Health Managment
General principles of health management
Promote optimal health: focus is advising people on animal managment (they are the ones that then hopefully taking your advice, therefore working with people is a huge component - groups of animals (herds, practice area0 - at local regional or national level (factors such as rabies in the area can expand your work past just the public) Accomoate business/economix realites - companion animals: level of disposable income (therefore you have to valance wht you want to o for the animal an what the owner can pay for therefore, communication with your client is super important because they have to understand whether or not they can pay for it. Food animals: profit oriented busieness ( its not just about the animals anymore but also about the consuming public on the other end) Promote animal wlfare: - set current standards that are acceptavel to animals, oner and societ (animal welfare standards are constantly changing so you as a vet must be an expert on what is acceptable. Promote Human and food safety - antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistance zoonotic disease (must be prudent in out use of antibiotics, while beinable to defend the use and being prepared to lose the used of them consider potential environmental impact - proper disposal or drugs/antibiotics - mannure management - crcass disposal
Stting SMART goals
Specific - a discrete aspect of managment - tied to an action Measurable - requires records Achievable 0 constrains of people, animals and their environment (want to make sure the person can do what you are asking) Results Oriented - requires a to do list Time framed - when do you evaluatesuccess/failure
Agent factors
The presence of the agent alone is not usually sufficient to cause disease (exception: rabies) • where agent is present (host or environment) - hard to know where it is, sometimes must just accept it is there • concentration / amount = challenge 'dose' (varies by animal + pathogen) consider examine healthy vs. sick animals - requirements for agent survival (what can be prevented?) - additional circumstances that allow the agent to produce disease (sufficient causes?)
reatment of evolution o vet medecine
Treat <-> Prevent <-> Advise (Treat clinical, prevent subclinical, advise during health) The different with lcincial disease isthat the oenr has called you so they hae shifted the concenr/pressure to you (you actually do something) on the other end, you are just advising an owner if the animal is healthy. the only way this willhave an effect is if the ownr changes their behaviour and actually does something when something goes rong for a healthy animl owners often blame veterinarians even if they did not follow the vets instructions. "fire engine" practice -> you will never prevent all disease, but t can go a long way Animals-> peop;e
ISAE
a professional societs for AE was started in 1966, by veterinarians known as the society fro veterinary ethology (SVE), the first non-vet joined in 1972 renames the international society for applied ethology (ISAE) in 1991 bout 350 woring scientists and 150 graduate students
sickeness behaviour
adaptive response, a strategy to combat infectiong by collaboration of behaviour, immune system, endocrine systen,,,, may be ab motivational state
sporadic
agent present, but disease often occures infrequently= hard to predict
removal rates:
aka herd turnover (culling) = # removed from herd/#at risk of being removed (normally measured over 1 year) not always the greatest indicator of health + performance (because many other influences for culling decisions
abnormal repetitive behaviours
aka steryotypies: repeated/ unvarying inappropriate behaviour patterns
host factor: sex
anatomically-related disease (ex. prostate cancer, metritis), physiologically-related (ex. pregnancy toxaemia, mastitis), role of castration / spaying (ex. increased risk of urolithiasis, decreased risk of mammary cancer)
what are the fields in which animal behaviour is studied
animal behaviour is studied in many fields Basic ethology (biology sub topic), understanding behavior as an evolutionary adaptive trait, oftenstudied in antural setting bahavioural ecoloy (sub topic of biology; specific to volution of behaviour from ecological pressure) comparative phycology: sub-topic of phsycohology; behaviour an mental processes specific to phylogenic history, adaptive significancedevelopmet applied etholo: sun-topic of "animal science" and more recently vet med, bahaviour of animals managed by humans clinical ethoglogy: sub topic of vet med, focuse on diagnosin and treatig behaviour problem
learning and behaviour
animals are born with instictual responses, but most beaviour is modified by learning learning: specific experiences result in a change in behavioural reaction in response to a given stimulus example dairy cows learn to use free stalls, automatic calf feeders, automatice milkers
ANthropomorphism definition
ascribing (what we understand to be) uniquly human qualities, to non-human objects such as other animals (or inanimate objectS) e.g. loyal, honest, prou, sympathetic, living - we have a natural tendency to relate animal behaviour to human experience. - can be useful as a clinician to engage clients....but not useful for describing animal behaviour (what the animal is actually doing) or a a shortcut to explaining behaviour or for solving behaviour problems - we must be careful how we use it clinically (*be critical in use) - we should focus on treating the problem behaviour.... not the presumed phychological state
behaviour vs health
bahaviour is a critical componnet of animal health vets need to understand and reinforce this Behaviour can be a symptom of a physical health B can be a relevant provlem in and of itsel (behavioural health) and may reflect popr welfare B is an important cause of death for mainy otherwise healthy animals (actively or passivley
basic ethology vs applied ethology
basic ethology = function applied etholofy and causation/ ontogeny
host factors:
big ones = age,breed,sex can be hard toseperate host from non-host factors
graphing/maps
can be used to evaluate envionmental factors (investiigat, between farms for outbreaks, mastits investigation etc.
motivation
causation of behavior (eliciting a certain pattern) affected by internal + external factors ex motivation in dairy cows for milking - internal actors (pressure of udder) aren't sufficient enough to reinforce the cow going to the robot - therefore need treats focus on animal behaviour has been on reducing the negative things but not a lot had been focused on providing positive experience
neuroplasticity
chanfing # of neurons, rearrangement of connection/communication methods depending on exposre
types of associative learning
classical/ pavlovian: dog associates bell with being fed (since food and bell occur at same time) ex. clicker training operant: animal learns association between its behaviour + specific response outcome (*animal behaviour = instrumental to reward) 1) reinforcement(desirable) vs. punishment (undesirable) 2) positive (addition of stimulus, usually motivation) vs. negative (removal of stimulus) note: punishment mutbe very close in time to behavour if you are trying to change or the animal wont associate with it
abnormal behaviours
clearly differentiated from normal (*difficult to differentiate in doemestcated species), lack of function and often pathological (causing harm or caused by underlying damage)
local environment
cool wet spring in wellington county
descriptive epidemiology
defin eproblems using the 5 W's (watwho, here, when, why) to understand why= ht part of hose-aent-environment interaction is causing disease knoingthiscan help with diagnostic hypothees disease outbreaks and prevention
predicting behaviour
difficult because of all the factors
hormones effects
direct effects (onnervous system)ex. testosterone acting on the brain Secondary effectsL development, sensory perception, effector systems
Zoonosis
disease shared by animals and humans (ex. rabies, BSE influenze) must have an understanding of these and be able to educate clients
feralization
domesticated animals are left unmanaged (without human interentaion)
BSE in canada
e are low risk, to be negligible we must be 11 years free from the birth date of the animal
febrile response
fever similar across species, includes behaviours to conserve energy. shift efforts to immune system (lethargy, reduced social, reduced appetite etc) physiological changes drive these behavioural changes
learning theory
foundation for basic training (behaviour modification, solving behaviour problems) .... must understand behaviour biology in order to modify (within the contraints of a speicies)
what is behaviour a function og
function of underlying genetics + physiology/anatomy + envionment(experience and context) + prior stimuli (interna;/external) + current stimuli - genetics influence sensory (perception of stimuli_ and effector systems (capabilies) nervous system integrates sensory + motor + learning hormones targer systems to modulate current and duture behaviour eliciting stimuli: change probability of a behaviour (not on/off sitch, need eliciting stimuli in the environment to provoke) example - maternal bond in sheep: necessary factors = internal: hormonal status, brthing process (stimulation rleases oxytocin) external: sensory stimuli rom lamb (olfactory) behavioural feedback: winner effect, ram effect (male exposure changes female resonse
clinical diagnostic strategies:
generating questions + hypotheses pattern recognition: making diagnosis upon seeing a pattern (ex. ringorm cald- characteristic pattern) arborization/algorithm: following a structure of yes/no question (ex. triage nurse Qs) complete/exhaustice (aka problem oriented method): pursure all possible diagnoes, list (useful for teaching or a stumped clinician, not very efficient) hypotheco-deductive, gather history, general inspectiong, PE etc
host factor: breed
genetic factors associated with breeds may influence risk for certain disease (ex. large breed dogs + hip dysplasia) ex. squamous cell carcinoma risk & grey horses (*note: environmental influence required, if @ risk cows / horses were kept inside, wouldn't see as much disease)
macroenvironment
geographical area (ex. Se deficiency inthe reat lakes region
most diseases can be boiled down to
host + agent + environmental actors must focus on factors other than agent factors to prevent/ control disease multiple things can be playin into each compenent reminder damnit categories for causes of disease
natural history of disease
host environment and time fctors related to the disease collectivly = factors outside of agent
immunity
host factor (via colostrum/exposure/vaccination/genetics) & a group factor
What are rates influenced by?
host, time, environemnt you want to control for them if thereare influencing rateo f interpretation
internal sneses
hunger, thirst, sleepiness, temp regulation + affective states
epidemic
imbalance between agent + host (usually @ initial exposure in naive popn)
prevalence is a functtion of
incidence * duration chronic disease: prevalence > incidence - short-term (acute) disease: prevalence < incidence
when making a decision
it is shared decision making and needs to reflect te clients values, preferences and circumstaces the decision you come to may not be the one tat your client accepts so you have to becognisant of wha tyour client is thinking
desease trianglt
managment is a balance of host, agent and environment for health and disease
sesnory quality
modalitysensitivity characterizies stimuli within modality (ex. colour of light seen) can vary dramaticall between species species differences in taste abiltiy (recptorsm ingestive behaviour, vision (eye placement acuity) , olfaction (very important in most animals) somatosensory (methods of detection ex. whiskers)
Ethology an physiology
most behaviour is pre-programmed physiology can change behaviour (underlying hormons drive subconscious change) OR bahaviour can change physiology/anatomy (ex. winning testosterone spike
changing population
most populations are dynamic (therefore assumption of a fixed pop'n is not representative of reality) (1) when population is relatively stable & risk period is short = # of first occurrences / (initial # at risk) x 100 - ex. feedlots - animals added within a short period, only leaving during death (or else all together), no new additions after all are brought in ... 505 steers at a feedlot was filled 7 days ago. After arrival 20 animals were treated for BRD, what is the incidence = 20 / (505 - 5 existing cases = 500) (2) new additions / losses and risk period is long (months / years) - ex. dairy herd = # first occurrences / [(initial # at risk + final # at risk) / 2] - use average individuals at risk - correct way to do it = animal days at risk (*not practical or realistic for practitioner) - ex. 40 milking cows + 20 new cows in 1 year, during the year 25 new first occurrences of mastitis occurred, incidence = 25 / [(40 + 60) / 2] *100 = 50%
beavioural need
motivation to perform behaviour beyond what is needed to survive, typicallycontrolled by internal factors implication of not allowinf animals to engage inbehavioural needs? understanding motivation underlying behaviour= key for a vets understanding of ethology
causes of disease necessary
must be present to cause disease (usually an agent but not always) the necessary cause is always a component of a sufficient cause (but will not always be sufficient on its own)
nervous system and behavoiur
nervous system coordinates all innate behaviour (instinctive) learned behaviour experiences influence behaviour usually a combo of innate + learned behaviour
defining a problems
no probs prob: owner misconception old probs prob: a previously seen orb with repeated presentation new pros prob new to use or new to the arm
types of learning
non-associative: innate response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure habituation: decreased response due to repeated exposure sensitization: exposure to stimulus results in increased reactivity to the stimulus associative: change in response due to animals learning associatin beteen 2 stimuli or their behaviour and a stimulus
behavioural restrictio n
not being able to filfill motication, hat impact doe this have on welfare motivationo f cross sucking behaviour in dairt calves (ears, tail)...sucrose componenet of milk responsible for stimulaing non-nutritive sucking....performance of behaviour necessary to reduce the behaviour - behavioural need
pregnancy rates
number pregnant/number at risk of being pregnant - beef farms: pregnancy rate is for the whole breeding period (for how long the bull was with the herd) - dairy farms: skewed bc continuous flow, measuring pregnancy per eligible cycles (*individual heat for each cow)
two types of hormonal effect
organizational: Permanent alteration of the nervous system(+ behaviour associated) during early sensitivity period) 2) activational: temporary changes in behaviour becasue of hormone changes, acts on existing physiological systems and may depend on propr organizational effecs
altered typical behaviours
physiolofgcal/phsycological suppression of typical behavior by external threat/stress/illness *adaptive in most cases (ex. sickness behaviou, isrupted estrus during transortation stress
host factors:age
physiological changes occur over time =immune status effects, production level, physiological state (preggers, lactation, growth) note: maybe difficulat to differentiate age andenvironmental effects (interaction) ex. animals at differentagesareusually housed differetly, can affectexposure environment)
typs of epidemic disease occurnence
point source (one spike in occurence and then die down propogating epidemic (up and don)
out of control behaviours
pre-programmed bahaviours - vacuum behaviour: fixed actions performed in the absence of noral eliciting stimult (ex. dust bathing in hens without dust) - displacement behaviour: irrelevant behaviours (without purpose) durinf motivational conflict + stress, often adaptive
Define domesticatoin
process by which animals become adapted to humans and the capitve enironemt = genetic changes, environmentally induced developmental events during each generation takes place over a long time darwin:>taming, involves breedin in captivity, goal oriented, facilitated by subjugation to humans spanish bulls vs. rodeo cows
proportional morbidity
proportio of affectedwith a specific disease (ex. cows testing + with neospora who aborted - can be misleading, doesnt tell you a lot about the rest of population/extent of the problem
" The Guilty look
pup did sometinf wrong and feels bad about it: study with treat eating/ replacement/ taken away by experimenter... Owner response was similar regardless of whether the food was replaced (either the dog ate it or the researched takes it)
herd immunity
rate of disease spread in a herd is a factor of # susceptible + frequency of adequate contact - reduced # susceptible (ex. vaccination) reduces disease transmission - reduced contact rate (ex. quarantine) reduces disease transmission
Incidence
rate of new occurences developing over time, probability expressed as a % - multiple observtions: initial to observe disease-free status, another to demonstrate change in status - "at risk" animals: must be eligible to experience event of interest (present, relevant, pop) + not already affected (animals w condition already arent @ risk of getting it) - applications: assess intervention/prevention methods, track outbreak (ex. tick blooms) - triggers action (new occurences/ (at risk (not already contracted)
the diagnostic process:
recognize the class of patient illnes (cluster or clinical signs) and carry out clinical steps to maximize health (*can't always mae a diagnosis ust based odd clinical signs), considering the animals environment (challenge - this is easier in large animals)
taming
reduced fear of humans (by abituation and hand rearing)
list some important domesticated animals
reindeer (15000 years) dog (first domestication example) - chose use jsut as we chose them cats brought in for pest managment cattle 6-9000 years ago horse 4-6000 years ago swine 5-11000 years ago 2nd wave: elk (meat and antlers, msk ox, mink, ferret, mice fox, bison
describethe health managment cycle
setgoals assess current status makedecisions, develope plans, take actions (effect from other factors can nput) performance outcomes restart at assess current status note (you want to montor during the process as well )
sex differences in bahaviour
sexual, parental, territorial, anti-predatory) result from hormone differences chromosomal sex (XX vs. XY) - gonadal differentiation - hormones - morphological + behavioural influences ... genetics underlying
environmntall induced effects of domestication
some effects are environmentall induces (ex. housin adults seperatly from yound influences the development of the young) ex.1 dairy bull aggression: when compariing hand reared dairy/beed bulls all endud up more aggressive than dam reared ones (maybe vies humans as a social parterner? changed dynamics of development changed behaviour example 2: selection for milk letdown has inadvertantly reduced maternal care in cows example 3. broodiness in laying ens: selected against to keep laying cycle going in some cases. domestication can have little effect: ex. nest building in sos before farrowing behaviour differences from domestication are sublte most quantitative differences (how long. often they do something)
endemic
stable (+ predicatable) balance between host and agent (stability of balance influenced by host and environmental factors)
epidemiology
study of frequecy, distribution and determinants of health and disease (+productivity) in a population - a tool in health managment focusedonnature and pattern of disease etiologicl diagnosis not necessary to stop an outbreak Identify: what (characteristics) , who (frequency of disease/population affected), when (time pattern), where (spatial pattern), why (determinants
Temporal factors
the "when' cause of disease must precede the disease te occurence of disease to time (calender or animal) i) calender time (helps identify seasonal factor + classifiy disease (sporadic, endemic epidemic) ii) animal time: identified point in lifetime of the animal (ex. birth, arrival @ feedlot, parturition), helpful is causal hypothesis
wat is the first applied etholgy text bok
the behaviour of domestic animals
what was a big step up for applied ethology
the brabel report
case counts:
the number of events (ex. 3 lame animals on farm)
proportions/ratios:
the number of events/# not effected (not that useful ratio a/b (fraction where numberatir not included in the denominator)
prevalance
the proportion of existing events at a given point in time, ignores whether cases are new or ongoing (1 observation = snapshot) = # affected now/ # at risk (ony anaimsl that could contract this issue) - useful for prevention - stocking your pharmacy (know the prevalance of NSAID use in your clinic), comparing to 'normal levels of disease) 0 influences diagnostic testing performance
Bottleneck definition
the rate limiting step thebottleneck controls therate of flow bottleec doesnt haveto be fully fixed to improve flow before the bottleneck is fixd, something else will beome the bottleneck
environmental factors =
the where abiotic: air, soil, water, climate biotic: flora, fauna microorganisms
what are the effects of domesticatoin
tractability: improved ease of handling heterochrony: alterations to developmental rate (accelerated sexual maturity, artifical selection for reproductive development) deceleration of physical development (neotony, physical, behaviour = easier handling in adults, juvenalization)
well being
vets must be able to assess well-being of animals based onobservations behvioural changes can help identify compromised well being
causes of disease sufficient
will always produce disease, almost always multi-factorial (rarely 1 determinant, usually a mix of host + agent + environmental factors)
microenvironment
within a facility/barn
what factors are involved in causing disease?
• often both host + environmental factors are involved (consider both before blaming one) - quite often, all 3 factors come together to cause disease - sufficient environmental causes: heat stress, cold-water hemoglobinuria, Se deficient soil
case fatality rate
# died from disease x/#sick with disease x gives good/relevant information about liklihood of survival doesn't tell you ho big the problem is
mortality rate:
% of animals that died during a specific period
unwanted normal behaviour
* adaptive behaviours that are inconventiant/inappropriate for the current environment (ex. aggression in dogs is adaptive but not in a domestice setting)
Normal Behaviour
*adaptive behaviours hat promote health, survival + reproduction - difficult in omesticated scenaria, we look at wild ancestors/feral animals to determine (ex. resource guarding in domestic dogs vs wolves
behavioural traits favouring domestication
1 gregarious, social species: easy to keep in groups and sort out hierarchy (exceptions, cat/mink/foxes) 2. promiscuous mating (lack of bonding mate): for artifical selectoin + captive breeding exception: geese 3) sexual dimorphism: exception pigeons 4. strong mother-young bond to help with raisin/caring for young (exception fish) 5. precocial young: born w sensory system workig as it facilitate managment and maes young more likely to survive (exception, dogs, cas, rats)
describe nikos 4 wuestions
1) causation: proximate mechanims, specific stimule (internal/external) responsible for eliciting behaviour ex. dog drinks becasue osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect low intracellular fluid 2) OnogenyL Behavioural development, how behaiour changes with age/experiences ex. sociali pecking order hierarchy in chickes, larger mama+ larger hatching chicks = learned dominance in chicks/likely to be dominant later 3) phylogeny: how behaviour evolves, similaries/ differences between related specieis behaviour ex. bahavioural responses of jungle fowl (crouching, alarm calling) similar to chicken response 4) function: ultimate mechanisms, reasons for behaviour existance (how behaviour impacts chances of reproducing/surviviing) ex. optimim prening hens keep plumage in good condition (waterproof/flight advantages)
guidelines for prevalance/incidence
1)new or existing case? - new = incidence - existing = prevalence (2) length of risk period (days - weeks = short, months - years = long) - must consider disease biology (line up with period measured) - count first occurrences (unless told otherwise) (3) stable or dynamic pop'n
what are 4 reasons why knowledge of behavious is essential to a DVM
1. Safe, low-stress animal handling e.g. reduce the need to use physical force, better for the animals and the humans 2. Influence behaviour in beneficial wates e.g. to deal with long standing prolems (like how ewes are programmed to onlt take on her own lamb) - to deal with emerging provlems (e.g. cows and robotic milkers) - detecting lnd minees - non for profit organizationuses rates to detect unexploded land mines becasue the rats do not bond to ther andlers to evaluate new technologies 3. resolving behavioural problems - eg/ digging (this is the number one killer of compnion animals that are otherwise physically healthy -seperation anxiety 4. to help us assess animal welfare e.g. B is often an indicator that an animal is sick or in pain - to guage animals preferences and motivation (to help us consider the compet health of animals)
What are your professional responsibilities?
1. To the Animal : you speak for their health and welfare 2. The owner: - avoid loss - minimize risk (most people want to minimize risk - this is why vaccinations are done) - increase profit, in agricultural animals, their business is the production of food this can be potential conflicting as what is best for the animal may condlict with what the owners 3. The public (human animal interaction) - safeguarding the public/ consumer
what does evolutiong by natural election need
1. variation: differing characteristice within a population (ex. behavioural traits) 2. heredity: must be poassed on (genetic component of the trait) 3. differential reproduction: inherited characteristics associated with reproductive success (fitness)
sensory modality
5 senses, usuallyvery similar across species
what are Niko's 4 questions for animal behaviour
Causation Ontogeny Phylogeny Function
describe the evolution of vet medicine
Cinical disease <-> Subclinical Disease <-> Maintain health Clinical disease: animals are exibiting signs of disease. (abnormalities you cansee). Often the reason a client calls a vet Subclinical Disease <-> animals are infected but there are no clinical signs (will notfind in a routine physical). Thi sis wy ew tests are being developed. Overall this is a progression Example: infection is either dealth with and goes, or it manifests and continues
What is health management?
Health management is the promotion and health and the precention of diseases in animals within the economic/business framework of the animal owner/ industry, while recognizing the issues of animal welfare, human safety and environmental impact
how is health management delivered?
Health managment is a dynamic process in which selected management areas of importance to the industry and the animal owner are identified and monitored decisions are made and plands are developed and implemented. The outcomes are then measured and evaluated. This process is called the health management cycle
who brought animal behaviour to the forefront
Karl Von Frisch (bee dancing), Konrad Lorenz (fowl imprinting), Niko Tinbergen (supernormal stimuli + 4 questions for behavior they were nobel prize winners
