irregular menstrual cycles are in their third trimester of pregnancy

are fertile, just before ovulation

According to Strauss et al., people tend to be attracted to those who ______. Multiple choice question. are similar to their actual selves are similar to their ideal selves have interests that are incompatible with their own have active-aggressive personalities

are similar to their ideal selves

The explanations people generate for why things happen are known as

attributions

Men who have a high status and good financial resources tend to be preferred because they ______. Multiple choice question. are thought to be charismatic are thought to be healthy can provide shelter and protection to women during pregnancy can provide warmth and loyalty to their friends and partners

can provide shelter and protection to women during pregnancy

The problem of reactivity when collecting data about relationships can be avoided by using ______. Multiple choice question. data archives self-reports role-plays correlational observations

data archives

According to Zajonc, a person's liking for someone can be increased by ______. Multiple choice question. sheer emotional infidelity by him or her decreasing commitment to him or her mere exposure to him or her blocking contact with him or her

decreasing commitment to him or her

When relationship researchers seek to describe events as they naturally occur, they... - delineate observed patterns as accurately as possible - explain the causes and effects for the events observed - form theories based on insufficient empirical evidence - tend to avoid descriptive goals for the research

delineate observed patterns as accurately as possible

According to Lemay et al., people assume that attractive people have ______. Multiple choice question. aggressive traits that contradict their desirable appearances desirable traits that complement their desirable appearances reclusive behaviors that contradict their attractive appearances neurotic behaviors that contradict their attractive appearances

desirable traits that complement their desirable appearances

Multiple Choice Question According to Chip Knee and his colleagues, an assumption that two people are either well suited for each other and destined to live happily ever after, or they are not, is made by ______. Multiple choice question. destiny beliefs growth beliefs distress-maintaining attributions relationship-enhancing attributions

destiny beliefs

Researchers establish causal connections between events to ______. Multiple choice question. avoid forming positive correlations between events determine the events that have meaningful effects on subsequent outcomes form theories based on insufficient observation of participants in their natural settings determine the explanations for events that are outside the scope of research

determine the events that have meaningful effects on subsequent outcomes

Researchers establish causal connections between events to... - avoid forming positive correlations between events - determine the explanations for events that are outside the scope of research - form theories based on insufficient observation of participants in their natural settings - determine the events that have meaningful effects on subsequent outcomes

determine the events that have meaningful effects on subsequent outcomes

When people shower one with interest and approval, he or she is gratified by the attention and acceptance. This is an example of ______. - confirmation bias - indirect reward - direct reward - self-serving bias

direct reward

People are attracted to those who are similar to their ideal selves because they ______. Multiple choice question. exhibit the desirable qualities the person wants to possess but does not yet exhibit qualities that are initially attractive but become frustrating later usually possess adequate financial resources but have low social status usually possess positive traits such as agreeableness and extroversion

exhibit the desirable qualities the person wants to possess but does not yet

People are attracted to those who are similar to their ideal selves because they ______. Multiple choice question. usually possess adequate financial resources but have low social status usually possess positive traits such as agreeableness and extroversion exhibit qualities that are initially attractive but become frustrating later exhibit the desirable qualities the person wants to possess but does not yet

exhibit the desirable qualities the person wants to possess but does not yet

As the conditions are created and controlled by researchers, straightforward information about causes and effects is provided by ______. Multiple choice question. archival data role-plays correlational designs experiments

experiments

In the early days of courtship, Clara thought that her partner George was organized and methodical. However, once they married, she realized that George was obsessed with cleanliness and got angry if his belongings were not kept in a certain order. For Clara, the qualities of George that initially attracted her have now become the most irritating things about him. This scenario demonstrates ______. Multiple choice question. fatal attraction cognitive bias perceived similarity stimulus value

fatal attraction

Women with high mate values usually ______. Multiple choice question. find satisfaction if their partner fulfills only one or two desirable characteristics have the ability to insist on partners of high quality because they are highly sought after prioritize wealth and status over attractiveness and vitality when looking for short-term flings prioritize charisma and masculinity over warmth and loyalty when looking for husbands

have the ability to insist on partners of high quality because they are highly sought after

Women with high mate values usually ______. Multiple choice question. have the ability to insist on partners of high quality because they are highly sought after prioritize charisma and masculinity over warmth and loyalty when looking for husbands find satisfaction if their partner fulfills only one or two desirable characteristics prioritize wealth and status over attractiveness and vitality when looking for short-term flings

have the ability to insist on partners of high quality because they are highly sought after

Peter, a math professor, behaves stern and strict in the classroom, but he is fun-loving and outgoing when he is with his friends. In this scenario, Peter's behavior in the classroom demonstrates ______. Multiple choice question. confirmation bias self-fulfilling prophecy impression management self-serving bias

impression management

internal influences

internal influences Drop zone refer to a person's personality, ability, or effort correct Toggle Button Unavailable. refer to a person's personality, ability, or effort

A feature of physically attractive people is that they ______. - make better overall impressions than less attractive people - are perceived as being shy and reclusive - find it harder than less attractive people to find attractive partners - are perceived as having high emotional intelligence

make better overall impressions than less attractive people

Partners in established romantic relationships tend to have similar levels of physical attractiveness, and this pattern is known as ______. Multiple choice question. perceived similarity mere exposure matching reactance

matching

A person's overall attractiveness as a reproductive partner is known as

mate value

Women do not need to be as concerned as men about their partner's youth because ______. Multiple choice question. women have lesser parental investment in their offsprings women have the ability to reproduce even after menopause men retain their capacity to reproduce as long as they live men invest more energy and effort in the process of reproduction

men retain their capacity to reproduce as long as they live

Ben and Cassey are university students and have several mutual friends. They do not attend classes together but often see each other at parties. One day, Cassey enters a classroom for a meeting of the Debate Club and sees Ben sitting at one of the desks. Since she does not know anyone else present there, she decides to sit next to Ben. This scenario demonstrates ______. - reactance - reciprocity - perceived similarity - mere exposure

mere exposure

According to Kelmer, lovers who are deeply committed to one another are ______. Multiple choice question. less likely to have compatible interests more likely to show sexual infidelity more likely to survive a separation less likely to assume each other's thoughts

more likely to survive a separation

fatal attraction

occurs when a quality that initially attracts a person to another gradually becomes one of the most obnoxious, irritating things about that partner.

representative sample

participants resemble the entire population of people who are of interest. A truly representative study of marriage, for example, would need to include married people of all sorts—all ages, all nationalities, and all socioeconomic levels

Reconstructive memory influences relationships because ______. Multiple choice question. it helps overcome actor/observer effects it helps overcome self-serving biases partners' current feelings about each other influence their memories of their shared past partners can overcome differences in personalities if they have pleasant memories of each other

partners' current feelings about each other influence their memories of their shared past

A disadvantage of being physically attractive is that ______. Multiple choice question. they are less likely than plain people to be neurotic they are more likely to have difficulty in finding attractive partners people lie to pretty people more often than they do to plain people people tend to assume they are more agreeable than they actually are

people lie to pretty people more often than they do to plain people

A disadvantage of being physically attractive is that ______. Multiple choice question. they are more likely to have difficulty in finding attractive partners they are less likely than plain people to be neurotic people lie to pretty people more often than they do to plain people people tend to assume they are more agreeable than they actually are

people lie to pretty people more often than they do to plain people

Drake and Jessica have been married for 20 years. Others often attribute their successful marriage to the fact that both Drake and Jessica are agreeable and outgoing, even though they have differing opinions on most things. In this scenario, Jessica and Drake are similar in terms of ______. Multiple choice question. morals personality ethnicity demographics

personality

An impact of physical attractiveness on the nature of interactions with people is that ______. Multiple choice question. unattractive men tend to have fewer interactions with women than attractive men plain women tend to get more dates than attractive women plain women tend to find it less difficult than attractive women to interact with men in a group attractive men tend to get fewer dates than unattractive men

plain women tend to find it less difficult than attractive women to interact with men in a group

People judging their lovers in a way that portray their partners in the best possible light is referred to as their

positive illusions

Open science

practice through which research materials and data are shared with other scientists who wish to replicate one's work—making it easier for any fluke results to be identified and corrected

A person's tendency for the first information received about others to carry special weight, along with instant impressions and stereotypes, in shaping overall impressions of them is known as ______. Multiple choice question. ingratiation supplication primacy effect confirmation bias

primacy effect

A person's tendency for the first information received about others to carry special weight, along with instant impressions and stereotypes, in shaping overall impressions of them is known as ______. Multiple choice question. primacy effect supplication ingratiation confirmation bias

primacy effect

Nineteen-year-old Jason started smoking. His girlfriend Tessa thinks that as Jason has always looked down on smokers and is usually sensible, he is unlikely to continue this habit for long. In this scenario, Tessa's belief demonstrates ______. Multiple choice question. primacy effect self-serving bias actor/observer effect confirmation bias

primacy effect

Nineteen-year-old Jason started smoking. His girlfriend Tessa thinks that as Jason has always looked down on smokers and is usually sensible, he is unlikely to continue this habit for long. In this scenario, Tessa's belief demonstrates ______. Multiple choice question. self-serving bias primacy effect actor/observer effect confirmation bias

primacy effect

In experimental designs used to collect data about relationships, experimenters... - do not create and control one or more variables - conduct experiments in participants' natural settings - randomly assign participants to different conditions - do not provide straightforward information about cause and effect

randomly assign participants to different conditions

A researcher was observing a married couple as part of a study on the behavior of married couples after an argument. However, he did not realize that the observations were inaccurate to a certain extent because the couple made a conscious attempt to show that their arguments did not impact their relationship. Identify a concept that best describes the behavior of the married couple in this scenario. Multiple choice question. meta-analyses simulations reactivity reliability

reactivity

The manner in which people's memories are continually revised and rewritten as new information is obtained is known as

reconstructive memory

direct rewards

refer to all the evident pleasures people provide us

uncontrollable

refer to causes in which there is nothing one can do about them

stable

refer to causes that are lasting

unstable

refer to causes that are transient

controllable

refer to causes that can be managed

external influences

refer to implicating a situation or circumstances a person faced

status and resources

refers to a partner being financially secure and living well

attractiveness and vitality

refers to a partner being good-looking, sexually appealing, and outgoing

warmth and loyalty

refers to a partner being trustworthy, kind, understanding, and supportive

role compatibility

refers to agreement on tasks related to life tasks such as parenting and careers

stimulus information

refers to information such as age and physical attractiveness

value stage

refers to information such as age and physical attractiveness

Proximity in relationships is rewarding because it ______. - requires less effort and cost than getting to a distant partner - decreases the likelihood of a partner being attractive - makes the partners' differing interests compatible - increases perceived similarity between partners

requires less effort and cost than getting to a distant partner

new methods of relationship science

researchers frequently study relationships over long periods of time

Donn Byrne's experiments

researchers measured a participant's attraction to someone who was nonexistent

One drawback of using convenience sample is that there is a possibility that the... - results apply only to the participants - variables will not correlate - sample will be difficult to obtain - tests will not have psychometric reliability

results apply only to the participants

All of the beliefs and feelings people have about themselves is encompassed in their ______. Multiple choice question. self-concept intelligence quotient emotional intelligence self-serving bias

self-concept

False predictions that become true because they lead people to behave in ways that make the erroneous expectations come true are known as

self-fulfilling prophecies

Grace and Mark were in a relationship for three years. Mark says that the relationship lasted for three years only because he made efforts to be generous and thoughtful. He blames Grace for the failure of their relationship while ignoring the fact that his arrogance was one of the problems that ended the relationship. In this scenario, Mark's behavior demonstrates a destiny belief growth belief self-serving bias confirmation bias

self-serving bias

On a written questionnaire that assessed the prevalence of premarital sexual intercourse in college students, a few students underplayed the number of times they had sexual intercourse in the past year. This scenario demonstrates... - social desirability bias - self-serving bias - bias for beauty - cognitive bias

social desirability bias

As responses obtained from relationship partners are often interdependent, in order to analyze such data ______ are advisable. Multiple choice question. projective tests that analyze motivations tests of emotional intelligence intelligence tests special statistical procedures

special statistical procedures

According to Fletcher et al., when looking for long-term partners, women tend to prioritize ______. Multiple choice question. masculinity attractiveness and vitality charisma status and resources

status and resources

According to Rhodes, men are usually thought to be attractive if they have ______. Multiple choice question. asymmetrical faces with square jaws black eyes and sharp noses strong jaws and broad foreheads gray eyes and sharp noses

strong jaws and broad foreheads

meta-analyses

studies that statistically combine the results from several prior studies

social cognition

term that refers to all the processes of perception, interpretation, belief, and memory with which people evaluate and understand themselves and other people. It is associated with the ways people think about their relationships.

volunteer bias

the concept that people who volunteer to participate in research studies often differ from those who do not volunteer

self-enhancement

the desire for positive, complimentary feedback the desire for positive, complimentary feedback

Interpersonal attraction

the desire to approach someone

actor-observer effect

the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others

A characteristic of physiological measures is that ______. Multiple choice question. physiological responses cannot be measured in an accurate manner they are the least expensive methods of collecting data on relationships they determine how physical states are associated with social behavior physiological responses can be consciously controlled by people

they determine how physical states are associated with social behavior

If two events are positively correlated, ______. they do not influence each other the test indicates why the change occurs the test has no psychometric validity they go up and down together

they go up and down together

Before a study on relationships begins, participants are given detailed information because ______. Multiple choice question. they need to make informed decisions about their participation in the study they need to understand the cause and effect between events being studied experimenters tend to use samples that closely resemble the group of interest experimenters tend to be unconcerned about legal and ethical issues

they need to make informed decisions about their participation in the study

An impact of physical attractiveness on the nature of interactions with people is that ______. Multiple choice question. attractive men tend to get fewer dates than unattractive men unattractive men tend to have fewer interactions with women than attractive men plain women tend to get more dates than attractive women plain women tend to find it less difficult than attractive women to interact with men in a group

unattractive men tend to have fewer interactions with women than attractive men

Destiny beliefs suggest that if two people are meant to be happy, they ______. Multiple choice question. will know it as soon as they meet will encounter initial difficulties are bound to have contradicting interests are bound to have aggressive personalities

will know it as soon as they meet

Identify the challenges and complexities of collecting data about relationships. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Individual differences of each partner, along with their unique combination as a pair, influence the relationship. Experimenters observe participants only in their natural surroundings. Experimenters usually do not provide detailed information to participants. The data collected and observed is often paired and interdependent.

- Individual differences of each partner, along with their unique combination as a pair, influence the relationship. - The data collected and observed is often paired and interdependent.

Identify the methods of obtaining self-reports to study behavior in relationships. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Written questionnaires Unstructured diaries Compilations of archival data Scenarios

- Written questionnaires - Unstructured diaries

Attraction

...

Research Methods

...

Social Cognition chapter

...

In the context of the stimulus-value-role theory, arrange the broad types of information people gain about a partner as the relationship develops in the order of their occurrence. (Place the first type of information at the top.)

1. attraction bases on stimulus 2. attraction depends on similarity in attitudes and beliefs 3. role compatibility in terms of life tasks becomes important

correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

social desirability bias

A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.

True or false: The more serious and committed a relationship becomes, the less obvious matching usually is. True false question. True False

False (Reason: This is false. The more serious and committed a relationship becomes, the more obvious matching usually is. Partners in established romantic relationships tend to have similar levels of physical attractiveness.)

True or false: The link between similarity and attraction is stronger for personalities than for attitudes.

False (This false. The link between similarity and attraction is stronger for attitudes than for personalities.)

reactivity

People may change their behavior when they know they are being observed

Identify a true statement about ecological momentary assessment. Multiple choice question. The periods of observation are scattered through different times on different days. The periods of observation are continuous. Written questionnaires may be administered to participants. Newspapers and government records are used to collect data.

The periods of observation are scattered through different times on different days.

One day, Ross forgets to wash the dishes. Dana, his wife, attributes this behavior to his laziness, whereas Ross was actually tired after working the entire day. The following week, when it was Dana's turn to wash the dishes, she also forgets to do it. However, she says that she forgot because she had other chores to do. In this scenario, Dana's explanation demonstrates ______. Multiple choice question. confirmation biases primacy effects positive illusions actor/observer effects

actor/observer effects

convenience sample

a form of nonprobability sample using respondents who are convenient or readily accessible to the researcher—for example, employees, friends, or relatives

When partners readily take credit for their successes but try to avoid the blame for their failures, they display ______. Multiple choice question. the actor-observer effect a confirmation bias the primacy effect a self-serving bias

a self-serving bias

self-report

a series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state