HEALTH 4975: Capstone Midterm
Enneagrams can be divided up into ________ primary constructs or types
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emotional intelligence (EI)
the subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions
Situational Phase
theory of leadership 1970s - present
Great Man and Trait Phase
theory of leadership circa 450 B.C. - 1940s
right brain people
these people tend to be more creative; see the big picture, creative, forward thinking, design & planning, long range planning
left brain people
these people tend to be more detail oriented, methodical & calculating, implementing plans, hands on
Katz Skills Theory
three skills necessary for leadership:Technical: per activity- how to do the job, techniques, proceduresHuman: interpersonal relationship, communication skills, understanding feelings, motivationsConceptual: ability to see the big picture, analytical, logic, idea generating, how to get it all done
Effective leadership requires moving...
to higher levels of knowing
VARK
Learning style unique to each person, ranked from dominant to least preferredVisual: pictures, graphs, flowcharts, blueprintsAural: conversation and debate, think out loudReading/Writing: prefer written, email, reportsKinesthetic: practical, hands on, experience
Type B personality
-can easily relax -tend to maintain focus on activities and projects -see stability as comforting - can be perceived as more social and easygoing.
Type A personality
-competitive, inquisitive, and easily bored with routine. -they have a "short fuse" -often feel impatient and may be aggressive -may have a difficult time relaxing, stay focused on details and maintaining stability in any one place for long periods of time.
Leadership
-longer time horizon -vision, then mission oriented -organizational validity: environmental scanning and intuition -does the organization have the correct components to meet future as well as current needs? -developing and refining organizational culture to meet external environment needs -timing and tempo of initiatives and projects
locus of control
-people with a high locus of control are able to process, receive, and transmit information absent of emotional content.
Management
-shorter time horizon -mission oriented -organizational reliability: compliance with rules and policies, and rule development. -maintaining organizational climate to ensure performance -how can current components work best now?
Science
-technical skills orientation: forecasting, budgeting -decisions are based more on analysis -developing systems is important to organizations -expert systems -cost control and evaluation of value are important
According to Bloom, the domain of learning that deals with emotions and feelings is
Affective
Leadership VS Management
-The healthcare manager is more reactive and stays more closely coupled to organizational policies, standards, guidelines, and established processes. -The healthcare leader is more proactive and more involved in developing the organizational culture and strategic systems -A healthcare executive can equally be a leader and a manager depending on the situation, job position and immediate role required at the time -need to be 'on the same page' to meet the organization's mission and vision
emotional intelligence -four constructs
-Ability to perceive, assess, and manage emotions of self and others -"Street smarts" when dealing with others-Internal locus of control when dealing with emotions -Self awareness, self management, social awareness, social skills -People management skills to read self and others to figure out needs
leaders seem to have several traits in common (3)
-Ambition -Motivation -Strong work ethic These are necessary but not sufficient Can have these but not be an effective leader Moral character
Jungian (Has four dimensions or types to personality) Myers/Briggs Test:Considered natural predispositions -extroversion -introversion -sensing -intuitiveThinking/FeelingJudging/Perceiving
-Extroversion/IntroversionLike being around others, assertive, group oriented vs. like being alone, solitary, reflective, listener -Sensing/IntuitiveCurrent oriented, adaptable, see and sense surroundings vs past or future oriented, don't like routine, theoretical -Thinking/FeelingLogical, unemotional, intellectual vs. concerned about other's feelings, emotional, touchy, complimentary -Judging/PerceivingPlan ahead, complete tasks, follow rules, stick to decisions vs. impulsive, non planners, spontaneous, start things without finishing
Knowing Your Personality
-Important to know yourself in terms of leadership style and personality -Helps identify strengths and weaknesses and how to utilize them
Leadership in Academics and Practice (3)
-Leadership is multifacetedAnthropology, archeology, social anthropology, political science -Leadership has been observed and documented for centuries. Some for the good, some not so good -leadership is greatly influenced by Western culture and the documentation of history through the leaders' exploits such as during the time of the Roman Empire.
Six key trends in the health industry, highlight the need for quality, competent and enthusiastic leadership: (6)
-Quality and performance expectations -Asset allocation -Uses of technology necessitating interdependence -Care needs and facility designs -Effective leaders will be part policymaker and part entrepreneur -Managing clinical staff will require new thinking and methods.
Leadership Issues in Health CareThe health care industry in America is currently
-The health care industry in America is currently in renewal-Leaders must lead people and manage resources in a way that serves communities by maintaining and improving the health of individuals in those communities.
Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory
Also known as Situational Leadership Theory.- Focuses on the maturity of those being led.- States that instead of just using one style, successful leaders should change their leadership styles based on the maturity of the people they're leading and the specifics of the task.- Leaders should be able to place more or less emphasis on the task, and more or emphasis on the relationships with the people they're leading, depending on what's needed to get the job done successfully.- The maturity levels range from an incompetence or unwillingness to perform the task, to a willingness and ability to perform. The idea is that a successful leader will adapt leadership techniques to fit the maturity level of the group in question on a situational basis. Only when a leader is able to mould their approach to the maturity and talent of those that make up the team will the overall performance be up to par.- The Situational Leadership Theory uncovers four potential leadership styles, and then four maturity levels that define the members of a team.
According to Preskill and Torres, conflict, when it occurs on teams, can
Be all of these things depending upon team members attitudes
Organized culture is ______
Behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and normal that are shared by a group of people in an organization
According to Bloom, the new domain for Synthesis is
Creating
Every great group has a strong leader that does the following
Eliminates distractions that get in the way of productivity
The ___________ decision making model seems best suited for organizations where decisions are made under ambiguity and fluid involvement of participants
Garbage Can
Theories of leadership (3)
Great Man and trait phase:determine which specific traits make a person an effective leader Behavior Phase: attempted to determine which particular behaviors/styles leaders utilize to cause others to follow him Situational phase: explain effective leadership within the context or a larger work situation
According to the readings, ______ is a phenomenon that occurs within a group in which harmony is the main focus and can result in the group making dysfunctional decisions
Groupthink
Leadership definition
Leadership is both an art and a science. Fundamentally, the leadership art encompasses relationships, interpersonal skills, timing and tempo, power, and intuition. The science of leadership embodies technical knowledge, skills and principles along with expertise of the business of health
Theories; prescriptive vs. descriptive
Leadership theories and models can be either descriptive, or prescriptive if not both. Descriptive theories and models: Illustrate, define, and capture the description of leadership phenomenon but do not recommend or prescribe actions, behaviors or processes to employ. Prescriptive theories and models: Provide recommendations to the leader practitioner with regard to actions, behaviors or processes to use to be successful leaders. Leadership theories and models also exist that are both descriptive and prescriptive in nature
The Dynamic Culture Leadership Model assessment measures leadership, ______________, science (technical) and art (relationships) propensities, communication, planning, decision alignment, employee enhancement and knowledge management constructs
Management
Jungian assessments are personality archetype evaluations that _________________.
Measure extraversion or introversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving
According to the Thomas and Kilmann readings, which of the conflict management styles is the best?
None are the best as the situation dictates which to use effectively
4 basic intro facts about leadership
People are led and resources are managed!Some seem natural leadersMust work at it for competenceSociety wants "evidence based"
Leadership as Managed Culture Change and possibly in the new phase, Culture Creation Contingency Leadership, organizational culture creation by leaders is
Proactive
Garbage Can Model
decision making in organizations often occurs among organized chaos (health care field) seldom have all info or everything is knownmore flexible decision making processhave: ambiguity, varied participant preferences, lots of participants
Objectives in pursuit of achieving goals are very specific. Developing objectives should draw on the _______________ method.
SMART
Four salient constructs of the emotional intelligence model are: 1) self-awareness; 2) self-management; 3) ________________; and 4) social skills
Social Awareness
Tuckman's Model of Group Dynamic Process contains the following constructs:
Storming, informing, norming
In 1955, Katz suggested three types of skills required of a manager and/or leader, they are:
Technical, Interpersonal, Conceptual
Four States of Knowing
Unconscious Incompetence : "we don't know that we don't know" Conscious Incompetence : "we know that we don't know" Conscious Competence: "we know how to perform a skill but must consciously think about it" Unconscious Competence: "performance of a skill is second nature."
The _____ of an organization is where the organization wants to go and how it intends to achieve its goals
Vision
The following components are common across leadership theories:
Vision & inspiration role modeling intellectual stimulation meaning-making, appeals to higher order needs empowerment setting of high expectations fostering collective identity models basically share similar beliefs about the role of vision in providing direction and meaning
There are four types of learning, Aural, Reading/Writing, Kinesthetic and ____________.
Visual
culture
a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people
The motto of the _______ is "People come first"
affiliative style
_____ involves listening with a purpose
active listening
juganian assessment
archeatype that is shaped over years by family, society, and the environment. -Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
social competence
attributes as social awareness, collaboration, empathy, and teamwork
constructs
building blocks of theories; abstract- cannot be experienced by senses; topic or smaller component w/in a theory, related to categories of a theory, related through propositions
As a leader, if you are unsure as to the best direction to take and need ideas from others, you should probably use the _______
democratic style
Trait Theory
democratic, authoritarian, and laissez faire leadership styles emerged from this
Many studies show that the more leadership styles a leader can master, the better. The four that provide the best climate and business performance are:
coaching, affiliative, authoritative, and democratic
Triangulation
combinations of quantitative and qualitative methods where, qualitative methods are perceived as "theory building" and quantitative methods are described as "theory testing/validation"
In a situation in which two opponents with equal power are strongly committed to mutually exclusive goals, the most conflict to use would be
comprising
bounded rationality
decision made in the context of the environment where problem occurs; need to gather enough info relevant to the problem context - may not be able to get all info
Commitment
effect of influence; the person agrees with a decision or request and makes an effort to carry out the request or implement the decision effectively
compliance
effect of influence; the person is willing to do what the leader asks but is apathetic rather than enthusiastic about it and will make only a minimal effort
According to Goldman ______ is the ability to manage ourselves and our relationships effectively.
emotional intelligence
The purpose of __________ is to alter messages so that intention of the original communicator is understood by the second communicator
encoding
planning
essential and critical component to successful leadership; first step is to conduct a situational assessment of the organization; Then develop the vision, mission, strategies, goals, and actions; this is a process--deciding on the goals and objectives
Transactional Leadership Theory is based on the ______________
exchange theory
Erickson's Psychoanalytic Theory
followers have unconscious father figure in leader, leader has unconscious need to lead (as in father), reactions of subordinates mimics that of children to parent (obey or rebel)
interface stakeholders
function both internally and externally to the organization and include medical staff, the governing body, and stockholders
To achieve success in the health industry, an organization must have a... leaders are the?
have focused and intelligent effort. Leaders are the catalysts for organizational, group and individual success.
reliability
indicates that a test delivers consistent results
There are four leadership constructs in the Transformational Leadership Model by Burns and Bass, one of their constructs is
individualized consideration
what is the unique and important function of leadership, contrasted with management or administration
is the conceptualization, creation and management of organizational culture.
A criticism of Willful Choice decision making is:
it is time consuming
House's path goal theory
leader can impact subordinates performance, satisfaction, and motivation by: 1. offering rewards for achieving performance goals 2. clarifying paths toward these goals 3. removing obstacles to performance
externalizer
locus of control; external forces control the person's destiny and success
internalizer
locus of control; the person themselves control their own destiny and success
________ is the level to which the ethical framework is applied
morality
Training of employees should be highly related to _________________ the organization
needs
decision-making
occurs daily and at all levels in organization; begins with identifying a question, problem, or an area needing improvementleaders use analytical methods, qualitative, and combination to do this
unconscious incompetence
one of four states of knowing; "we do not know that we do not know"
conscious incompetence
one of four states of knowing; "we know that we do not know"`
internal stakeholders
operate entirely within the bounds of the organization include management and professional and nonprofessional staff
_________ Planning is about finding the best methods, systems and processes to accomplish the mission/purpose, strategies, goals and objectives of the organization in the most effective, efficient and successful way possible and focuses on internal issues
operational
Exchange Theory
part of situational phase; leader exchanges rewards, incentives, and latitude for subordinates input; leader divides workers into in-group and out-group --> in-group gets more latitude
Mcgregor Theory Y
people do not dislike work, have self control, intrinsic motivation, capable of responsibility; democratic leadership style; consensus building oriented
group affiliation
people form groups based on need for: inclusion control affection
VARK test
provides insight into an individual's predisposition toward a particular learning style.
Art
relationship oriented: networking, interpersonal relationships -decisions are based more on perceptions of people -developing relationships and networks is important to organizations -experts as people -image and customer relationships are important
strategic leadership/management system needs (3)
strategic leadership/management system needs (3)
According to the Zukerman article, _____ is characterized by continuously evolving plans, sustained managed implementation, and an integration of finance, operations, and planning.
strategic management
Great Man Theory
studied great leaders in history by looking at characteristics; emphasis on social class, race, gender, religion, etc; must be like early leaders to be a great leader today
external stakeholders
such as suppliers, patients, and third-party payers, government consumers of the organization, competitors, special-interest groups, local communities, labor organizations, & regulatory and accrediting agencies
great groups require the following
talented people, view selves as underdogs, optimism
descriptive theories
type of theory; these illustrate, define, and capture the description of leadership phenomenon but do not recommend or prescribe actions, behaviors, or processes to employ
goals of communication
understanding achieving the intended effect being ethical (moral)
One method to describe the cycle of leadership development is the Crawl, ___________, and Run Model
walk
Much of leadership literature comes from the __________ approach or thought
western
