HEA 105 Test 3

what percentage of Americans smoke

About 70 million Americans age 12 and older report using tobacco products at least once a month. In 2010, 21.5 percent of men and 17.3 percent of women were current smokers. Every day, 1,000 people under age 18 become daily smokers. More than 20 percent of Americans are former smokers

negative consequences of drinking among college students

According to a recent study, 1,825 college students die each year due to alcohol-related unintentional injuries. Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death among 18- to 24-year-olds, and alcohol is the leading contributor to those deaths. Consumption of alcohol is the number one cause of preventable death among college students. 34% did something they regretPre-gaming is a strategy of drinking heavily at home before going out to an event or other location; it has become increasingly common on college campuses. Recent studies confirm that drinkers and binge drinkers cause problems not only for themselves but also for those around them. There is significant evidence that campus rape is linked to binge drinking as well as sleep disruptions, vandalism, negative academic consequences, etc.

different amount of time after quitting smoking and the health benefits

According to the American Cancer Society, many tissues damaged by smoking can repair themselves. As soon as smokers stop, the body begins the repair process. Within 8 hours, carbon monoxide and oxygen levels return to normal, and "smoker's breath" disappears. After 1 year of not smoking, the risks for lung cancer and stroke decrease. slide 39 ppt chapt 11

Marijuana

Active ingredient Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the psychoactive substance in marijuana. Physical effects Dilation of blood vessels in the eyes, dry mouth, increased appetite, lowered blood pressure, and mild muscular weakness Severe anxiety, panic, paranoia, and psychosisMarijuana substantially reduces a driver's ability to react and make quick decisions. Users often fail to recognize their impairment. Marijuana is the most prevalent illegal drug detected in impaired drivers, fatally injured drivers, and motor vehicle crash victims. Even a moderate dose alone impairs driving; but when marijuana is combined with alcohol, the two drugs synergize.

alcohol abuse vs. alcoholism and binge drinking

Alcohol abuse is drinking that interferes with work, school, social and family relationships, or entails violation of the law. Alcoholism, or alcohol dependence, is the condition that results when personal and health problems related to alcohol use are severe and stopping alcohol use causes withdrawal symptoms. Alcoholics can be found at all socioeconomic levels and in all professions, ethnic groups, geographical locations, religions, and races. Data indicates that about 15 percent of people in the United States are problem drinkers. Recognizing and admitting the existence of an alcohol problem is often difficult. Binge drinking is consuming five or more drinks for men or four or more drinks for women within 2 hours. It brings the blood alcohol level (BAC) up to 0.08 percent.

Anabolic Steroids

Anabolic steroids are artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone. They include ergogenic drugs, which are substances that enhance athletic performance. There are two forms of anabolic steroids: Injectable solutions Pills Effects of steroids include mood swings, acne, liver tumors, elevated cholesterol levels, hypertension, and kidney disease. Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990

how to determine blood alcohol content (BAC) and what percents affect your body (balance etc.)

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is the ratio of alcohol to total blood volume. Despite differences among individuals, alcohol produces some general behavioral effects depending on the person's BAC. Heavier people have larger body surfaces through which to diffuse alcohol; therefore, they have lower concentrations of alcohol in their blood than do thin people after drinking the same amount. Many factors influence how rapidly a person's body absorbs alcohol and thus how quickly that person feels the effects of alcohol. For example, eating while drinking slows down the absorption of alcohol into your bloodstream. pg 14 ppt chapt 10

long-term and short-term health effects of smoking

Cancer Cardiovascular disease -Platelet adhesiveness Stroke Respiratory disorders -Chronic bronchitis -Emphysema Sexual dysfunction Gum disease Male and female smokers experience a greater rate of acute and chronic diseases.

scapegoat and mascot as it relates to alcohol problems

Children in alcoholic dysfunctional families generally assume at least one of the following roles: Scapegoat-Draws attention away from the family's primary problem through delinquency or misbehavior Mascot-Disrupts tense situations by providing comic relief

Stimulants

Cocaine—one of the most powerful naturally occurring stimulants. It can be snorted, smoked, and injected. Freebase is obtained by removing the hydrochloride salt from cocaine powder. Cocaine is an anesthetic and a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. High doses can lead to increased heart rate and blood pressure, weight loss, convulsions, muscle twitching, and other effects. Amphetamines are also called bennies, dex, meth, speed, cross tops, uppers, and ice. Adderall and Ritalin are used for medical purposes. Recently, these drugs have become popular on college campuses (for "all nighters"). Methamphetamine is powerfully addicting and easily made using over-the-counter drugs. Small doses increase alertness and decrease appetite. Large doses can lead to convulsions, hallucinations, and death. Caffeine is the most popular and widely consumed drug in the United States. Almost half of Americans use caffeine. Made from xanthines, caffeine is a mild CNS stimulant that enhances mental alertness and reduces feelings of drowsiness. It takes 4 to 6 hours for the body to metabolize half of the caffeine ingested.

shopping,gambling addictions

Disordered gambling is a compulsive gambling that cannot be controlled. Disordered gambling is recognized as a mental disorder by The American Psychiatric Association. 26% of college men report gambling at least once a week compared to 5.5% of college women. The three most common reasons college students give for gambling are risk, excitement, and the chance to make money. -------- $23,000 is the average amount of debt that a compulsiveshopper owes. Compulsive buying can beseasonal or may occur whenperson is depressed or lonely. Compulsive shoppers mayborrow money repeatedly fromfamily, friends, or institutions inspite of the problems that result from doing so.

health effects (both good and bad) from drinking

Drinking depresses the central nervous system (CNS). Drinking leads to dehydration and headache. Drinkers may suffer symptoms that include the "morning-after" effects. Alcohol irritates the gastrointestinal system. Excessive drinking can lead to a hangover. Congeners play a role in the development of hangovers. Alcohol use plays a significant role in the types of injuries people experience. Alcohol influences one's ability to make good decisions about sex because it lowers inhibitions. Alcohol, used either alone or in combination with other drugs, can lead to alcohol poisoning (also known as acute alcohol intoxication). Even moderate drinking can have negative effects on the nervous system. Alcohol affects the cardiovascular system. Antithrombotic effect One of the most common diseases related to alcohol abuse is liver disease. Cirrhosis Alcoholic hepatitis Alcohol is considered a carcinogen; that is, it can lead to cancer. Alcohol abuse also leads to: Inflammation of the pancreas Interference with immunity Blocked absorption of calcium

club drug

Ecstasy Mescaline Psilocybin PCP Ketamine The sources of these drugs and the chemicals in them can vary, so the drugs may be impure and their effects unpredictable. Mescaline is one of hundreds of chemicals derived from the peyote cactus. It is both a powerful hallucinogen and a CNS stimulant.

facts about exercise

Exercise addicts are people who exercise compulsively to try to meet needs of nurturance, intimacy, self-esteem, and self-competency. Traditionally, women have been perceived as being more at risk for exercise addiction. However, evidence is growing that more men are developing unhealthy exercise patterns.

inhalants

Inhalants are chemicals that produce vapors capable of causing hallucinations and creating intoxicating and euphoric effects. Some agents are organic, solvent by-products of the distillation of petroleum products. Rubber cement, model glue, paint thinner, lighter fluid, varnish, wax, and gasoline are examples. ---- nitrous oxidemethadone and methadone used in treatment

Hallucinogins

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) Mescaline, derived from the peyote cactus Psilocybin, also known as the "magic mushroom" Phencyclidine (PCP) is a synthetic substance that was originally developed as an anesthetic. ---- LSD is the most notorious hallucinogen. Its physiological effects include increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure and temperature, muscle tremors, gooseflesh, headaches, and mild nausea. Its psychological effects include euphoria, dysphoria (sense of foreboding), shortened attention span, introspection, and distorted perceptions.

nicotine and cilia

Nicotine hardens the mucus and cilia therefore rendering them useless, so the the trachea eventually starts closing up with mucus causing the person to cough (in order to remove this excess mucus).

percentage of Americans over 12 who have tried marijuana

Over 7 million Americans over the age of 12 have used prescription drugs for nonmedical reasons in the last month. 18.9% for others

antabuse

Pharmacological treatments include: **** Antabuse/Disulfiram, which causes people to become violently ill when they drink**** Naltrexone, which reduces the pleasant effects of alcohol Acamprosate, approved in 2004, which helps people maintain alcohol abstinence after they have stopped drinking

poisonous elements in cigarettes

Phenols are chemical irritants in smoke that may combine with other chemicals to contribute to the development of lung cancer. The cleansing function of the lungs' cilia is impaired by nicotine. Carbon monoxide is a gas found in cigarette smoke; it binds at oxygen receptor sites in the blood. slide 18 ppt chapt 11

Opiates

Powerful depressants of the CNS Also called narcotics Derived from opium, the dark, resinous substance made from the juice of the opium poppy Derivatives: morphine and codeine Synthetic opiates: Percodan, Demerol, and Dilaudid OxyContin is another powerful opiate. Heroin is highly addictive. Endorphins (opiate-like substances) are manufactured in the body and have many receptor sites.Opioids cause drowsiness, relieve pain, and induce euphoria. How Users Feel Opiates are depressants, causing drowsiness; they can relieve pain and induce euphoria. Side Effects These include, lethargy, weight loss, loss of sex drive, anxiety, insomnia, and restlessness. Overdose causes shock, coma, and depressed respiration. Long-Term Injection of Opioids This poses risks of infection of the heart lining and valves, skin abscesses, and lung congestion.

how many ounces of alcohol in a standard drink

The amount of any beverage that contains about 14 grams of pure alcohol (about 0.6 fluid ounce or 1.2 tablespoons). Beer=12 Shot=1.5 Wine=5

Depressant

These are sedative drugs that promote mental calmness and reduce anxiety, while hypnotic drugs promote sleep or drowsiness. Sedatives depress the CNS. These drugs are commonly prescribed for tension, muscular strain, sleep problems, anxiety, panic attacks, and to treat alcohol withdrawal.The Facts Benzodiazepines are sedative-hypnotics. Rohypnol is the "date rape" drug. How Users Feel Low doses reduce or relieve tension but may cause rapid mood changes, impaired judgment, and impaired social and occupational functioning. High doses produce slurred speech, drowsiness, and stupor. Side Effects Physical and psychological dependence within 2 to 4 weeks Cross-tolerance is a complication Mood and behavior changes, slurred speech, poor coordination, unsteady gait, involuntary eye movements, impaired attention or memory, and stupor and coma Synergistic effect when used in combination with alcohol Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GBH) is a CNS depressant known to have euphoric, sedative, and anabolic effects. Its use can result in loss of memory, unconsciousness, amnesia, and even death.

how to quit smoking

Withdrawal Nicotine replacement products: Nicotine gum Nicotine patch Nasal spray Nicotine inhaler Buproprion (Zyban antismoking therapy. -Operant conditioning pairs smoking with an external stimulus. When the stimulus is removed, the hope is that smoking will cease. -Self-control therapy aims at identifying the situations associated with smoking and then teaching skills needed to resist smoking.

addiction and the different kinds of addiction

a persistent, compulsive dependence on a behavior or substance, including mood-altering behaviors or activities, despite ongoing negative consequences. Substance addiction refers to dependence on a specific substance. Process addiction refers to dependence on a behavior. Common symptoms: Compulsion, characterized by obsession Loss of control Negative consequences Denial

congeners

a substance produced during fermentation of alcoholic beverages (i.e. alcohol) related chemicals, e.g., elements in the same group of the periodic table

most popular drug in the U.S

cigarettes or alcohol/marijuana

how to reduce your number of drinks if you feel you are drinking too much

eat before, dont pregame, stay with same people, have no more than 1/hr, avoid games, drink water

how to minimize bad effects of drinking and what to do to help some one who is passed out from alcohol

eat before, dont pregame, stay with same people, have no more than 1/hr, avoid games, drink water ---- roll onto side with knees bent to minimize the chance of vomit. may have to reach in and clear airway. call 911 immediately if you believe alch poisoning.

addictive agent in cigarettes

nicotine Cigarette smoke is a complex mix of chemicals and gases produced by burning tobacco and its additives. Tar is condensed particulate matter from smoke that accumulates in the lungs.Tobacco smoke contains hundreds of damaging chemical substances. Smoke from an unfiltered cigarette contains 5 billion particles per cubic millimeter, or 50,000 times more than in an equal amount of polluted urban air. When condensed, these particles form a sticky mass called tar. ---- Nicotine addiction: Tolerance to nicotine develops almost immediately and causes nicotine poisoning. Behavioral dependence: Psychological dependence results in comfort. Weight control: Nicotine is an appetite depressant and elevates metabolism.

Synergism

the interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.