HDFS Quiz Questions I

Which of the following terms refers to awareness that an object's or a substance's basic properties stay the same even though its appearance has been altered? a) conservation b) animism c) egocentrism d) object permanence

a) conservation

________, which is consistent with the concept of active correlations, helps explain why identical twins reared apart are often quite similar, despite experiencing different environments.

Niche-picking

The Strange Situation developed by Mary Ainsworth is an observational measure of: a) self-directed behavior. b) infant attachment. c) an infant's response to cues. d) habituation.

b) infant attachment.

Visual acuity becomes similar to that of adults around: a) 18 months old. b) 12 months old c) 1 month old. d) 3 months old.

b) 12 months old

Approximately what percentage of children and adolescents are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke in the United States? a) 9 percent b) 22 percent c) 18 percent d) 36 percent

b) 22 percent

The ________ birth stage terminates when the baby completely emerges from the mother's body. a) first b) second c) third d) fourth

b) second

Researchers have found that using flash cards is a better study method than highlighting key terms in a textbook. In this example, the independent variable is: a) test scores. b) the study method. c) both answers are correct. d) neither answer is correct.

b) the study method.

The germinal period is approximately ________ long. a) one month b) two weeks c) one week d) two months

b) two weeks

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) A major advantage of naturalistic observation is that it allows researchers to observe people in their natural surroundings. b) A major advantage of naturalistic observation is that there is no researcher bias in naturalistic observation. c) Naturalistic observation has so many limitations as a method of research that it is unable to yield any valuable information about human behavior. d) Researchers are able to conduct naturalistic observation at any time in any place.

a) A major advantage of naturalistic observation is that it allows researchers to observe people in their natural surroundings.

Which of the following is NOT a strategy that Ellen Galinsky recommends for using books with preschool children? a) Encouraging children to sit quietly and listen to the whole story b) Trying to predict what will happen next in the story c) Asking children questions about the story d) Asking children to imagine what one of the characters is thinking or feeling

a) Encouraging children to sit quietly and listen to the whole story

A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement is called the ________ reflex. a) Moro b) grasping c) stepping d) sucking

a) Moro

Infants are more sensitive than adults at detecting which of the following sensations: a) Pain b) Tastes c) Sound d) Sight

a) Pain

Marvin is watching his infant grandchildren, Laura and Rena, play with a set of plastic cars and animals. He notices that Laura sorts them into two piles: one for cars, and another for animals. Rena, on the other hand, sorts them into piles based on their color. Based on categorization research, we can conclude that: a) Rena is probably younger than Laura. b) Laura is more likely to be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. c) Rena is more likely to be diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. d) Laura has probably developed an intense interest in animals.

a) Rena is probably younger than Laura.

Shawn is a psychologist from the United States. Lee is a psychologist from China. Based on cultural trends in the study of psychology, which of the following statements is MOST likely to be correct about them? a) Shawn is more of a proponent of the importance of early experiences, while Lee is more of a proponent of the value of later experiences. b) Shawn is more of a proponent of the value of later experiences, while Lee is more of a proponent of the value of early experiences. c) Shawn believes in continuity in development, while Lee believes in discontinuity in development. d) Shawn believes in discontinuity in development, while Lee believes in continuity in development.

a) Shawn is more of a proponent of the importance of early experiences, while Lee is more of a proponent of the value of later experiences.

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to sources of variability? a) The chromosomes in the zygote are not exact copies of those in the mother's ovaries and the father's testes. b) Fraternal twins develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas. c) For each genotype, only a single corresponding phenotype can be expressed. d) Identical twins develop from separate eggs and separate sperm.

a) The chromosomes in the zygote are not exact copies of those in the mother's ovaries and the father's testes.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of naturalistic observation? a) The experimenter must wait for the appropriate conditions to occur. b) It often does not appear very "real world" like. c) Participants tend to be dishonest when answering sensitive survey items. d) It takes place in a laboratory setting, which creates anxiety for participants.

a) The experimenter must wait for the appropriate conditions to occur.

Daniel is an outgoing, popular high school student. He seeks out opportunities to socialize, such as joining various clubs at school and participating in team sports. Daniel's efforts to select experiences that are consistent with his genetic tendencies is known as a(n) ________ correlation: a) active b) passive c) reactive d) nonshared environmental

a) active

Developmentally appropriate practices are MOST likely to be: a) age appropriate. b) skill oriented. c) teacher centered. d) content focused.

a) age appropriate.

Jamie was born with facial deformities and defects of the limbs, face, and heart. Jamie is also below average in intelligence. Jamie's mother most likely consumed ________ during pregnancy. a) alcohol b) caffeine c) heroin d) nicotine

a) alcohol

Cross-cultural research suggests that: a) an expectation for respect and obedience may lead to positive outcomes in some cultures. b) Asian American and Latino parents often strive for an indulgent parenting style. c) an authoritarian parenting style results in negative child outcomes, regardless of context. d) a neglectful parenting style may be optimal in some contexts.

a) an expectation for respect and obedience may lead to positive outcomes in some cultures.

The second stage of birth begins when the: a) baby's head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal. b) cervix begins to stretch and open to about 4 inches to facilitate the baby's movement. c) placenta emerges from the mother's body. d) baby completely emerges from the mother's body.

a) baby's head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal.

According to dynamic systems theory, the first step for infants in developing their motor skills is: a) being motivated by a challenge. b) beginning the movement. c) fine-tuning the movement. d) moving on to the next milestone.

a) being motivated by a challenge.

Inherited genes reflect the role of ________ processes in development. a) biological b) cognitive c) socioemotional d) individualistic

a) biological

John Bowlby, on the basis of ethological evidence, suggested that: a) both infants and their primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments. b) the critical element in the attachment process of infants is constant care and contact comfort. c) infants' sense of trust developed due to sensitive care is the foundation for attachment. d) infants become attached to a person who provides oral satisfaction and food.

a) both infants and their primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.

Which of the following motor skills is achieved in the second year of life in infants? a) climbing steps b) walking alone easily c) using arms for support d) standing with support

a) climbing steps

Historically, the prevailing attitude among doctors has been that: a) depression during pregnancy is more dangerous to mother and child than any drug could be. b) mothers should not consume any drugs during pregnancy, no matter how severe their level of depression. c) severe levels of depression, which require medication, should serve as a contraindication to pregnancy. d) prescription drugs are safe to take during pregnancy, as they cannot cross the placental barrier.

a) depression during pregnancy is more dangerous to mother and child than any drug could be.

Studies involving gene × environment interactions have identified a short version of a gene labeled 5-HTTLPR (a gene involving the neurotransmitter serotonin) that, when combined with a stressful environment, can elevate the risks of developing: a) depression. b) intelligence. c) cancer. d) type 2 diabetes.

a) depression.

The ________ model focuses on connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes and often includes social contexts as well. a) developmental cascade b) all-inclusive developmental c) developmental triarchic d) monumental developmental

a) developmental cascade

Visual abilities in infants: a) expand rapidly after birth. b) do not improve until about six months of age. c) are quite sensitive at birth. d) decline in the first two months, then expand rapidly.

a) expand rapidly after birth.

Which of the following actions is associated with greater incidence of asthma and wheezing problems among children? a) exposure to tobacco smoke b) availability of firearms c) availability of a balanced diet d) presence of home safety equipment

a) exposure to tobacco smoke

Neurogenesis begins to take place at about the ________ week. a) fifth prenatal b) tenth prenatal c) fifteenth prenatal d) twenty-second prenatal

a) fifth prenatal

At what stage of pregnancy is syphilis most likely to be damaging? a) four months or more after conception b) during conception c) during implantation d) in the first trimester of pregnancy

a) four months or more after conception

Infants who spent more time sleeping at night as opposed to the day showed: a) higher executive function at age 4. b) greater tolerance for pain at age 3. c) higher levels of distress in the presence of strangers at 18 months. d) higher than average levels of separation anxiety at 8 months.

a) higher executive function at age 4.

According to research, secure attachment during toddler years results in: a) higher executive function at age 5 or 6. b) higher rates of obesity at age 9. c) increases in BMI by age 8. d) increases in language delays by age 6.

a) higher executive function at age 5 or 6.

The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called: a) lateralization. b) dominance. c) ambidexterity. d) asymmetry.

a) lateralization.

Candace has been feeling sad lately so she decided to volunteer at a soup kitchen in an attempt to lift her mood. Indeed, the more hours Candace spends at the soup kitchen, the happier she feels. Candace has noticed a(n) ________ correlation between her number of hours volunteering and her feelings of happiness. a) positive b) negative c) neutral d) absence of

a) positive

A history of physical abuse, migrant status, and postpartum physical complications are all risk factors for females developing: a) postpartum depression. b) the baby blues. c) separation anxiety. d) high self-esteem.

a) postpartum depression.

During the second or third trimester of pregnancy, a major focus of prenatal classes is: a) preparing for the birth. b) development of the embryo and fetus. c) sexuality during pregnancy. d) nutrition, rest, and exercise.

a) preparing for the birth.

Which age group is the most suggestible and, therefore, most likely to believe misleading information about an event they have viewed? a) preschool b) school aged c) adolescent d) adult

a) preschool

When two or more groups are present in an experimental design, and in order to help avoid any systematic variation other than that caused by the independent variable on the behavior of interest, the researcher: a) randomly assigns participants to groups. b) measures a different dependent variable for each group. c) assigns the same subjects to all groups. d) provides a different independent variable for each group.

a) randomly assigns participants to groups.

Which of the following is a prerequisite condition for joint attention to occur? a) reciprocal interaction b) multiple caregivers c) the infant's ability to use abstract thought d) the infant's ability to use two-word utterances

a) reciprocal interaction

Bonds to caring adults outside the family, connections to positive organizations, and attending effective schools are all associated with: a) resilience b) declines in cognitive functioning c) social policy d) cultural differences

a) resilience

After receiving feedback from colleagues on the results of her experiment, Dr. Chen determines that she must make some changes in her ideas about video games and their effects on children. Her decision reflects which step in the scientific method? a) revising research conclusions and theory b) drawing a conclusion c) conceptualizing the problem d) collecting the data

a) revising research conclusions and theory

Sandra is taking a test with her classmates. All students must follow the same rules, are given the same allotted time, and are not allowed to talk or leave the room until the test is finished. Sandra is taking a(n) ________ test. a) standardized b) informal c) restricted d) rules based

a) standardized

Jenny says, "What Montel is doing?" Jenny needs to improve her: a) syntax. b) punctuation. c) pragmatics. d) morphology.

a) syntax.

Which of the following statements about bonding is TRUE? a) The newborn must essentially have close contact with the mother in the first few days of life to develop optimally. b) Drugs given to mothers during childbirth can negatively affect the bonding experience right after birth. c) Bonding is an exclusive bilateral process between the baby and the mother. d) "Rooming-in" arrangements may increase the risk of postpartum depression for mothers.

b) Drugs given to mothers during childbirth can negatively affect the bonding experience right after birth.

________ is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus. a) Generalization b) Habituation c) Operant conditioning d) Cognitive discrimination

b) Habituation

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) All preterm babies are also low birth weight babies. b) Low birth weight and preterm birth (together) are associated with higher levels of brain injury. c) The reasons for low birth weight are constant across developed and developing countries. d) No amount of remedial enrichment programs can reverse the negative outcomes of low birth weight.

b) Low birth weight and preterm birth (together) are associated with higher levels of brain injury.

Carmen has recently become pregnant. What would you recommend based on the research on marijuana use during pregnancy? a) Marijuana use should be limited to a maximum of one day per week during pregnancy. b) Marijuana should not be used at any point during pregnancy. c) Marijuana use does not appear to have negative effects during prenatal development. d) Marijuana can be used in moderation, but only after the first trimester.

b) Marijuana should not be used at any point during pregnancy.

________ is a central feature of cognitive development, involving the retention of information over time. a) Emotion b) Memory c) Consciousness d) Intuition

b) Memory

________ is defined as the process by which the cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself and the cell divides. a) Accommodation b) Mitosis c) Assimilation d) Fertilization

b) Mitosis

Which of the following statements about moral behavior is TRUE: a) Very few children ever lie. b) Moral behavior varies based on the situation. c) A child's moral behavior in one situation is a strong predictor of their moral behavior in another situation. d) Children who lie in some situations are likely to lie in all situations.

b) Moral behavior varies based on the situation.

________ correlations are most applicable to young children, whose parents exert a great deal of control over their early experiences. a) Active b) Passive c) Inverse d) Nonshared environmental

b) Passive

Why is prenatal care especially important for women experiencing poverty? a) They are more likely to be malnourished. b) Prenatal care can connect them with other social services. c) They are more likely to be first-time mothers. d) They are unlikely to know about prenatal care from other sources.

b) Prenatal care can connect them with other social services.

________ is the term used to refer to "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation. a) Joint attention b) Social referencing c) Cognitive sensitivity d) Reciprocal socialization

b) Social referencing

Researchers found perceptual narrowing for phonemes in infants 10-12 months old. What does this mean? a) These infants are more likely to look at a toy when they hear a familiar voice than when they hear an unfamiliar voice. b) These infants have lost the ability to distinguish between phonemes that they do not hear in their everyday environment. c) These infants are more interested in unfamiliar phonemes than familiar ones. d) These infants have developed the ability to distinguish between phonemes from all languages in the world.

b) These infants have lost the ability to distinguish between phonemes that they do not hear in their everyday environment.

Which of the following statements about effects of divorce is TRUE: a) The majority of children who experience divorce show substantial, long-lasting negative outcomes. b) While divorce can have negative effects on children, most children from divorced families are well-adjusted. c) The effects of divorce grow stronger over time. d) Now that divorce is more common than it used to be, divorce has relatively little impact on children.

b) While divorce can have negative effects on children, most children from divorced families are well-adjusted.

According to Piaget, cognitive development depends most heavily on: a) a child's social interactions with other people. b) a child's direct interactions with objects in the world. c) demonstrations and direct instruction from skilled teachers and peers. d) the cultural context in which a child lives.

b) a child's direct interactions with objects in the world.

In Piaget's theory, ________ is defined as the tendency of children to adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account. a) assimilation b) accommodation c) evolution d) externalization

b) accommodation

Research on moral feelings demonstrates that emotions such as empathy, shame, and guilt: a) begin to emerge around 4-5 years old. b) are present early in development but continue to develop throughout childhood. c) peak during infancy and early childhood. d) undergo the most dramatic changes early in development and decline in middle/late childhood.

b) are present early in development but continue to develop throughout childhood.

The focusing of mental resources on select information that improves cognitive processing on many tasks is referred to as: a) sensation. b) attention. c) perception. d) transduction.

b) attention.

During the infant's second year, the growth rate: a) becomes rapid. b) begins to slow down. c) is characterized by frequent spurts. d) is marked by rapid deceleration.

b) begins to slow down.

Research suggests that the effects of divorce: a) are strong in the majority of children who experience divorce. b) can be seen before the divorce occurs when there is high marital conflict. c) can be seen immediately, but they become more severe over time. d) are not apparent until after the divorce occurs.

b) can be seen before the divorce occurs when there is high marital conflict.

Evocative genotype-environment correlations occur when: a) biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child. b) children's characteristics elicit certain types of physical and social environments. c) children find a setting that is suited to their abilities. d) children make active selections of environment in relation to their particular genotype.

b) children's characteristics elicit certain types of physical and social environments.

The percentage of preschool children that were classified as obese has ________ over the last few years. a) increased b) decreased c) stayed the same d) not been studied

b) decreased

Juanita is a homeless child living well below the poverty line. Despite her socioeconomic status, Juanita is an intelligent young girl with multiple talents and self-confidence. Based on research by Ann Masten, we can predict that Juanita will: a) continue to struggle with personality issues and emotional problems for most of her life. b) demonstrate resilience and find ways to make the best out of most situations. c) succumb to her surroundings and become a juvenile delinquent. d) probably join a gang when she reaches her adolescent years.

b) demonstrate resilience and find ways to make the best out of most situations.

Qualitative data is more likely to be gathered through ________. a) a numerical coding system b) descriptive statements about a behavior c) both a numerical coding system and descriptive statements about a behavior d) to neither a numerical coding system nor descriptive statements about a behavior

b) descriptive statements about a behavior

A(n) ________ takes care of a woman giving birth by providing continuous physical, emotional, and educational support before, during, and after childbirth. a) registered nurse b) doula c) obstetrician d) physician

b) doula

Miyako considers herself to be a member of the Ainu tribe because she speaks their language, follows their customs, practices their religion, and knows a lot about their history. Miyako's membership in the Ainu tribe is an example of her: a) collective efficacy b) ethnicity c) dominant association d) primary conditioning

b) ethnicity

Gender roles are defined as the: a) sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female. b) expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel. c) process of acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. d) genotypic and biological factors that cause differentiation on the basis of gender.

b) expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.

Malnutrition at age 3 has been linked to which of the following developmental outcomes at age 11? a) superior intelligence b) externalizing problems c) high BMI indexes d) secure attachment

b) externalizing problems

Research on gender differences in heterosexual parents indicates that: a) fathers and mothers tend to interact with their children in very similar ways. b) fathers have the ability to care for their infants as sensitively and responsively as mothers do. c) child outcomes are predicted by the sensitivity and responsiveness of their mothers but not their fathers. d) fathers are more sensitive and responsive than mothers.

b) fathers have the ability to care for their infants as sensitively and responsively as mothers do.

At one year, a baby's visual sensitivity is ________ times greater than it was at birth. a) two b) four c) six d) eight

b) four

The ________ lobes of the cerebral cortex are involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, emotion, memory, sustained attention, and intentionality or purpose. a) occipital b) frontal c) temporal d) parietal

b) frontal

Psychologists who emphasize the importance of nature in development would typically focus on which of the following to explain development? a) good prenatal care b) genetic strengths and defects c) access to nutritious foods d) educational experiences

b) genetic strengths and defects

Compared to parents in Japan, parents in the United States are more likely to say that preschool is important because it: a) teaches children how to function as a member of a group. b) gives children a strong academic start. c) helps children empathize with other people. d) develops persistence and concentration.

b) gives children a strong academic start.

Which of the following is a potential consequence of corporal punishment? a) lower levels of aggression in children b) imitation of "out-of-control" responses to stressful situations c) increased internalization of moral behaviors d) higher levels of healthy coping behaviors

b) imitation of "out-of-control" responses to stressful situations

Which of the following is a neuronal change that occurs in early childhood? a) decreased dopamine production b) increased myelination c) increased decay of healthy brain tissue d) decreased localization of executive functions

b) increased myelination

The variable that a researcher manipulates in an experiment is called the ________ variable. a) dependent b) independent c) control d) spurious

b) independent

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, in phase 1 of development, a) attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver. b) infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. c) infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father. d) infants are aware of others' feelings and take them into account in forming their actions.

b) infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.

Dr. Martin, a psychologist interested in studying children's memory, gave a memory test to a group of 6-year-olds in 1995 and repeated the tests with the same children in 1998 when they were 9-year-olds. The research strategy used here was the ________ approach. a) sequential b) longitudinal c) correlational d) cross-sectional

b) longitudinal

Researchers have found that children who use private speech are: a) less alert and aware of their surroundings. b) more attentive and more likely to improve their performance. c) socially maladjusted. d) at the upper end of the zone of proximal development.

b) more attentive and more likely to improve their performance.

After ________ is complete, teratogens can no longer cause anatomical defects. a) morphogenesis b) organogenesis c) histogenesis d) embryogenesis

b) organogenesis

Which of the following is defined as the sound system of the language? a) morphology b) phonology c) semiotics d) grammar

b) phonology

Buss believed that the environment shaped both physical and ________ development. a) physiological b) psychological c) only infant d) only adolescent

b) psychological

Researchers have found no ________ differences between breast-fed infants and bottle-fed infants. a) physical b) psychological c) nutritional d) medical

b) psychological

Jean Piaget believed that cognitive development is initially based on motor activities, such as the reflexive sucking shown here by Colin. These early abilities are known as _______. a) contextual cues b) schemes c) mediators d) abstract knowledge

b) schemes

Fitness instruction for preschoolers should consist of ____________, with breaks as needed. a) long periods of gentle activity. b) short periods of vigorous activity. c) short periods of gentle activity. d) long periods of vigorous activity.

b) short periods of vigorous activity.

Jim is 55 months old. Which of the following fine motor skills is he MOST likely to develop? a) copying two short words b) stringing shoelaces c) cutting interior pieces from paper d) tracing by hand

b) stringing shoelaces

Jana is observing a young autistic boy in a preschool classroom. Her job is to note each time the boy gets up from his chair without being told to do so. Jana's method of noting this behavior is known as ________. a) shorthand b) tallying c) open coding d) reporting

b) tallying

Height is a simple characteristic that is determined by: a) a single gene. b) the interaction of many genes and environmental factors. c) the manifestation of an altered X-linked gene. d) the action of a specific pair of genes.

b) the interaction of many genes and environmental factors.

The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is a term for: a) the measure of cognitive ability. b) the range of tasks that can be learned only with the assistance of adults. c) a child's level of interpersonal skills. d) social-relationship-building skills and abilities.

b) the range of tasks that can be learned only with the assistance of adults.

According to your text, Japanese parents: a) encourage their children to laugh and cry. b) try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. c) try to help their children cope after experiencing negative emotions. d) are more expressive in their emotions than non-Latino White parents.

b) try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions.

To study speech perception, Dr. Janet Werker trained English-learning babies to turn their head toward a toy: a) each time they heard a phoneme that exists in English but not in Hindi. b) when they heard a phoneme that was different from the one that came before it. c) in order to make the toy move. d) each time they heard a phoneme that exists in Hindi but not in English.

b) when they heard a phoneme that was different from the one that came before it.

Regarding paternal factors and pregnancy, an increased risk for developing cancer is associated with fathers: a) over the age of 40. b) who smoked prior to and during the pregnancy. c) who consumed minimal amounts of alcohol during the pregnancy. d) who were between the ages of 25 and 35.

b) who smoked prior to and during the pregnancy.

Dr. Smith is interested in describing how children play during recess at school. Before Dr. Smith can be approved to run her research, the institutional review board wants to know how she plans to conduct the study. Which of the following plans would the institutional review board approve for a naturalistic observation study? a) Dr. Smith is going to assign one class to play only in the area with the swings and one class to play only in the area with the baseball diamond. She will then assess which class demonstrates more cooperative play behaviors. b) Dr. Smith is hoping to find a relationship between aggressive play and later lunch times. She will have the students eat lunch five minutes later each day for a week and look for more aggression during play times. c) Dr. Smith will sit on the playground during recess and observe both aggressive and cooperative play behaviors in five year old students in two classes at a local elementary school. d) Dr. Smith will bring students from the elementary school to her laboratory during school recess on buses to allow them to play on a new piece of playground equipment that she has developed to determine if it leads to cooperative play.

c) Dr. Smith will sit on the playground during recess and observe both aggressive and cooperative play behaviors in five year old students in two classes at a local elementary school.

According to your text, infants from which ethnic groups are MOST likely to die from SIDS? a) non-Latino White and Asian b) non-Latino White and Latino c) Eskimo and African American d) Native American and Latino

c) Eskimo and African American

________ is a strategy used to increase children's acquisition of language by adding to a child's incomplete sentence or phrasing. a) Screening b) Labeling c) Expanding d) Identifying

c) Expanding

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to genes? a) Each gene contains multiple chromosomes that are located on it. b) Genes are located variably in humans; they cannot be found at a fixed place on a chromosome. c) Genes are contained in complex molecules with a double helix shape called DNA. d) Genes work individually to assemble proteins.

c) Genes are contained in complex molecules with a double helix shape called DNA.

According to ________, we go through four stages in understanding the world. Each stage is age-related and consists of a distinct way of thinking, a different way of understanding the world. a) James Mark Baldwin b) Sigmund Freud c) Jean Piaget d) John B. Watson

c) Jean Piaget

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to children's interaction with screens and media? a) Roughly 30 percent of 2- to 4-year-old U.S. children use computers every day. b) Mobile devices and computers have overtaken television as the highest-use form of media among young children. c) Learning from media is more difficult for toddlers than it is for children aged 3 and up. d) Most media experienced by young children is education-based instead of entertainment-based.

c) Learning from media is more difficult for toddlers than it is for children aged 3 and up.

________ in Piaget's theory is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system. a) Clustering b) Screening c) Organization d) Natural selection

c) Organization

Which of the following actions will help parents facilitate language development in children? a) Parents should help infants and toddlers by supplying them with words and thoughts they cannot communicate. b) Parents should speak to infants and toddlers in abstract and high-level ways. c) Parents should understand that different children acquire language at different speeds. d) Parents should actively discourage any idiosyncrasies the child shows while communicating.

c) Parents should understand that different children acquire language at different speeds.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding teratogens? a) Teratogens cause anatomical defects after organogenesis is complete. b) A fetus is most vulnerable to teratogens during the fetal period. c) Practically every fetus is exposed to at least some teratogens. d) Potential effects of most teratogens become apparent at birth.

c) Practically every fetus is exposed to at least some teratogens.

________ involves the appropriate use of language in different contexts. a) Semiotics b) Semantics c) Pragmatics d) Haptics

c) Pragmatics

________ thought is the beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior. a) Operational b) Proximodal c) Preoperational d) Self-conscious

c) Preoperational

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to sleep patterns and problems in early childhood? a) Experts recommend that young children get six to eight hours of a sleep each night. b) Daytime naps are an undesirable practice for young children. c) Sleep problems are associated with attention problems in early childhood that sometimes persist into early adolescence. d) Children's sleep problems are not associated with any long-term negative developmental outcomes.

c) Sleep problems are associated with attention problems in early childhood that sometimes persist into early adolescence.

Which of the following is true of 6-month-old infants? a) They can only identify faces and speech sounds that they encounter on a regular basis. b) They are worse than adults at distinguishing between different phonemes and faces. c) They will soon lose the ability to distinguish between faces and phonemes they do not encounter often. d) They are just beginning to distinguish between different sights and sounds that they have not encountered before.

c) They will soon lose the ability to distinguish between faces and phonemes they do not encounter often.

Jason fell off his bicycle and hit his head against the pavement when he was 6 years old. Though the doctors did their best to repair any brain damage he incurred, Jason sustained severe injuries that left him unable to understand language. Jason is able to speak, but his sentences make no sense and do not aid communication. From the information provided in this scenario, we can infer that the brain damage Jason suffered affected his: a) reticular formation. b) Broca's area. c) Wernicke's area. d) tegmentum.

c) Wernicke's area.

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to young children's self-descriptions? a) Young children begin by describing themselves in terms of psychological traits. b) Young children's self-descriptions are realistic descriptions based on actual abilities. c) Young children first describe themselves in terms of physical and material attributes. d) Young children's self-descriptions are based on references to their expected abilities in the future, rather than to the abilities they had in the past.

c) Young children first describe themselves in terms of physical and material attributes.

To study the effects of heredity on behavior, a behavior geneticist would be mostly likely to turn to which of the following? a) a genome-wide association method b) a study of gene-linked abnormalities c) a twin study d) an epigenetic development study

c) a twin study

Marta is the younger of two sisters. According to research on birth order, Marta is more likely to be ________ compared to her older sister. a) achievement-oriented b) conscientious c) agreeable d) intelligent

c) agreeable

The fetal period ends: a) at the end of the first trimester. b) when implantation is complete. c) at the end of the third trimester. d) when the heart begins to beat.

c) at the end of the third trimester.

Memory of significant events and experiences in one's life is called ________ memory. a) procedural b) personal c) autobiographical d) meaningful

c) autobiographical

Research on the transition to parenthood in heterosexual couples suggests that the effects of parenthood on the parents' own relationship with each other ____________. a) is mostly positive. b) is mostly negative. c) can be both positive and negative at the same time. d) is mostly positive for mothers but mostly negative for fathers.

c) can be both positive and negative at the same time.

A newborn: a) cannot see anything. b) can see objects only a few inches away. c) can see objects about one foot away. d) can see objects several feet away.

c) can see objects about one foot away.

Baby Suzanna is two months old. Her mom places a red block about one foot in front of her. Suzanna most likely: a) cannot see the object at that distance. b) can see the object but cannot distinguish its color. c) can see the object and distinguish its color. d) can see the object and recognize its dimensionality.

c) can see the object and distinguish its color.

According to the National Longitudinal Study of Child Care in the U.S., ___________ was/were associated with higher cognitive and social competence later on. a) hiring a full-time nanny b) spending 30-40 hours per week in child care outside of the home c) caregiver training and good teacher-student ratios d) staying with a grandparent or other non-parental relative during the day

c) caregiver training and good teacher-student ratios

Reciprocal socialization occurs when: a) children socialize with peers. b) parents socialize children. c) children and parents socialize each other. d) parents socialize children in ways similar to how their parents socialized them.

c) children and parents socialize each other.

Some research examines environmental influences on brain structure and function. In one such study with 4-year-olds, researchers observed significant delay in frontal and temporal lobe development in: a) children who do not exercise regularly. b) children who do not engage in joint attention. c) children from low-income homes. d) children whose mothers smoke.

c) children from low-income homes.

Golomb disagrees with Kellogg's view that: a) children's artistic productions are orderly, meaningful, and structured. b) unintended irregularities of children's drawings suggest spontaneity, freedom, and directness. c) children go through four fixed and distinguishable age-related stages as they learn to draw. d) children's artistic ability is dependent on talent, motivation, family support, and cultural values.

c) children go through four fixed and distinguishable age-related stages as they learn to draw.

Pavlov discovered the principle of ________, in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response originally produced by another stimulus. a) sociocultural modification b) cognitive development c) classical conditioning d) social cognition

c) classical conditioning

Sarah's mother is talking to her frequently and is responding to each of Sarah's movements. This facilitates the development of which of the following skills? a) gross motor b) auditory c) cognitive d) sensory

c) cognitive

During which prenatal period are the placenta and the umbilical cord formed? a) zygotic b) germinal c) embryonic d) fetal

c) embryonic

Observations of 3- to 5-year-old children during outdoor play at preschools revealed that: a) girls engaged in more vigorous activity than boys. b) teachers engaged in more vigorous activity than the children. c) even outside, children were mainly sedentary. d) once outside, most children played actively until called back in to school.

c) even outside, children were mainly sedentary.

Babies with an easy temperament tend to receive different responses from adults than babies with a difficult temperament. For instance, we are more likely to respond positively to a baby who is happy and social than to a baby who is irritable and generally negative in mood. This example illustrates a(n) ________ correlation. a) active b) passive c) evocative d) nonshared environmental

c) evocative

The term "ethnic ________" refers to the use of an ethnic label, such as African American or Latino, in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is. a) homogenization b) cover c) gloss d) standardization

c) gloss

Which of the following key dietary shifts took place in U.S. children from the late 1970s through the late 1990s? a) decreased dependence on fast-food meals b) decreased consumption of soft drinks c) greater away-from-home consumption d) decreased energy obtained from salty snacks

c) greater away-from-home consumption

Proximodistal pattern of growth refers to the sequence in which: a) growth and development occurs in a way that the parts that are being used more frequently grow faster than the parts being used less frequently. b) the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom. c) growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities. d) growth and development occurs in a way that certain parts are more developed and highly specialized compared to other parts of the body.

c) growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

After reading that aerobic exercise increases memory performance in older adults, Hilda wonders if lifting weights would have the same effect. Hilda has generated a(n): a) dependent variable. b) independent variable. c) hypothesis. d) validation.

c) hypothesis.

Heteronomous morality is characterized by the expectation that, if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. This expectation is defined as: a) social contract. b) law and order morality. c) immanent justice. d) universal ethics.

c) immanent justice.

In a child-centered kindergarten, instruction is organized around the child's: a) cultural background. b) level of metacognition understanding. c) learning style. d) economical background.

c) learning style.

By the end of the preschool years, most children: a) put on more body fat. b) put on more fat only on their limbs. c) lose their top-heavy look. d) lose their lean appearance.

c) lose their top-heavy look.

During which of the following developmental periods does achievement become a more central theme? a) adulthood b) early childhood c) middle and late childhood d) adolescence

c) middle and late childhood

Children begin to see the mind as an active constructor of knowledge or processing center during: a) infancy. b) the preschool years. c) middle and late childhood. d) adolescence.

c) middle and late childhood.

The process of encasing axons with fat cells, which is involved in providing energy to neurons and speeding up neural transmissions, is known as: a) lateralization. b) neurotransmission. c) myelination. d) metacognition.

c) myelination.

The evolutionary process that favors individuals of a species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce is known as: a) gene-gene interaction. b) gene mutation. c) natural selection. d) genetic imprinting.

c) natural selection

Children included under which dimension of Rothbart and Bates' classification are easily distressed? a) effortful control b) inhibition c) negative affectivity d) extraversion

c) negative affectivity

Which of the following is a common characteristic of authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles? a) parents allowing little verbal exchange b) parents showing pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior c) parents placing limits and controls on children's behavior d) parents being warm and nurturant toward the child

c) parents placing limits and controls on children's behavior

According to Sandra Scarr, which of the following play a more important role during the periods of infancy and early childhood? a) suppressive genotype-environment correlations b) active genotype-environment correlations c) passive genotype-environment correlations d) evocative genotype-environment correlations

c) passive genotype-environment correlations

The ________ consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join. a) umbilical cord b) amnion c) placenta d) endoderm

c) placenta

Unused synaptic connections will be replaced by other pathways or they disappear. In the language of neuroscience, these connections are said to be: a) bloomed. b) strengthened. c) pruned. d) cropped.

c) pruned.

In order for your children to have freckles, both you and your partner must carry the gene for freckles, because having freckles is a ________ trait. a) polygenic b) phenotypic c) recessive d) dominant

c) recessive

Critics of studies examining gene × environment interaction have had difficulty: a) finding subjects to participate in research projects. b) finding topics that adapt to the area of study. c) replicating the results of previous studies. d) finding the money to pay subjects.

c) replicating the results of previous studies.

Regarding cognitive development, which of the following terms describes the changing level of support over the course of a teaching session, with the more-skilled person adjusting guidance to fit the child's current performance level? a) self-concordance b) operant conditioning c) scaffolding d) reverse socializing

c) scaffolding

Which of the following is the MOST frequent expression of an infant's fear? a) separation protest b) transition apprehension c) stranger anxiety d) social consciousness

c) stranger anxiety

Which of these is a primary emotion according to Michael Lewis? a) pride b) empathy c) surprise d) guilt

c) surprise

High-quality prenatal care can have long-lasting positive effects after the child is born because: a) the infants are less likely to inherit genetic/chromosomal defects. b) the mothers are less likely to experience poverty after the child is born. c) the mothers are more likely to continue seeking preventive care for their infants. d) the infants are less likely to need preventive care after they are born.

c) the mothers are more likely to continue seeking preventive care for their infants.

Dr. Humor wonders if knock-knock jokes are funnier than jokes involving "crossing the road." He has several people tell participants a series of both types of jokes and has the participants rate how funny they believe each joke to be. In this example, the dependent variable is: a) the type of joke. b) the order of the presentation of the jokes. c) the participants' humor ratings. d) the person telling the jokes.

c) the participants' humor ratings.

After birth is the ________ stage in the birth process. a) first b) second c) third d) fourth

c) third

Receptive vocabulary comprises the: a) words that a child speaks but does not understand. b) first words a child uses to speak as a sentence. c) words that a child understands but cannot speak. d) first words that a child babbles to his or her caregivers.

c) words that a child understands but cannot speak.

Which of the following events in fetal growth occurs during the last two months of pregnancy? a) The heartbeat begins. b) Irregular breathing begins. c) Organogenesis occurs. d) Fatty tissues develop.

d) Fatty tissues develop.

Hyeree had a baby girl over a month ago. Hank, her husband, has noticed that Hyeree cries and worries a lot nowadays. He has also noted that she is unable to sleep well and has been eating less than she normally does. She has been making many mistakes, forgetting routine tasks, and is having trouble coping with her daily routine. Which of the following is true with regard to Hyeree's current condition? a) Hyeree is having a normal reaction to childbirth, experienced by many women. b) Hyeree needs to stop breastfeeding her baby in order to return to her normal physical state. c) Hyeree needs time before she opts for psychotherapy and medication, as she is breastfeeding her baby. d) Hyeree should seek professional counseling, as her depressive symptoms are strong and prolonged.

d) Hyeree should seek professional counseling, as her depressive symptoms are strong and prolonged.

Which of the following is the best example of a naturalistic observational study? a) Bobby has participants learn a list of words and then tests their memory for the word list after a one-hour delay. b) James gives participants a survey to assess their preference for certain store brands. c) Annie has participants record their most important daily event on a tape recorder for an entire semester every night before they go to sleep. d) Penny sits in the back of a classroom and systematically records the behavior of the students during a lecture.

d) Penny sits in the back of a classroom and systematically records the behavior of the students during a lecture.

Which of the following is a common criticism of Piaget's theory? a) Piaget relied too heavily on implicit measures of infants' abilities. b) Piaget believed that all core knowledge is present at birth. c) Piaget ignored the role of experience in human development. d) Piaget underestimated the knowledge and abilities of young infants.

d) Piaget underestimated the knowledge and abilities of young infants.

Which of the following teaching practices is most consistent with Vygotsky's sociocultural theory? a) Using standardized tests to assess children's learning. b) Demonstrating how to do each task so all children know exactly what to do. c) Performing more difficult tasks for children if they are struggling. d) Presenting children with tasks that vary in difficulty to determine the best level to begin instruction.

d) Presenting children with tasks that vary in difficulty to determine the best level to begin instruction.

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to the evolutionary psychology perspective? a) The evolutionary psychology perspective is one of the oldest applied branches of psychology. b) The evolutionary psychology perspective represents a bidirectional view, in which environmental and biological conditions influence each other. c) The evolutionary psychology perspective has been proven through successful empirical study and research. d) The evolutionary psychology perspective is best evaluated through the study of specific genes and their links to traits and behaviors.

d) The evolutionary psychology perspective is best evaluated through the study of specific genes and their links to traits and behaviors.

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to the views of David Buss on evolution? a) The influence of evolution is restricted to the development of our unique physical features. b) The influence of evolution is negligible, as the environment in which a person grows is the sole determinant of his or her personality. c) The influence of evolution on our reproductive success is not sufficient to explain survival. d) The influence of evolution on our decision-making abilities, levels of aggression, fears, and mating patterns is significant.

d) The influence of evolution on our decision-making abilities, levels of aggression, fears, and mating patterns is significant.

Which of the following is a benefit of cross-cultural studies? a) They allow researchers to determine if cultural differences are real or imagined. b) They allow researchers to collect information from childhood through adolescence. c) They encourage researchers to ignore genetic similarities across cultures and focus more on individual differences. d) They allow researchers to determine areas in which development is similar across cultures or specific to only a particular culture.

d) They allow researchers to determine areas in which development is similar across cultures or specific to only a particular culture.

According to the textbook, what is the purpose of newborn reflexes? a) To help the infant learn to walk and swim more quickly, even when they live in impoverished environments. b) To support the infant-caregiver attachment for infants born prematurely. c) To compensate for brain injuries during childbirth. d) To help the infant respond to their environment before they have had the opportunity to learn.

d) To help the infant respond to their environment before they have had the opportunity to learn.

Researchers have found that the A-not-B error partly depends on how long infants have to wait before they are allowed to search for the object. This suggests that the A-not-B error may be caused by: a) a lack of focused attention. b) a tendency to repeat motor behaviors over and over again. c) an incomplete concept of object permanence. d) a memory failure.

d) a memory failure.

When Colin was born he was able to suck, but not chew food. Now, at 10 months, he has learned how to eat by modifying his original sucking scheme to better meet the demands of eating solid foods. Piaget would say that Colin has engaged in ______________. a) equilibrium b) assimilation c) abstract thought d) accommodation

d) accommodation

Which of the following fine motor skills is characteristic of children in the 37 to 48 months age group? a) folding papers into halves and quarters b) making clay objects with two small parts c) using crayons appropriately approximating a circle in drawing

d) approximating a circle in drawing

Which of the following is a feature of emotion-coaching parents? a) denial of the negative emotions experienced by their children b) encouragement to change negative emotions, as they are unacceptable c) suppression of the child's experience of negative emotions d) assistance in labeling and dealing effectively with negative emotions

d) assistance in labeling and dealing effectively with negative emotions

Research on adoption has identified an increased risk for adoptees in all the following areas EXCEPT: a) aggression. b) depression. c) ADHD. d) asthma.

d) asthma.

Which of the following parenting styles encourages children's independence while still establishing and enforcing limits? a) indulgent parenting b) neglectful parenting c) authoritarian parenting d) authoritative parenting

d) authoritative parenting

The strings of consonant-vowel combinations produced by babies in the middle of the first year is called a) crying. b) labeling. c) cooing. d) babbling.

d) babbling.

Babies are considered preterm if they are born: a) between 37 to 39 weeks of gestation. b) between the 39th and 40th week of gestation. c) between 40 to 42 weeks of gestation. d) before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation.

d) before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation.

According to Buss, human development is shaped by: a) nature. b) nurture. c) neither nature or nurture. d) both nature and nurture.

d) both nature and nurture.

In this video, Sarah and her mom are interacting. Sarah's mom is using speech with animation and encouragement. Which of the following forms of speech is she using? a) comprehender b) adult c) performance oriented d) child-directed

d) child-directed

The article reports that there have been three new studies (Johns Hopkins University, Harvard, and a large Norwegian study) that have heightened concerns about long-term developmental effects. Which research type are these studies considered? a) case studies b) naturalistic observations c) experimental research d) correlational research

d) correlational research

Which of the following is NOT considered a self-regulatory dimension of temperament? a) adaptability b) soothability c) persistence d) creativity

d) creativity

Research has shown that developmental delay of motor and cognitive milestones in children is related to: a) an increased count of white blood cells. b) decreased intake of lead and other minerals. c) increased levels of the growth hormone secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow. d) decreased levels of myelination.

d) decreased levels of myelination.

Depression during pregnancy has been linked to women who: a) have babies with limb defects. b) have babies who will develop high blood pressure. c) feel morning sickness after conception. d) deliver their babies prematurely.

d) deliver their babies prematurely.

Project Head Start was designed to provide children from low-income families with: a) training in job-related skills to reduce reliance on public assistance programs. b) low-cost meal programs so they would be physically ready to learn. c) opportunities to freely choose better schools away from their neighborhood schools. d) early opportunities to develop skills important for success in school.

d) early opportunities to develop skills important for success in school.

Adaptation or the physical and psychological changes that human beings go through in order to survive is the foundation of ________ theory. a) Vygotskian b) Piagetian c) social cognitive d) evolutionary

d) evolutionary

Cause-and-effect relationships can best be determined by ________ studies. a) longitudinal b) cross-sectional c) correlational d) experimental

d) experimental

According to Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament, the negative affectivity dimension includes: a) positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation-seeking tendencies. b) attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure conditions. c) shyness, subdued affect, and timidity factors. d) fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort factors.

d) fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort factors.

Which of the following make(s) up the largest portion of weight gain during pregnancy in the third trimester? a) tissue fluid b) increased blood volume c) uterus and breasts d) fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid

d) fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid

Dora is 3 and a half years old. She is likely to be able to: a) roller skate successfully. b) skip rope by alternating feet. c) carry a 16-pound object. d) hop three times with both feet.

d) hop three times with both feet.

One of the consequences of fertility treatments is a(n): a) increase in the birth weight of babies. b) decrease in genetic disorders. c) increase in postterm pregnancies. d) increase in multiple births.

d) increase in multiple births.

The period extending from birth to about 18 to 24 months of age is called: a) the neonatal period b) early childhood c) youth d) infancy

d) infancy

With reference to the Strange Situation, babies that show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance, or display specific behaviors like extreme fearfulness around the caregiver, will be classified as ________ babies. a) insecure avoidant b) securely attached c) insecure resistant d) insecure disorganized

d) insecure disorganized

Which hormone is released as a result of massage therapy given to preterm infants? a) progesterone b) testosterone c) estrogen d) insulin

d) insulin

Which of the following was NOT one of the factors identified by researchers as external influences on the excitation or inhibition of genetic expression? a) stress b) radiation c) temperature d) intelligence

d) intelligence

Which of the following perceptions involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities, like vision and hearing? a) auditory perception b) visual perception c) depth perception d) intermodal perception

d) intermodal perception

Mona El-Sheikh recommends all of the following to improve the child's sleep environment EXCEPT: a) making sure the bedroom is cool. b) making sure the bedroom is dark. c) maintaining consistent bedtimes and wake times. d) making sure the child runs around a lot right before bed.

d) making sure the child runs around a lot right before bed.

Pointing to a tree, young Ramal said, "Bird flied away." Ramal has broken a ________ rule of language. a) syntactical b) semantic c) pragmatic d) morphological

d) morphological

In the developing world, low birth weight stems mainly from: a) the high age of mothers. b) lack of exercise by mothers. c) excessive smoking by fathers. d) mothers' poor health and nutrition.

d) mothers' poor health and nutrition.

Research has demonstrated a positive correlation between the number of hours of violent television watched and the amount of aggression in children. Based on these findings and what we know about correlational research, we can conclude that: a) watching violent television leads to aggression. b) aggressive children mimic the violence they see on television shows. c) parents who allow their children to view violent television are indirectly encouraging aggressive behavior. d) none of the choices are correct.

d) none of the choices are correct.

Matt believes that one good pair of shoes is all a person really needs. Matt has blond hair and one pair of shoes. Ellen believes that a person needs a good pair of running shoes, a pair of dress shoes, and a pair of slippers. Ellen has black hair and three pair of shoes. Imelda believes that the more shoes you own, the better! Imelda has brown hair and 79 pair of shoes. In this example, hair darkness and number of shoes a person owns are ________ correlated. a) positively b) negatively c) neutrally d) not

d) not

Infants' attention to objects is strongly governed by the ________ and habituation. a) obscurity of the object b) frequency of interactions with the object c) familiarity with the object d) novelty of the object

d) novelty of the object

Caregivers of disorganized babies: a) are sensitive to their signals. b) often let their babies have an active part in determining the onset and pacing of interaction in the first year of life. c) tend to be inconsistent; sometimes they respond to their babies' needs, and sometimes they don't. d) often neglect or physically abuse them.

d) often neglect or physically abuse them.

Katy, who is expecting her first baby, is in the 42nd week of her pregnancy. Her doctor has recommended that she be given ________ to induce uterine contractions. a) analgesics b) anesthetics c) diuretics d) oxytocics

d) oxytocics

Studies have linked prenatal exposure to SSRIs with all of the following EXCEPT: a) birth defects. b) complications after birth. c) autism. d) pediatric depression.

d) pediatric depression.

Nathan, who is 10 months old, picks up small blocks using his thumb and forefinger. The type of grasp used by Nathan is called the ________ grip. a) pencil b) tripod c) palmer d) pincer

d) pincer

Natural childbirth and prepared childbirth are different from each other in that: a) natural childbirth places special emphasis on the doula's role during labor. b) prepared childbirth places special emphasis on the doctor's role during labor. c) natural childbirth focuses more on medical and surgical interventions. d) prepared childbirth focuses more on anatomy and physiology.

d) prepared childbirth focuses more on anatomy and physiology.

One important function of the peer group is to: a) compensate for the effects of child maltreatment at home. b) act as surrogate parents in situations where children are alone. c) reinforce the consequences of the parenting style used at home. d) provide a source of information about the world outside the family.

d) provide a source of information about the world outside the family.

Sarah's mother has a tendency to narrate and describe what Sarah is doing as she does it. You are a speech therapist and she has asked you to evaluate how her interactions will help Sarah in the babbling stage. You let her know she is doing well and add that there is one element that would help Sarah learn about the back and forth of conversations. What do you tell her she could do? a) talk in adult complex speech b) talk in complete sentences c) sing to her d) repeat the sounds Sarah makes

d) repeat the sounds Sarah makes

Even though there are cultural variations in attachment classification, the most frequent classification in every culture studied so far is: a) insecure avoidant. b) insecure disorganized. c) insecure resistant. d) secure attachment.

d) secure attachment.

Early prenatal classes often discuss: a) preparations for the birth. b) infant care issues. c) postpartum self-care. d) sexuality during pregnancy.

d) sexuality during pregnancy.

Ethan was able to recognize the ice-cream cone to be cone-shaped even when the orientation of the cone was changed a number of times. This shows that Ethan has achieved: a) size constancy. b) habituation. c) orientation response. d) shape constancy.

d) shape constancy.

A baby's schemes are structured by ________ that can be performed on objects, such as sucking, looking, and grasping. a) complex behaviors b) diverse actions c) mental strategies d) simple actions

d) simple actions

Which of the following tendencies, when developed by infants, helps them recognize that an object remains the same even when the retinal image of the object changes by moving toward or away from the object? a) shape constancy b) orientation response c) distance perception d) size constancy

d) size constancy

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (secondhand smoke) increases the risk of all of the following EXCEPT: a) weakening of the immune system. b) attention deficits. c) stillbirth. d) spina bifida.

d) spina bifida.

Cigarette smoking by pregnant women has been associated with a higher incidence of: a) spontaneous abortion. b) facial deformities. c) defective newborn reflexes. d) sudden infant death syndrome.

d) sudden infant death syndrome.

Perceptually narrowing can be described as: a) the refinement of abilities that are needed. b) the innate ability to perceive information without direct experience. c) the ability to distinguish between non-human faces. d) the loss of abilities that are not needed.

d) the loss of abilities that are not needed.

In the context of natural selection, "fit" refers to behaviors that increase: a) genetic imprinting. b) the psychological fitness of a species. c) gene-environment interaction. d) the reproductive success of a species.

d) the reproductive success of a species.

Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests is used during amniocentesis to locate the precise point for drawing a sample? a) maternal blood screening b) noninvasive prenatal diagnosis c) chorionic villus sampling d) ultrasound sonography

d) ultrasound sonography

Which of the following represents a rapid increase in the number of words children know that begins at approximately 18 months? a) overextension b) spontaneous vocalization c) first words d) vocabulary spurt

d) vocabulary spurt

Dr. Olson at the University of Washington began a study of about 100 young children who had a gender identity different from the one assigned at birth. After following these children for two years, what percent of these children changed back to the gender identity originally assigned at birth?

0%

Some children begin to understand their gender identity as something different from what they were assigned at birth as early as:

3 years old

Which of the following is NOT a developmentally appropriate way to explain a divorce to a young child?

Describing the dishonest behavior that led one parent to request a divorce.

According to Dr. Dehra Harris, how can parents help reduce fear in children during a divorce?

Explain that romantic love between parents can change over time, but love for children does not change.

You watched an interview with Dr. Joshua Safer, an endocrinologist at Boston University. He described cases in which individuals with typical male XY chromosomes were born with ambiguous genitalia. Soon after birth, these individuals were surgically given female genitalia and then raised as girls. According to Dr. Safer, how do these individuals describe their gender identity as adults?

Most have a male gender identity, despite being raised as girls from birth.

The development of the brain, height and weight gains, motor skills, and the hormonal changes of puberty all reflect the role of ________ processes in development. a) biological b) cognitive c) assimilative d) socioemotional

a) biological

Most researchers find the babies do not show explicit memory until: a) the second half of the first year. b) a few days after birth. c) at least three years old. d) after the first birthday.

a) the second half of the first year.

Twenty-five-month-old Allen is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Allen will most likely: a) touch his nose to wipe off the spot. b) touch the image of his nose in the mirror to try and wipe the spot off his own nose. c) touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose. d) crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.

a) touch his nose to wipe off the spot.

Very preterm infants are those born between ________ weeks of gestation. a) 33 and 36 b) 28 and 33 c) 25 and 28 d) 36 and 38

b) 28 and 33

Which of the following statements about fathers' psychological adjustment after childbirth is TRUE? a) Postpartum depression primary affects stay-at-home fathers rather than fathers who work outside of the home. b) A father's postpartum depression can have long-lasting negative effects on children, even if the mother is not depressed. c) Fathers can develop postpartum depression, but this has little impact on the infant unless the mother also has postpartum depression. d) Fathers sometimes develop "baby blues", but only mothers develop postpartum depression.

b) A father's postpartum depression can have long-lasting negative effects on children, even if the mother is not depressed.

Which of the following is used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth? a) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children b) Apgar Scale c) Fagan Test d) Denver Developmental Screening Test

b) Apgar Scale

Most infants take about one year to walk. According to the textbook, what makes walking especially difficult? a) Finding solid surfaces that can be used to practice pre-walking behaviors. b) Balancing on one leg and shifting one's weight without falling c) Alternating movement from one leg to the other d) Eliciting the stepping reflex as a newborn

b) Balancing on one leg and shifting one's weight without falling

________ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in producing words. a) Zona incerta b) Broca's area c) Reticular formation d) Wernicke's area

b) Broca's area

________ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution. a) Pretense b) Constructive c) Social d) Practice

b) Constructive

Advanced maternal age confers a much greater risk of having a baby with: a) heart defects. b) Down syndrome. c) diabetes. d) respiratory diseases.

b) Down syndrome.

_______ peaks around 4-5 years of age. a) Sensorimotor play b) Dramatic make-believe c) Rule-based game play d) Constructive play

b) Dramatic make-believe

All of the following would receive the highest score on the Apgar test EXCEPT: a) Crying b) Grimacing c) Coughing d) Sneezing

b) Grimacing

Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests uses a sample of the placenta to detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus? a) amniocentesis b) chorionic villus sampling c) noninvasive prenatal diagnosis d) ultrasound sonography

b) chorionic villus sampling

Becca has been training for a marathon for several weeks. When she began her training, she could run a mile in 12 minutes. After two weeks of training, she could run a mile in ten minutes. After six weeks of training, she could run a mile in eight minutes. In this example, a(n) ________ exists between the number of weeks of training and the time to run a mile. a) positive correlation b) negative correlation c) neutral correlation d) absence of correlation

b) negative correlation

On average, children whose parents are ________ tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, are immature, and do not handle independence well. a) indulgent b) neglectful c) authoritative d) authoritarian

b) neglectful

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is primarily used to determine a newborn's: a) attachment styles with parents and other caregivers. b) neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects. c) socioemotional ability and cognitive development. d) physiological growth and bonding ability.

b) neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects.

A researcher uses a video camera to record children as they play on a school playground. The researcher plans to watch the video carefully to understand the children's helping behaviors. Which of the following research methods is being used by the researcher for collecting data? a) case study b) observation c) standardized test d) multifactorial study

b) observation

Conclusions from recent studies on adoption suggest that a(n) ________ adoption leads to better adjustment for adolescents and emerging adults. a) closed b) open c) classified d) secret

b) open

Children learn to change their speech style to suit the situation by around: a) 2 to 3 years of age. b) 3 to 4 years of age. c) 4 to 5 years of age. d) 7 to 8 years of age.

c) 4 to 5 years of age.

A low birth weight infant weighs less than ________ pounds at birth. a) 3.5 b) 4.0 c) 5.5 d) 2.0

c) 5.5

Early research on face perception demonstrated that: a) infants are better at identifying different monkeys than identifying different humans. b) adults are better than infants at distinguishing between all types of faces. c) 6-month-olds are better than adults at distinguishing between different monkey faces. d) the ability to distinguish between different monkey faces develops around 9 months of age.

c) 6-month-olds are better than adults at distinguishing between different monkey faces.

At what age are children's eye muscles developed enough to allow them to move their eyes across letters on a page? a) About 7-8 years b) About 12-24 months c) About 4-5 years d) About 2-3 years

c) About 4-5 years

________ represent the class of sex hormones that promote the development of male sex organs. a) Estrogens b) Progesterones c) Androgens d) Estradiols

c) Androgens

Which of the following statements is TRUE of Darwin's views on evolution? a) Most organisms reproduce at rates that cause an insignificant increase in their population. b) The constant struggle for food, water, and resources among members of a species encourages supportive behaviors among them. c) Behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat differentiates survivors and nonsurvivors. d) Adaptive behaviors are purely psychological.

c) Behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat differentiates survivors and nonsurvivors.

As a result of cultural and ethnic bias, researchers in the past may have underestimated how variable children's lives can be. Why is this? a) There is less cultural and ethnic variability among children than among adults. b) The population of children from ethnic minority groups is not big enough to produce reliable scientific conclusions. c) Children from ethnic minority groups have often been excluded from participation in research. d) Children from ethnic minority groups have been overrepresented in research.

c) Children from ethnic minority groups have often been excluded from participation in research.

According to Buss, ________ is a necessity to avoid extinction. a) intelligence b) stagnation c) adaptation d) ignorance

c) adaptation

The ________ cry is triggered by a high-intensity stimulus. a) hunger b) anger c) pain d) reflexive

c) pain

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding changes in height and weight in early childhood? a) As the preschool child grows older, the percentage of increase in height and weight increases with each additional year. b) Girls are substantially smaller in build and weight than boys throughout the preschool years. c) No significant changes in height are seen in boys and girls during the period of early childhood. d) Body fat shows a slow, steady decline during the preschool years, with girls having more fatty tissue and boys having more muscle tissue.

d) Body fat shows a slow, steady decline during the preschool years, with girls having more fatty tissue and boys having more muscle tissue.

Which of the following measures of neonatal health and responsiveness is typically performed within 24 to 36 hours after birth? a) Apgar Scale b) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children c) Bayley Scales of Infant Development d) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

d) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Which of the following women should avoid exercising while pregnant? a) Sarah who has gained an optimal amount of weight during her first trimester b) Fashina who has been overweight her whole life c) Magda who did not exercise regularly before becoming pregnant d) Cameron who is a high-risk for a preterm labor

d) Cameron who is a high-risk for a preterm labor

________ involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances. a) Scaffolding b) The social constructivist approach c) Social referencing d) Executive attention

d) Executive attention

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the socialization strategies of parents across various cultures? a) Mothers socialize their sons to be more responsible than their daughters. b) Fathers engage in more activities with daughters than with sons. c) Mothers do not place restrictions on the autonomy their daughters enjoy. d) Fathers put forth more effort to promote sons' intellectual development.

d) Fathers put forth more effort to promote sons' intellectual development.

According to pediatrician Dr. Dehra Harris, the most important thing parents can do to support their children during a divorce is:

decreasing conflict between the parents.

Dr. Dehra Harris urges divorcing parents to make their two houses as similar as possible with respect to all of the following EXCEPT:

family members who are present in the household

You watched an interview with Dr. Kristina Olson, a professor of psychology at the University of Washington. According to Dr. Olson, the current scientific consensus is that:

there are biological factors that contribute to our gender identity.