H.E. 224 Prep U & Pre-lecture Chapter one

A disease agent can affect more than one organ of the body, and more than one disease agent can affect the same organ of the body. Which term best describes this aspect of disease etiology?

Multifactorial in origin

A client is experiencing signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. The client's disease is in which phase of its clinical course?

Clinical

A nurse is evaluating findings from the Nurses' Health Study, a study that has followed a group of nurses since 1976 to study the relationship between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer. The nurse evaluates the findings using criteria for which type of study?

Cohort

A client delivers a child via vaginal birth after having an uneventful prenatal course. After the infant is born, the nurse discovers an extra digit. The client states that she had the same thing when she was born. What does the nurse recognize that this defect is considered?

Congenital condition

The health care team is attempting to determine the cause of a client's disease. What does the nurse recognize that this will be documented as?

Etiology

____ is the physiology of altered health

pathophysiology

Incidence is the number of ____ cases arising in a given population during a specified time.

New

Which of the nurse's assessment questions most directly addresses the client's level of health, based on the World Health Organization's definition of health?

"How would you rate your overall sense of well-being?"

____ is the study of disease occurrence in human populations

epidemiology

Facility policies on wound dressing selection refer the nurse to a dressing algorithm. The nurse anticipates that the algorithm will include:

a step-by-step decision-making tree for dressing selection.

A nurse is conducting a staff educational program on diagnostic tests. The nurse should include that the normal value of a laboratory test represents the test results that fall within which distribution level?

95%

A nurse researcher is examining the specificity of a screening test for kidney disease. Of the 1000 people tested, 33 tested positive for kidney disease. After further testing, 28 of these clients were confirmed to have kidney disease. What is the specificity of this test? Record your answer as a percentage to one decimal place.

99.5

The nurse is performing an assessment on a client who states she fell and twisted her right ankle during a softball game. The nurse notes that the right ankle is edematous and will probably need to be x-rayed. What term does the nurse use to describe the changes that accompany this finding?

A sign

A daycare provides daily services to 60 children from 3 months to 5 years of age. Fifteen of the children have experienced an outbreak of diarrhea within the past week. The incidence rate of diarrhea among the children cared for by this daycare is at what percent?

25%

After teaching a client, the nurse wants to see if the client understands the risk factors for heart disease. Which response by the client would indicate the need for further instruction?

"I will switch from smoking to chewing tobacco."

When the nurse is assisting with the diagnostic process for a client with an illness, what is a priority when compiling all of the data to have an accurate diagnosis? Select all that apply.

A careful history Detailed physical examination Diagnostic tests

The nurse observes that blood pressure readings taken by a new unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) are very different from what other nurses obtain. What does the nurse understand is occurring with these readings?

A lack of reliability in the readings of the UAP.

An infant has a difficult time passing through the birth canal and the physician uses forceps to deliver the child. In the process, the facial nerve was damaged, resulting in a facial droop. Which condition does the nurse recognize this to be?

Acquired defect

The community health nurse is creating a program to improve the health of a select group of clients in the community, based on Healthy People 2030 by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The nurse will base the program on which determinant(s) of health? Select all that apply.

Attain lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. Achieve health equity and eliminate disparities. Promote healthy behaviors across the lifespan. Promote good health for all.

Which concepts would be included in the study of the science of pathophysiology? Select all that apply.

Body's response to disease The effect disease has on human organs Study of the structure of cells Function of tissues

A client tests positive for an infectious disease but does not have any symptoms. The physician informs the client that she is capable of infecting others. Which stage of the clinical course is this client experiencing?

Carrier state

A client develops an infection with a resistant organism while hospitalized for surgery. After treatment, there are no obvious signs of infection, but a culture shows that the organism is present. Which term describes the client's status?

Carrier status

A client is diagnosed with Crohn's disease and is informed that there is no cure; however, the client will have periods when there are no symptoms and other times when symptoms will be quite severe. What term should the nurse teach the client applies to this disease course?

Chronic

During an assessment, a client tells the nurse that he has suffered from asthma since childhood. He is not experiencing any symptoms at this time but takes an inhaled steroidal medication daily. The nurse should document the asthma as being which type of condition?

Chronic

The nurse is caring for a client that has been a 2 pack per day smoker for 20 years and developed emphysema 5 years ago. The client has had 3 to 4 admissions per year related to this illness. What form of illness does this client have?

Chronic illness

A nurse is interpreting the test results of a client's screening test for cancer. If the client's result is negative and the test has a 95% specificity, the nurse should conclude that there a 95% chance of which outcome?

Client does not have cancer.

The Framingham cohort study examined characteristics of people who would later develop which disease?

Coronary disease

Which action will a nurse teach as tertiary prevention of disease? Select all that apply.

Daily foot inspection by clients with diabetes mellitus Taking antihypertensives for clients post-myocardial infarction

Breast cancer screening programs are an example of primary prevention disease.

False

Health is defined as the absence of infirmity or disease.

False

Prevalence is the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a given time.

False

What do morbidity and mortality statistics refer to?

Functional effects and death-producing characteristics of a disease

For a physician to diagnose a client, which process must be followed? Select all that apply.

Getting a complete history Performing a careful physical examination Diagnostic testing

Pathogenesis is the term used to describe the sequence of cellular and tissue events that occur from the time of first contact with an etiologic agent until the disease becomes evident. What is another way of defining pathogenesis?

How the disease process evolves

The parents of a child with spina bifida ask what caused the condition. Which factor would the nurse identify as the most likely etiologic factor in the child's history?

Insufficient maternal folic acid intake

Despite using the same screening tools as previous years (which have been confirmed as highly valid, reliable, sensitive, and specific), the public health nurse notes an increase in the number of people in the population testing positive for type 2 diabetes this year. What action should the nurse take?

Investigate the population for factors that would cause an increase in the prevalence of diabetes.

Which attribute is a benefit of health care providers using an evidence-based practice guideline?

It directs research into forming a diagnosis and treatment for a certain condition.

When attempting to reach a health diagnosis, the health care provider commonly applies four primary steps. Place the steps for reaching a diagnosis in order.

Obtain clinical history. Conduct a physical examination. Perform diagnostic testing. Determine the most likely cause of the client's presentation.

The nurse is caring for a client in the burn unit who has sustained partial and full thickness burns over 16 percent of the body. What type of etiologic factor does the nurse recognize these burns are?

Physical forces

An obese client develops osteoarthritis. Which factors will the nurse include when educating the client about the etiology of the disease? Select all that apply.

Physical forces Genetic inheritance Excess nutrition

A nurse researcher is collecting data on the number of people who have been diagnosed with diabetes in a local population at a given time. Which term best categorizes the aspect of epidemiology the nurse is collecting?

Prevalence

____ prevention of disease is aimed at keeping disease from occurring by identifying and removing risk factors

Primary

The nurse is providing a prenatal class for a group of women at the local women's center. The nurse informs the group about the importance of taking their folic acid supplements for the prevention of neural tube defects. What type of prevention is the nurse providing?

Primary prevention

The nurse documents which assessment data as a symptom?

Report of pain

There are three fundamental types of prevention used in health care: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Which statement accurately describes secondary prevention?

Secondary prevention detects disease early, and most is done in clinical settings.

A client has been admitted to the intensive care unit with a myocardial infarction. After the client recovers from the acute course of the event and ready for discharge, the nurse provides information about the beta adrenergic blocker, atenolol, that the client will take to prevent complications after the MI. What type of prevention is the nurse providing?

Tertiary prevention

A client tested positive for a streptococcal bacteria but is not exhibiting signs or symptoms of infection. This client is said to be in carrier status. Which statement is true?

The client can spread the bacteria to others

Which statement is an example of a prognosis?

The client's chance of a full recovery is 50%.

Why are some diseases termed syndromes?

They are a compilation of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease state.

A couple is seeking genetic counseling because they want to have a child but are concerned about having the genetic disorder, Tay-Sachs. They both test positive for the trait but have no symptoms themselves. What does the nurse recognize is the outcome of this process?

They are both carriers of the disease and can pass the gene on to their unborn child if the woman becomes pregnant.

The nature history of a disease can be used to predict outcomes in who are not able to be treated.

True

_____ Refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure.

Validity

A client comes to the clinic stating, "I feel terrible. I feel feverish and it hurts when I cough." The nurse documents this report to be:

a symptom.

When considering the clinical course, a disease that is characterized by remissions and exacerbations is considered to be:

chronic.