Health Disparities Final Exam (Ch. 1-12)
What variable is NOT used when considering a person's socioeconomic status? A. Place of residence B. Age C. Income D. Occupation
B. Age
The WHO defines health as A. the absence of disease. B. a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. C. a state of mental well-being, which in turn leads to an overall wholistic completion of health. D. a state of complete physical and mental well-being only, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
B. a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
The third component of the causal cascade of social determinants of health is A. individual behavior and the physiologic factors B. social and material environment in which a person grows up and lives as an adult C. one's position in the social hierarchy D. illness and injury and one's resulting health status
B. social and material environment in which a person grows up and lives as an adult
Health disparities defined is/are A. the difference in treatment a patient receives due to aging. B. the inequalities that occur in the provision of healthcare and access to healthcare across different racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. C. the inability to incorporate a healthy diet and workout regime into your life. D. All of the above
B. the inequalities that occur in the provision of healthcare and access to healthcare across different racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups.
What are the three levels of defining health? A. Individual, Mental, Physical B. Individual, Family, Social C. Individual, Community/Neighborhood, Family D. Individual, Community/Neighborhood, Country/Societal
D. Individual, Community/Neighborhood, Country/Societal
Which of the following is an example of time preference? A. A student who binge eats as a stress reliever after a final exam. B. A student who goes to a party instead of studying for their Health Disparities exam. C. A person who blames outside factors for their decision to drop out of college. D. A student enrolled at UTSA in order to get their Bachelor's degree in four years.
D. A student enrolled at UTSA in order to get their Bachelor's degree in four years.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the causal cascade of social determinants of health? A. Social structure of the society into which one is born. B. One's position in the social hierarchy. C. Individual behavior and physiologic factors. D. The age at which a person can afford health insurance.
D. The age at which a person can afford health insurance.
When measuring health at a global level, researchers will often look at A. infant mortality rates/infant birth rates/pregnancy rates B. life expectancy/maternal morbidity rates/infant birth rates C. life expectancy/children illnesses/infant mortality D. life expectancy/infant mortality rates/maternal mortality rates
D. life expectancy/infant mortality rates/maternal mortality rates
In this week's TED Talk, the speaker mentioned that even though she is biracial, she identifies as her social identity, which is a white woman. True or False
False
It is accurate to use rates of illnesses to compare the health of differing countries since most diseases and illnesses around the globe are the same. True or False
False
Mortality measures the rate of illnesses in a community. True of False
False
Rates of illness should always be used when comparing the health of different countries. True or False
False
The U.S. spends much more of our national economy on health care than any other developed country in the world and also has the best health status of all comparable countries. True or False
False
The U.S. spends much more of our national economy on health care than any other developed country in the world which has led to us having the best health status than any other country in the world. True or False
False
The WhiteHall study concluded that all workers, despite the position they occupied within the company, had similar health outcomes. True or False
False
The Whitehall study was a study of how poverty is related to the chance of death or illness. True or False
False
The distribution of birth weights of babies born to U.S. born Black mothers and African born mothers is identical. True or False
False
The extent to which decision makers value future outcomes relative to immediate ones is known as self-efficiency. True or False
False
When examining social status and health, those lower in the hierarchy experience on average the same level of illness, disability, and life span as those higher in the hierarchy. True or False
False
When measuring the health of a community, researchers will use morbidity rates, which measures rates of death, and mortality rates which measures rates of illness. True or False
False
According to your text, which two groups have the highest percentage of individuals who obtain a graduate degree? Blacks, Asians Whites, Hispanics Whites, Blacks Whites, Asians
Whites, Asians
When it comes to physicians attitudes pertaining to whether or not Blacks and Whites received the same level of care, which statement is correct? a. A higher percentage of physicians believed that the health care system rarely treats people differently due to race. b. A higher percentage of physicians believed that the health care system often treats people differently due to race. c. Half of physicians believed that the majority of people are treated equally all the time, while the other half believed that people are treated differently. d. None of the above.
a. A higher percentage of physicians believed that the health care system rarely treats people differently due to race.
A person can improve his or her chances of enjoying better health by moving up the SES ladder through education. True or False
True
Growing up in impoverished circumstances that include crowding, inadequate sanitation, and nutritional shortages, will lead to a deterioration of health over time. True of False
True
Lifestyle factors contribute significantly to better health more than availability of health care. True or False
True
Most of the variability in health status in the U.S. and other developed countries has little to do with health care and everything to do with one's position in the social hierarchy. True or False
True
Patients' attitudes and behaviors can contribute to health disparities. True or False
True
Research shows that individuals who have more social contacts tend to have lower mortality rates and tend to display better mental health. True or False
True
Stress may be a thread tying together many illnesses that were previously thought to be unrelated. True or False
True
The definition of health from a physical level is problematic because it creates a dichotomy of health being healthy or unhealthy. True or False
True
There is consistently more variation within racial groups than there is between racial groups. True or False
True
When examining a person's overall health, the social context in which a person lives should be taken into consideration. True or False
True
Weakened community and neighborhood infrastructure in segregated areas improves interpersonal relationships and trust among neighbors. T or F
F
All people have the same level of social capital. True of False
False
John has been struggling with his weight for a number of years. Instead of blaming his family for their poor choices in food and their choice to not exercise regularly, he joins a gym and decides if he wants to lose weight, he'll have to come up with his own healthy diet. John is demonstrating A. lack of self confidence B. self-efficiency C. social anomie D. inefficiency
B. self-efficiency
As a group, individuals with disabilities fare better than their non-disabled counterparts across a broad range of health indicators and social determinants of health. T or F
F
Blacks and Hispanics were treated more often with opioids for back injuries and migraines when compared to Whites, who were given non-opioids more often. T or F
F
Despite comparable rates of mammography, White women continue to be more likely to have their cancer diagnosed at a later stage, with consequent higher death rates. T or F
F
Just like race, class, and gender, disability fits neatly into sociological models of ascribed and achieved status. T or F
F
Major depression is one of the least common mental health problems in the United States. T or F
F
More often than not, a physician will offer a treatment more to Black patients rather than White patients, which leads to better outcomes for Blacks. T or F
F
One of the conclusions drawn from the Hispanic paradox is that there are strong signs of return migration for Cubans and Puerto Ricans, but not for other Hispanics/Latinos. T or F
F
When it comes to the quality of care available in hospitals, minority patients were often found to have lower quality of care than non-minority patients. T or F
T
Research has shown that the racial composition of neighborhoods is associated with disparities in a range of health outcomes. True or False
True
From an individual level, what are the three models that make up a healthy state? a. Medical, Psychological, Disability b. Medical, Sociocultural, Psychological c. Medical, Disability, Race d. Medical, Race, Socioeconomic
b. Medical, Sociocultural, Psychological
The dilemma with the Schulman study is that it is a. Not scientifically proven b. Unclear whether the outcome was racial, gender, or both c. It only consisted of women d. A study done with actors
b. Unclear whether the outcome was racial, gender, or both
The practitioner's dilemma is a. When a physician has to use age to predict the expected risks of a disease or the expected outcome despite knowing that using a patient's age may not be beneficial. b. When a physician has to use race to predict the expected risks of a disease or the expected outcome despite knowing that race in a social construction. c. When a physician has to use gender to predict the expected risks of a disease or the expected outcome despite knowing that using a patient's gender may not be beneficial. d. When a physician has to decide between two different medications for two different patients of two different races.
b. When a physician has to use race to predict the expected risks of a disease or the expected outcome despite knowing that race in a social construction.
In 2015, what percentage of all children ages 0-17 lived in poverty? a. 40% b. 10% c. 20% d. 35%
c. 20%
Which group has the highest percentage of carrying the BRCA mutation associated with breast cancer? a. Hispanic Women b. Black Women c. Ashkenazi Jewish Women d. Non-Jewish White Women
c. Ashkenazi Jewish Women
Within the Schulman Study, which group did physicians consistently recommend treatment significantly less often to for treatment of heart disease? a. Black Males b. White Males c. Black Females d. White Females
c. Black Females
Most of the cost increases in health care costs are due to heavy investment in all of the following EXCEPT which one? a. New technology of advanced procedures b. New facilities c. Pay increases to physicians and nurses d. New medication
c. Pay increases to physicians and nurses
Even when primary care physicians were available to those living in highly segregated residential areas, those physicians had all of the following EXCEPT: a. decreased quality of coordination of care b. less ability to spend adequate time with patients c. high incomes d. less ability to obtain specialty care when needed
c. high incomes
The extent to which decision makes value future outcomes relative to immediate ones is known as a. self-efficiency b. autonomy c. time preference d. social anomie
c. time preference
Which group has the highest percentage of carrying the BRCA mutation associated with breast cancer? a. Hispanic Women b. Black Women c. Non-Jewish White Women d. Ashkenazi Jewish Women
d. Ashkenazi Jewish Women
According to chapter 5, which group has the highest rate of high blood pressure? a. Hispanic men b. Hispanic women c. White women d. Black women
d. Black women
According to the WHO, social well-being refers to how sociable a person is and their ability to maintain healthy relationships. True or False
False
A person born into a position of disadvantage may find it difficult to adhere to the behaviors identified by the norms of society as leading to healthy outcomes. This is characteristic of which of the following? A. Social anomie B Self-efficiency C. Social anxiety D. Time preference
A. Social anomie
In the TED talk by Lisa Rankin, who spoke on different areas in a person's life that should be considered when looking at health, what illustration was used to represent the total person? A. Rock cairns B. None of the above C. A beach D. A doctor's office
A. Rock cairns
In the TED talk in which the doctor spoke of the many patients who came to visit him in his Canadian practice, what did he decide to prescribe them to treat their condition? A. prescription for a mental health practitioner B. Pain medication C. Money D. None of the above
C. Money
The five tasks known as ADL's (Activities of Daily Living) are part of a person's A. mental well-being B. physical well-being C. social well-being D. all of the above
C. social well-being
A condition under which unconscious racial or ethnic stereotypes may influence the decision a physician makes is known as overt racism. T or F
F
A growing number of adolescents in the U.S. are developing type II diabetes. This illness was previously known as child onset diabetes. T or F
F
A race of people is a category of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, social, cultural, and national origin where as ethnicity is based on physical characteristics. T or F
F
Despite concentrated poverty and segregation, residents within these demographics are often able to adhere to a good health practice. T or F
F
Even though Black and White women are diagnosed with breast cancer at similar rates, White women die more often from it. T or F
F
Hospitals that serve a larger proportion of minority patients tend to be of higher quality due to the abundance of medical specialists and up to date medical technology. T or F
F
In a Kaiser Family Foundation national survey, White and Black respondents equally believed that Black patients received the same level of care when being treated in our health care system. T or F
F
In most studies and reports, black mothers are reported as having infant mortality rates significantly lower when compared to white mothers. T or F
F
In the TED Talk on Raced Based medicine, the speaker, Dr. Dorothy Roberts, said even though she is bi-racial with a white father and black mother, she identifies socially as a white woman. T or F
F
One of the conclusions drawn from the Hispanic paradox is that there are strong signs of return migration for Puerto Ricans, but not for other Hispanics/Latinos. T or F
F
People with disabilities have always been recognized as a health disparity population. T or F
F
Research shows that Whites with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have substantially lower access to kidney transplantation, even after taking into account medical appropriateness and personal preference. T or F
F
Research shows that individuals who have more social contacts tend to have higher mortality rates and tend to display poorer mental health. T or F
F
Researchers have determined that stress does not tie together many illnesses that were previously thought to be unrelated. T or F
F
Social capital is distributed equally among all people despite race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. T or F
F
Stereotype bias is absolutely okay to use when treating a patient who walks into an ER complaining of a back injury. T or F
F
The glaucoma medication Travatan works equally well in Blacks and Whites, however is preferred in White patients. T or F
F
The mortality rate for Hispanic infants, the distribution of birth weights, and the contribution of LBW and VLBW deaths is nearly identical to that of Black infants. T or F
F
There is consistently more variation within racial groups than there is between racial groups. T or F
F
Unconscious bias is not a contributing factor to racial health disparities. T or F
F
When examining social status and health, those lower in the hierarchy experience on average the same level of illness, disability, and life span as those higher in the hierarchy. T or F
F
When it comes to the quality of care available in nursing homes, the more racially segregated the patients are in the home, the better quality of care there is received. T or F
F
When it comes to treatment of pain, Blacks and Hispanics were shown to be prescribed opioids at higher rates in comparison to their White counterparts. T or F
F
A person who exhibits a high level of self-efficiency may not invest in long term goals and approaches choices as if they're up to luck and fate. True or False
False
According to the WHO, a person's mental well-being is based solely on how others view that person's mental stability. True or False
False
Acculturation to a western lifestyle is one of the reasons Hispanics suffer from high rates of diabetes. T or F
T
African Americans experience more mental health disadvantages relative to their White counterparts with respect to financial barriers, barriers to help seeking, and poorer quality services. T or F
T
As discussed on the topic of the Hispanic Paradox, one of the possible factors that contributes to Hispanics having a disproportionate number of individuals with diabetes is acculturation to a "western lifestyle," including an increase in unhealthy food and a sedentary lifestyle. T or F
T
Being in a disadvantaged group is associated with having a lower level of educational attainment. T or F
T
By 2050, it's projected that 32% of all U.S. children will be Hispanic and 39% will be White. T or F
T
Ethnic minorities' failure to perceive the need for mental health care partially accounts for the low rates of care for depression within this demographic. T or F
T
In the TED Talk, "What's Making Us Sick," the doctor practicing in South Central Los Angeles spoke about how a person's environment in which they live can contribute to a poor health status. T or F
T
Infant mortality rates born to Black mothers is more than twice that of infants born to White mothers, even when higher levels of SES. T or F
T
It is appropriate to use a patient's race for treatment if it's for the protection of the patient's health and is based on clear scientific research, without any social meaning attached to it. T or F
T
It is appropriate to use a patient's race for treatment if the physician clearly explains to the patient how and why he or she was incorporating race into the recommended care. T or F
T
Lack of diversity and cross-cultural skills in professional practice may contribute to continued growth in health disparities in the United States. T or F
T
No single definition of disability can serve all societal needs. T or F
T
One of the arguments pertaining to racial/ethnic bias among physicians focuses on the legacy of racism in the country and the consideration that must be given to forms of racial bias as a source of disparities of care. T or F
T
One of the challenges with the Hispanic paradox is a high frequency of misreporting of ethnic identity on death certificates, giving an illusion of better health outcomes for Hispanics, T or F
T
Research has shown that early childhood experiences can permanently impact a child's stress response system, in ways that affect response to stress not only in childhood but also in adulthood. T or F
T
Research has shown that the racial composition of neighborhoods is associated with disparities in a range of health outcomes. T or F
T
Research shows that Blacks with ESRD have substantially lower access to kidney transplantation, even after taking into consideration medical appropriateness and personal preference. T or F
T
Researchers found that the use of racial stereotypes is an unconscious process that is often used to assist in decision making under situations of uncertainty or inadequate data. T or F
T
Taking a person's race into consideration when treating for skin exposure to the sun is absolutely okay when wanting to prescribe a particular sunscreen. T or F
T
The glaucoma medication Travatan works equally well in Blacks and Whites, however is preferred in Black patients. T or F
T
The number of individuals living with a disability will increase due to the health concerns of children and an aging population. T or F
T
There is consistently more variation within racial groups than there is between racial groups. T or F
T
Unconscious bias as well as overt, conscious bias may be a contributing factor in racial health disparities. T or F
T
When it comes to physicians attitudes pertaining to whether or not Blacks and Whites received the same level of care, which statement is correct? a. A higher percentage of physicians believed that the health care system rarely treats people differently due to race. b. A higher percentage of physicians believed that the health care system often treats people differently due to race. c. Half of physicians believed that the majority of people are treated equally all the time, while the other half believed that people are treated differently. d. None of the above.
a. A higher percentage of physicians believed that the health care system rarely treats people differently due to race.
Which group is more likely to die from lung cancer due to poor access to medical care and late prognosis? a. Black Men b. Black Women c. Hispanic Women d. White Men
a. Black Men
Obesity as a child is highly predictive of obesity as an adult. According to your text and lecture, obese children are more likely as adults to develop which of the following three? a. High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes b. Bone fractures, insomnia, headaches c. Sleep deprivation, mental health issues, diabetes d. Cancer, diabetes, pneumonia
a. High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes
When it comes to the treatment of lung cancer, two explanations for the existing racial disparities are a. Physicians are less likely to offer surgery to Blacks and once surgery is offered, Black patients refused more than Whites. b. Physicians are less likely to offer surgery to Whites and once surgery is offered, White patients refused more than Blacks. c. Physicians offer surgery equally to both Black and Whites patients yet Blacks refuse surgery more than Whites. d. None of the above.
a. Physicians are less likely to offer surgery to Blacks and once surgery is offered, Black patients refused more than Whites.
What are the two measurements used to determined the health of a community? a. Rates of illness and rates of death b. Rates of death and age c. Rates of illness and zip code d. Rates of illness and age
a. Rates of illness and rates of death
Which model focuses on how a person functions and what a person can or cannot do with his or her body? a. Sociocultural b. All the above c. Psychological d. Medical
a. Sociocultural
In this week's TED Talk, Dr. Rishi Manchada addresses "toxic" neighborhood which contributed to the poor health of several patients. Where is his medical office located? a. South Central, Los Angeles b. San Antonio, Texas c. Dallas/Fort Worth area d. Chicago, Illinois
a. South Central, Los Angeles
The Hispanic Paradox refers to a. The finding that Hispanic and Latino Americans tend to have health outcomes that are comparable or in some cases better than those of their White counterparts, despite occupying a lower SES. b. The finding that Hispanic and Latino Americans tend to have health outcomes that are worse than those of their White counterparts, despite occupying a similar SES. c. The finding that Hispanic and Latino Americans tend to have health outcomes that are worse than those of their Black counterparts, despite occupying a lower SES. d. None of the above.
a. The finding that Hispanic and Latino Americans tend to have health outcomes that are comparable or in some cases better than those of their White counterparts, despite occupying a lower SES.
In the TED Talk on Childhood Trauma, Dr. Burke reported on ACEs, which stands for a. adverse childhood experiences b. adverse childhood environments c. automatic childhood experiences d. anxious childhood experiences
a. adverse childhood experiences
According to Chapter 1, in trying to improve health in developed societies, most of the attention has been focused on improving what two characteristics of health care? a. quality and availability b. quality and gender c. quantity and type of medication d. quality and amount of doctors
a. quality and availability
It is appropriate for a physician to use race for treatment a. when a physician uses race to increase the protection of a patient's health and without attaching social meaning to racial categories. b. when a physician decides on his own that race will impact treatment for the better. c. when a physician knows the patient d. Never
a. when a physician uses race to increase the protection of a patient's health and without attaching social meaning to racial categories.
Which is NOT one of the six principle ways residential segregation affects the health of Black or marginalized Americans? a. The concentration of poverty can lead to exposure to elevated levels of economic hardship and other chronic and acute stressors. b. Segregation leads to individuals being treated in their culture and their context. c. Segregation limits socioeconomic mobility. d. Concentrated poverty and segregation make it more difficult for residents to adhere to good health practices.
b. Segregation leads to individuals being treated in their culture and their context.
Wear and tear on the body that accumulates as an individual is exposed to repeated constant stress is known as a. hpa axis b. allostatic load c. stress load d. hypersensitivity
b. allostatic load
When a physician has to use race to predict the expected risks of a disease or the expected outcome of treatment despite knowing that race is a social construction, this is known as the a. practitioner's awareness b. practitioner's dilemma c. practitioner's opinion d. practitioner's choice
b. practitioner's dilemma
When society appears to hold out one normative message, yet reacts with another, an individual may come to distrust society and it's norms. This is known as a. autonomy b. social anomie c. self-efficiency d. time preference
b. social anomie
From 1988-1992, the Black community in New York represented a variety of distinct ethnic groups with unique cultural characteristics. According to your text and lecture, which group had the highest level of cardiovascular disease? a. Blacks born in the Caribbean b. Blacks born in the Northeastern U.S. c. Blacks born in the Southeastern U.S. d. Blacks born on the West Coast
c. Blacks born in the Southeastern U.S.
In this week's TED Talk entitled, "If You Want to Help Me, Prescribe Me Money," the doctor practices in what city? a. Inner City Los Angeles b. Inner City Minneapolis c. Inner city Toronto d. Inner City Chicago
c. Inner city Toronto
When all three aspects of care are equalized, racial disparities still exist. What are the three aspects of care? a. Nature of disease, education, gender b. Nature of disease, age, education c. Nature of disease, type of insurance, source of treatment d. Nature of disease, type of insurance, age
c. Nature of disease, type of insurance, source of treatment
The propensity to return to the country of origin prior to death if suffering from a long term illness is known as the a. immigration effect b. home of origin effect c. salmon-bias effect d. healthy migrant effect
c. salmon-bias effect
When compared to U.S. born mothers, African born mothers were reported to be all of the following EXCEPT a. less likely to have been late starting prenatal care. b. more likely to be married. c. younger. d. more highly educated.
c. younger.
Which is NOT an argument pertaining to racial/ethnic bias among physicians? a. Because of the legacy of racism, it's important to consider racism and other forms of racial bias as sources of disparities of care when other explanations are inadequate. b. There are many possible explanations for the disparities that have little to do with racism. c. It is difficult to believe that physicians are racist, regardless of what the studies suggests. d. Certain medications only work on Blacks in comparison to Whites.
d. Certain medications only work on Blacks in comparison to Whites.
Most of the cost increases in the American health care system are due to heavy investments in all EXCEPT a. new facilities b. new technology of advanced procedures c. new medication d. hiring minority physicians
d. hiring minority physicians
In the CRASH model of culturally centered integrated care, the letter S represents a. self-awareness & sympathy b. sensitivity & structure c. sympathy & structure d. sensitivity & self-awareness
d. sensitivity & self-awareness