Health Alterations 1 Modules 5, 6, & 7

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what is the function of tap water enemas?

shoots water into GI tract to stimulate the muscles

what are two important risk factors for osteoporosis?

small-framed, nonobese Caucasian women, and diet poor in calcium and vit D

state of muscle readiness produced by maintenance of some muscle fibers in a contracted state

tone

a fracture that is straight across the bone shaft

transverse

what is the difference between TPN and PPN?

TPN = central line, PPN = peripheral IV (not PICC line?)

what does CPAP stand for?

continuous positive airway pressure

what type of catheter is used for BPH patients?

coude catheters (curved tip to go around prostate)

the three most common manifestations of asthma are

cough, dyspnea, and wheezing in a pattern of exacerbations

what lung sounds will be heard if the patient has aspirated?

crackles at the bases of lungs

what are the six manifestations of atelectasis?

dyspnea, cough, leukocytosis, diminished breath sounds, sputum production, and fever

examples of long bones

femur, tibia, humerus

someone with iron-deficient anemia would have what signs and symptoms?

lack of energy, SOB, dizzy/lightheaded, brittle nails, pica, paleness

when the hip is fractured, what will the nurse notice about the affected leg?

leg is shorter than the other, away from the body, and externally rotated

what organ does parenteral nutrition affect?

liver

how long can a tracheostomy be used?

long-term, over 21 days

example of antidiarrheal

loperamide

someone with osteoporosis would present with

loss of height from vertebral collapse, progressive kyphosis

soft diet

low in fiber, easy to digest

what is hypoxemia?

low levels of O2 in the blood

what is hypoxia?

low levels of cellular O2

with atelectasis, what is the first symptom noticed?

low-grade fever

example of osmotic stimulants

magnesium citrate

what two things are used to manage osteoarthritis?

medications for inflammation and OT for physical function

an example of absorptive atelectasis is

ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)

what is dead space?

areas where no O2 and CO2 exchange is happening

where does skin breakdown occur with NG tubes?

around the nose, back of throat

allows direct visualization of a joint to diagnose joint disorders

arthroscopy

example of salicylates

aspirin

collapse of alveoli, leading to loss of lung volume

atelectasis

what is the function of surfactant?

coats the alveoli and decreases surface tension to prevent collapse of alveoli

what can be used to unclog a feeding tube?

coca-cola or cranberry juice

fracture in which bone has splintered into several fragments

comminuted

fracture in which bone has been compressed

compression

after a joint replacement, what is important to assess?

range of motion

what is the maximum amount of acetaminophen in 24 hours?

4000 mg

less than ____ with the incentive spirometer is a risk for atelectasis and pneumonia

500

what dose of aspirin is antiplatelet?

81 mg

what are five symptoms of clostridium difficile?

abdominal cramping, watery diarrhea, fever, dehydration, increased WBC

what is benign prostatic hypertrophy?

abnormal growth of the prostate that may obstruct urethra, causing incomple emptying of bladder and urinary retention

McBurney's sign is used to rule out

appendicitis

what are solid tumors?

abnormal mass of tissue that does not contain cysts or liquid areas

process by which a substance incorporated in one state is transferred into another substance of a different state

absorption

_____ atelectasis occurs by surfactant inactivation

absorptive

what are the three types of atelectasis?

absorptive, obstructive, and compressive

two other common names for GERD are

acid reflux, heartburn

short-acting bronchodilators are used for

acute exacerbations

what is needed for maximum effect of biphosphonates?

adequate calcium and vit D

what are three weight-loss medications?

adipex, mounjaro, ozempic

what medications are appetite supressants?

adipex, mounjaro, ozempic

what is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

a disease state characterized by chronic airflow limitation that is not fully reversible; airflow limitation is associated with inflammatory response of the lungs

how do COX2 inhibitors differ from NSAIDs?

affect only COX2, with less GI upset and bleeding

what are six risk factors for BPH?

african-american, smoking, heavy alcohol use, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes

acute inflammation with asthma leads to

airflow limitation, hyperresponsiveness, airway edema, and mucus hypersecretion

what lab value only changes with severe malnutrition?

albumin

how is malnutrition diagnosed?

albumin and prealbumin levels

what lab values should be assessed in someone with malnutrition?

albumin, electrolytes

examples of beta-adrenergic agonists

albuterol, salmeterol (-terol)

examples of biphosphonates

alendronate, ibadronate

why do broad spectrum antibiotics have a risk for c-difficile?

all the good bacteria in the gut are destroyed

a deficiency in ______ is a risk factor for COPD

alpha1-antitrypsin

what are the three interventions to prevent post-surgical complications?

ambulate ASAP, coughing/deep breathing, incentive spirometer use

the nurse hears wheezing/stridor, and suspects _______.

an obstruction in the lungs

what is clostridium difficile?

an opportunistic bacteria that causes infection in the large intestine

what are the function of opioids?

analgesic

when should the flu vaccine be given?

annually

what is the function of salicylates?

anti-pain, anti-fever, anti-inflammation, anti-platelet

what are the six symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea?

frequent, loud snoring; breathing cessation for 10 seconds or longer; at least 5 episodes of sleep apnea per hour; awakening with loud snort as O2 level drops; excessive daytime sleepiness; insomnia

where is CO2 exchanged?

from the blood to the lungs

where is oxygen exchanged?

from the lungs to the blood

mechanical diet

full liquid and diced/ground food

loss of urine due to cognitive, mobility, or environmental barriers

functional incontinence

what is the most common identifiable predisposing factor for asthma?

genetic predisposition for development of IgE-mediated response to allergens (atopy)

TPN typically has a high concentration of

glucose

fracture in which one side of a bone is broken and the other side is bent

greenstick

what is the function of a BiPAP?

has a higher pressure on inspiration and lower pressure with expiration to keep the alveoli open

why is oral care important for NG tube patients?

helps keep the mouth moist and prevent thrush, tooth decay, etc.

why is iron important in the body?

helps transport oxygen in the form of hemoglobin

a low level of transferrin indicates

hemolytic anemia

what are the four steps of healing bone fractures?

hemotoma formation, inflammation, reparative, remodeling

what is the function of a saline enema?

high sodium to pull water into the GI tract

what is the most common injury in older adults?

hip fractures

osteoarthritis particularly affects what joints?

hips, knees, fingers

some risk factors for malnutrition include

hospitalization, chronic illness, dental problems, physical disability

what type of bowel sounds are present with diarrhea?

hyperactive, constant motion in the bowels

the nurse is teaching a client about the risk factors for developing osteoporosis. what is the most important information for the nurse to include? select all that apply. inadequate dietary intake of calcium blood pressure meds family history smoking oral hypoglycemics

inadequate dietary intake of calcium smoking family history

deep breathing with visual feedback to patient to inhale slowly and deeply

incentive spirometry

what are three nursing interventions to prevent atelectasis?

incentive spirometry, turning immobile patients frequently, ambulate post-op patients ASAP

what are the three causes of GERD?

incompetent lower esophogeal sphincter, pyloric stenosis, or a motility disorder

what are the two main causes of diarrhea?

increased production and secretion of water from intestinal mucosa or unabsorbed product in the stool like bacteria that pulls excess water into the gut

what is the action of GI stimulants?

increases motility of the GI smooth muscle without acting as a purgative

dyspepsia

indigestion

what is the function of antispasmodics?

muscle relaxants that block nerve impulses/pain sensations

what medications can be used with dysphagia?

muscle relaxants, botox to freeze the muscles and decrease muscle tone

what is important with hand hygiene when caring for a c-diff patient?

must mechanically wash hands with soap and water

what medications are used for atelectasis?

nebulized bronchodilators, mucolytics

what is the action of antacids?

neutralize the acid in the stomach

when placing a patient on oxygen, the nurse knows to educate on what two important points?

no smoking, no use of vaseline

what is a benign tumor?

noncancerous cell growth that grows slowly and does not spread

______ is the only noninvasive method of oxygen delivery that can give 100% FiO2

nonrebreather mask

what are two examples of an opioid combo medication?

norco, percocet

too much feeding residual indicates

not tolerating feed, can increase risk for aspiration

NPO diet

nothing by mouth

what is parenteral nutrition?

nutrition through a peripheral or central IV, because the GI tract cannot be used

what four things are vital to note with any disease process?

nutrition, hydration, mobility, skin integrity

_____ atelectasis occurs from mechanical obstruction of the airways

obstructive

loss of bone mass

osteoporosis

reduction in bone density and change in bone structure

osteoporosis

what are five risk factors for hip fractures?

osteoporosis, falls, MVC, diseases like bone cancer and Paget's, advanced age

anabolic medications also facilitate

overall calcium absorption

retention from bladder overdistention & frequent loss of small amounts of urine due to obstruction

overflow incontinence

what are six risk factors for GERD?

overweight, pregnant, excess alcohol use, weakened muscle diseases, hiatal hernia, smoking

the addition of oxygen to a system, especially in the human body

oxygenation

odynophagia

pain with swallowing

what is the function of biphosphonates?

reduce spine and hip fractures associated w/osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast activity

what is the action of histamine-2 antagonists?

reduce the amount of stomach acid secreted by glands in the lining of the stomach

someone with malnutrition would show what manifestations?

reduced appetite and lack of interest in foods/drinks

what is compression used for?

reduces edema and provides support for injured tissues

what occurs if osteoclast activity is inhibited?

reductions in skeletal turnover and bone loss

involuntary loss of moderate amount of urine r/t CNS impairment

reflex incontinence

what is the action of alpha-adrenergic blockers?

relax smooth muscle of bladder neck and prostrate to improve urine flow

what is the function of bronchodilators?

relieve bronchospasms, reduce airway obstruction, and aid in secretion clearance

what is the funtion of antidiarrheals?

relieve the diarrhea symptoms, do not eliminate the cause

what is disimpaction?

removal of impaction with gloved, lubricated finger; ensure no vagal nerve stimulation

what is primary surgery treatment of cancer?

removing entirety or as much of tumor as possible and any involved surrounding tissue

amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum inhalation

residual volume

nursing interventions for asthma focus on

resolving the exacerbation and preventing complications

what acid-base imbalance occurs with shunting?

respiratory alkalosis

what two systems are used to assess the growth of tumors?

staging system and grading system

is tracheostomy care sterile or nonsterile?

sterile

example of flat bone

sternum

what is the function of anabolic medications?

stimulates osteoblasts to build bone matrix

how does fiber help with constipation?

stimulates the muscles in GI tract to push bowel movements through

where does enteral nutrition enter the body?

stomach, small intestines

a fracture that results from repeated loading of bone and muscle

stress

loss of small amounts of urine from increased abdominal pressure with laughing, sneezing, or lifting

stress incontinence

what three things can be used to manage malnutrition?

supplements, enteral nutrition, education on proper nutrition

how is dysphagia diagnosed?

swallow study with barium contrast

why are musculoskeletal diseases a risk factor for dysphagia?

swallowing requires muscles and neurological functions, so any changes in those can affect swallowing ability

side effects of bronchodilators include

tachycardia, nervousness, and heart palpitations

what is ferritin?

tells the amount of iron in the blood

what connects muscle to bone?

tendons

example of anabolic medication

teriparatide

why is a pleural effusion a risk factor for atelectasis?

the buildup of fluid between layers of lung tissue puts pressure on the lungs leading to compressive atelectasis

the patient with GERD should avoid eating or drinking __ hours before bedtime

two

why are post-op patients, immobile patients, obese patients, and those with chronic lung disease at risk for atelectasis?

unable to take deep breaths to fully expand the lungs

obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by

upper airway obstruction and a reduction in ventilation

inability to stop urine flow long enough to reach bathroom

urge incontinence

what three things are used to assess for BPH?

urinalysis, renal function tests, urinary retention

unintentional leaking of urine

urinary incontinence

all manifestations of BPH surround

urine incontinence

why are recurrent UTIs an issue with BPH?

urine stasis leads to bacteria build-up in warm, moist, dark places

does ice vasoconstrict or vasodilate?

vasoconstrict to decrease bleeding, edema, discomfort

does noninvasive pulse oximetry read from a vein or artery?

venous O2 reading

movement of air from the atmosphere to the alveoli

ventilation

example of irregular bones

vertebrae

what is tactile fremitus?

vibrations of the chest wall

what vitamin helps iron to better absorb in the body?

vitamin C

what are micronutrients?

vitamins, minerals

what test identifies size, shape, support, and function of bladder, obstruction (ex BPH), residual urine?

voiding cystourethrography

what is most important to assess before interventions for BPH or urine incontinence?

voiding pattern of patient to get a baseline

what is the function of acetaminophen?

anti-pain, anti-pyretic

what are three risk factors for clostridium difficile?

antibiotic therapy, loss of gut flora, and impaired immune system

what is chemotherapy?

antineoplastic agents used to destroy tumor cells by interfering with cellular functions like replication

clear liquids diet

apple/cranberry juice, jello, clear broth

what is obstructive sleep apnea?

cessation of breathing during sleep

what is the priority treatment for pneumothorax and hemothorax?

chest tube

how is NG tube placement confirmed?

chest xray

Murphy's sign is used to rule out

cholecystitis

full liquid diet

clears + dairy products, all juices

____ atelectasis is the result of external forces compressing pleural and/or lung tissues

compressive

a decrease in the frequency of bowel movements or stool that is hard, dry, and of smaller volume than normal

constipation

what is the sign that the drainage system for chest tube is leaking?

continuous bubbling in the water seal chamber

someone with atelectasis would have what manifestations over a small area of the lungs?

crackles, decreased breath sounds, and decreased tactile fremitus

example of mast cell stabilizers

cromolyn

what is an example of an antispasmodic?

cyclobenzaprine

examples of histamine-2 antagonists

famotidine, cimetidine (-tidine)

are females or males more at risk for urine incontinence?

females

what iron has fewer GI side effects?

ferrous gluconate

PO iron is typically

ferrous sulfate

what are two treatments for constipation other than medications?

fiber-rich diet, increase PO fluids

example of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors

finasteride

the ____ number is the dosage of the opioid the ______ number is the dosage of the acetaminophen

first ; second

physiologically, what can malnutrition lead to?

fluid volume deficit, electrolyte imbalance, poor wound healing/infections

what two things can occur from diarrhea?

fluid volume deficit, impaired skin integrity around rectum/sacrum

when giving IV fluids, what should the nurse assess for?

fluid volume excess

what are three common causes of constipation?

frequent laxative use, inadequate fluid and fiber intake

example of anticholinergics

ipratropium

what is in hemoglobin that helps transport oxygen?

iron

a high level of transferrin indicates

iron deficiency anemia

what iron is given IV?

iron sucrose (venofer)

what three things are used to manage iron-deficiency anemia?

iron supplement, diet change, education on condition

what is the most common type of anemia in all age groups?

iron-deficient

what is the action of proton pump inhibitors?

irreversibly inhibits proton pumps in stomach, most potent

what two disease processes are risk factors for diarrhea?

irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's)

what is the function of soap suds enema?

irritates the mucosa of the GI tract

if the patient is at risk for aspiration pneumonia, what type of feeding tube will they have?

jejunostomy is preferred

junction of two or more bones

joint

surgical openings into stomach or jejunum are often preferred for

prolonged enteral nutrition support; comatose patients

amount of forced expiratory volume in the 1st second

FEV1

what are the diagnostic criteria for COPD?

FEV1 of less than 80%, FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 70%

how long should an endotracheal tube be used?

10 days or less

who is responsible for ordering/changing a patient diet?

MD

what is the most effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnea?

CPAP

what is transferrin?

protein to regulate absorption of iron into the body

what is the action of osmotic stimulants?

pulls water from surrounding tissue to soften stools

what is GERD?

backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus

where should the chest tube drainage system be kept?

below the level of the chest at all times

what are the three classes of bronchodilators?

beta-adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, and methylxanthines

what does BiPAP stand for?

bilevel positive airway pressure

examples of stimulant laxatives

bisacodyl

what kills the c-diff spores?

bleach

what is the action of NSAIDs?

blocks action of COX1 and COX2

osteogenesis

bone formation

how does fiber help with diarrhea?

bulks up loose stool, soaks up excess water

conditions that often require the use of parenteral nutrition include

burn victims, severe malnutrition, Crohn's, paralytic ileus

pyrosis

burning sensation in the esophagus

what foods should be avoided with GERD?

caffeine, tobocco, alcohol, milk, peppermint/spearmint, carbonated beverages

examples of antacids

calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate

what is a malignant tumor?

cancerous cell growth that grows rapidly, invades and destroys normal tissues, and spreads throughout body

what can be used to test perfusion?

capillary refill, skin color/temperature, numbness/tingling

what are macronutrients?

carbs, fats, proteins

osteoarthritis is the end result of what three factors?

cartilage degradation, bone stiffening, reactive inflammation of synovium

rigid, external immobilizing device used for variety of med/surg disorders including fractures and deformities

casts

example of COX2 inhibitors

celecoxib

the process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.

cellular differentiation, creates diversity in cells

an increase in the total mass of a cell: cytoplasmic, nuclear, and organelle volume

cellular growth

any process that controls the series of events by which a cell goes through the cell cycle

cellular regulation

process by which cells duplicate their contents and then divide to yield multiple cells with similar if not duplicate contents

cellular reproduction

what is status asthmaticus?

a severe ongoing asthma attack that can lead to respiratory failure or multi-organ failure

what is a tracheostomy?

a surgical opening made into the trachea, used to bypass upper airway obstruction

what is an endotracheal tube?

a temporary airway placed into the trachea between vocal cords

what is the function of NSAIDs?

anti-pain, anti-fever, anti-inflammatory

what does obstructive sleep apnea result in?

hypoxia and hypercapnia

examples of NSAIDs

ibuprofen

who is the most at risk for osteoporosis?

immobile, elderly

important side effects of corticosteroids are

immune supressions, hyperglycemia, mood swings, hunger

what is the action of stimulant laxatives?

increases muscle contractions along intestinal wall to move stool mass

what is the key underlying feature of asthma?

inflammation that obstructs the airway

what is aspiration?

inhalation of foreign substances into airway

how do salicylates reduce inflammation?

inhibiting COX1 and COX2

who performs a swallow test on those with risk for aspiration?

initital swallow test by RN, in-depth exam by SLP

to ensure stable glucose levels, how should parenteral nutrition be given?

inititate slowly, advance gradually, and discontinue slowly

assessment sequence for abdomen

inspect, auscultate, percuss, palpate

what is the action for 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors?

interferes with conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone to decrease prostate size

do ligaments or tendons take longer to heal?

ligaments

what connects bone to bone?

ligaments

why does diarrhea often occur with tube feedings?

liquid food = liquid stool

salicylates should not be given to patients with what disease?

liver

long-acting bronchodilators are used for

maintenance

ferritin levels

male = 24 to 336 female = 11 to 307

what are the three risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea?

males, neck obesity, alteration in upper airway

what medication is an appetite stimulant for those with chronic illnesses?

megace

what medication is an appetite stimulant?

megaze

example of short bones

metacarpals

example of GI stimulants

metoclopramide

what three foods should iron NOT be taken with?

milk, antacids, whole grain cereals

example of leukotriene modifiers

montelukast

examples of opioids

morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone

why is chemotherapy repeated multiple times?

only a percentage of the tumor cells are destroyed each time, so multiple sessions are necessary

what would appear on the x-ray of someone with atelectasis?

opacity or patchy infiltrates underlying affected tissue

fracture in which damage also involve the skin and mucous membranes, also called a compound fracture

open

what medication can cause constipation?

opioid pain meds

progressive deterioration of articular cartilage

osteoarthritis

what cell types make the bones, secrete bone matrix, and repair the bone?

osteoblasts

what cell types destroy or dissolve old bone, so the blasts can make new bone?

osteoclasts

what cell types are mature bone cells involved in maintenence?

osteocytes

why is it important for those with COPD to stay up-to-date on vaccinations?

respiratory infections like cold or influenza tend to be more deadly and lead to worse outcomes

what does RICE stand for?

rest, ice, compression, elevation

why should indwelling urine catheters be avoided?

risk for infection is high

what herbal supplement is used to treat BPH?

saw palmetto

conditions in which ventilation is impaired and perfusion is adequate

shunting ex: pulmonary embolism

fracture that remains contained with no disruption of the skin integrity

simple

what is the number one risk factor for COPD?

smoking

what is the priority in managing COPD?

smoking cessation

what are six risk factors for dysphagia?

smoking, obesity, pregnancy, hiatal hernia, musculoskeletal disease, and alcohol consumption

how should the nurse educate the patient regarding use of incentive spirometer?

take a deep dreath and let it out, place incentive spirometer in mouth, inhale in, hold for 3 counts, exhale out

what is diagnostic surgery used for?

take a sample of tissue to confirm diagnosis ex biopsy

why are vegetarians at risk for iron-deficient anemia?

their diet might be inadequate in iron because they don't eat red meat or liver

how does asthma affect lung volumes and capacities?

theoretically, numbers can reverse, because disease is restrictive, not permanent

why do antibiotics often cause diarrhea?

they kill the good bacteria in the gut as well as the bad

what three things can be used to manage dysphagia?

thickened liquids, pureed foods, education

manifestations of fluid volume deficit

thirst, low BP, decreased urine, dry skin, skin tenting, weak pulses

how is obesity diagnosed?

through body weight and lab values

because COPD is a permanent disease, how does this affect lung volumes and capacities?

volumes may never change, will only decrease or remain the same

what is dumping syndrome?

when the body receives too much feeding at one time and does not digest it, just pushes it through the body

should iron be taken on an empty stomach or with food?

with food, on an empty stomach can cause GI effects

osteoarthritis pain is

worsened by activity and relieved by rest

what is the gold standard for assessing osteoarthritis?

xrays

what are major side effects for opioids?

dependence/addiction, respiratory depression

why should sedative medications be avoided in those with respiratory illness?

depresses respiratory system, causing less breathing

an abnormal increase in the frequency of bowel movements and liquidity of the stool or in daily stool weight or volume

diarrhea

what are three major risk factors for iron-deficient anemia?

diet low in iron, intestinal disorders, menstruation/pregnancy

what three things are used to manage obesity?

diet, exercise, education on condition

what is dysphagia?

difficulty swallowing

exchange of O2 and CO2 at the alveolar-capillary membrane

diffusion

mechanically and enzymatically breaking down food in the body

digestion

examples of antihistamines

dipenhydramine, loratadine, cetirizine

how does radiation therapy work?

disrupts malignant cell proliferation through altering DNA of the malignant tumor

what is proper education on antibiotic use?

don't take unnecessarily, take the full course of antibiotics

examples of alpha-adrenergic blockers

doxazosin, tamulosin

specific side effects for anticholinergics are

dry mouth, dry eyes, dry mucus membranes, constipation

what is the most common symptom of esophogeal disease?

dysphagia

the patient complains of "having something stuck in their throat," and you notice that they gag, cough, drool, and have regurgitation and frequent heartburn. what does the nurse suspect?

dysphagia - classic s/s

what are the five manifestations of COPD?

dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production, barrel chest, clubbing of nails

what is tidaling in relation to chest tubes?

elevation of the water level in drainage system with inhalation

expulsion of waste matter from the body

elimination

the expulsion of waste matter from the body; urine or stool

elimination

what two disease fall under COPD?

emphysema (damaged alveoli) and chronic bronchitis (inflammation that narrows the bronchioles)

is enteral or parental healthier for the body?

enteral

nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes are ______ nutrition

enteral

what are the functions of an NG tube?

enteral feedings; stomach decompression, lavage, and pumping

providing nutrients to the body by delivery to the stomach and small intestines via feeding tube

enteral nutrition

how long should the patient sit upright after a bolus feeding?

1 hr minimum

why do manifestations of solid tumors vary?

entirely dependent on the tissue where the tumor has grown

prealbumin level

16-30mg/dL

when should the pneumonia vaccine be given?

2 injections one year apart = lifetime protection

solid tumors often result from

errors in DNA replication or exposure to carcinogens

how many bones are in the body?

206

what percentage of oxygen is in the air?

21%

transferrin level

215-380

what is considered morbid obesity?

2x IBW or BMI > 30kg/m^2

albumin level

3.5-5.4

how many mls should the feeding tube be flushed with?

30 mls

what dose of aspirin is used for pain?

324 mg

when should pertussis vaccine be given?

every ten years

what is a major complication of GERD?

Barrett's esophagus - tissue change that can lead to esophogeal cancer

what is impaction with constipation?

occurs when an accumulated mass of dry feces cannot be expelled

what are side effects of salicylates?

GI ulcers and hepatotoxicity, risk for bleeding because anti-platelet

what are the two most common side effects of iron supplements?

GI upset and dark, tarry stools

four risk factors for diarrhea include

GI infections, food intolerance (ex lactose), stimulants (caffeine), and antibiotics

the nodes that form with osteoarthritis are called?

Heberden's or Bouchard's

what are three other treatments for diarrhea?

IV fluids, fiber-rich diet, probiotics

what is used to treat c-diff?

IV vancomycin, probiotics like lactobacillus

are regurgitation/aspiration more likely in NG tubes or gastrostomies?

NG tubes

what IV fluid will be used to treat diarrhea?

NS or LR

what is the function of mast cell stabilizers?

to help treat airway inflammation

why are casts needed for bone fractures?

to immobilize the bone and prevent misalignment during healing

what is palliative surgery for cancer?

to improve comfort when a cure isn't possible

why should the HOB be elevated 30 degrees during feedings/med adminstration?

to prevent aspiration

what is the function of glucocorticoids?

to reduce airway inflammation

what is the function of leukotriene modifiers?

to reduce airway inflammation

why are probiotics used to treat diarrhea?

to replenish the gut biome

the volume of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation

total lung capacity

can osteoarthritis be treated?

degenerative process with no treatment

what is the cause of constipation?

contents move so slowly through intestine and stool dries up before being excreted

what is the function of corticosteroids?

decrease inflammation and supress the immune system

what would an ABG show in someone with atelectasis?

decreased PaO2, possibly respiratory alkalosis from hyperventilation

what is diaphragmatic breathing?

deep breathing from the diaphragm

examples of obstructive atelectasis

mucus plug, foreign object

examples of proton-pump inhibitors

pantoprazole, omeprazole (-prazole)

loss of movement, possibly from nerve damage

paralysis

why is it important to asess recent travel?

parasites in water can cause diarrhea, cholera, malaria

providing nutrients to the body by peripheral or central IV route

parenteral nutrition

fracture that occur through an area of disease bone

pathologic

what does PEG stand for?

percutaeneous endoscopic gastrostomy

blood flow to tissues and organs

perfusion

examples of compressive atelectasis

pleural effusion, pneumothorax

atelectasis is a precursor to what respiratory disease?

pneumonia

what is the difference between a pneumothorax and atelectasis?

pneumothorax - collapsed lung atelectasis - collapsed alveoli

people with osteoporosis have bones that progressively become

porous, brittle, and fragile; fracture easily under stress

following surgery, when is the patient most at risk for developing atelectasis?

post-op day 3

chest physiotherapy includes

postural drainage, chest percussion, vibration, and breathing retraining

what level is the preferred lab value for malnutrition?

prealbumin, the earliest indicator of nutritional status

example of corticosteroids

prednisone

examples of glucocorticoids

prednisone, beclomethasone

____ and _____ are symptoms required to diagnose chronic bronchitis.

presence of cough (usually productive) and sputum production for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years

what is a major occurrence with urine incontinence?

pressure ulcers

what is the function of a CPAP?

provides positive pressure to prevent collapse of alveoli on exhalation, splints the upper airway and trachea open to allow for airflow

what bone is fractured in hip fractures?

proximal femur

someone with atelectasis would have what manifestations over large areas of the lungs?

tracheal deviation toward atelectatic area, decreased fremitus, bronchial breath sounds, egophony, and asymmetrical chest

how is iron-deficiency anemia diagnosed?

transferrin and ferritin levels

reversible incontinence due to inflammation, UTI, meds, disease process, etc.

transient incontinence

what is the patient education for biphosphonates?

take on empty stomach with full glass of water first thing in the morning, sit upright for 30-60 mins

how is parenteral nutrition given?

through a central or PICC line, 2-3L of solution over 24 hours

where does parenteral nutrition enter the body?

through peripheral or central line

amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath

tidal volume

how are NG tubes measured for placement?

tip of nose to earlobe to xiphoid process

why is physical activity important with osteoporosis?

to build strength and increase bone density

why should the NG tube be assessed before every use?

to ensure tube is still in stomach and not lungs

what is the function of antihistamines?

to help dry up mucus secretions


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