Health Psych Concept quiz 1

Identify the psychosomatic disorders caused by emotional conflicts. (Check all that apply.)

1. essential hypertension 2. hyperthyroidism 3. rheumatoid arthritis

Which of the following are chronic illnesses? (Check all that apply.)

1. heart disease 2. cancer

Identify the acute disorders. (Check all that apply.)

1. tuberculosis 2. pneumonia

Which of the following are advantages of using theory to guide research in health psychology? (Check all that apply.)

1. It helps generate specific predictions, so they can be tested and modified as evidence comes in. 2. It provides guidelines on how to do research and interventions.

Identify the health-related problems addressed by health psychologists. (Check all that apply.)

1. Managing side effects of treatments 2. Modifying bad health habits such as smoking 3. Managing pain

Identify the factors that fueled efforts for reforming the health care system in the United States in order to provide a basic health care package for all. (Check all that apply.)

1. Some individuals received the best of health care while others received less. 2. Basic preventive care and treatment for common illnesses were out of financial reach.

Identify the kind of questions that the methods and knowledge of neuroscience can address. (Check all that apply.)

1. Why is chronic pain so intractable to treatment? 2. How do placebos work?

The idea that the mind and the body together determine health and illness logically implies a model for studying these issues. This model is called the _____.

biopsychosocial model

Slowly developing diseases with which people live for many years and that cannot be cured but rather are managed by patient and health care providers are known as _____.

chronic illness

Which of the following is the main contributor to disability and death of people, particularly in industrialized countries?

chronic illness

In randomized clinical trials, researchers _____.

compare a target treatment against the existing standard of care or a placebo control

Health psychology's main emphasis is on modifying people's risky behavior before they become ill. This modification is called _____.

prevention

Longitudinal research is a type of _____.

prospective study

Sigmund Freud's work on conversion hysteria gave rise to the field of _____.

psychosomatic medicine

What do medical practitioners focus on as the basis of their diagnoses and treatment recommendations? (Check all that apply.)

1. Cellular pathology 2. organic pathology

Identify the reasons for decline in the prevalence of acute infectious disorders in the United States. (Check all that apply.)

1. changes in public health standards 2. treatment innovations

According to the biopsychosocial model of health and illness, what are the microlevel processes that continually interact with the macrolevel processes to influence health and illness? (Check all that apply.)

1. chemical imbalances 2. presence of cellular disorders

Retrospective methods were critical in identifying some risk factors for _____ even before the causative agent was discovered.

AIDS

_____ has contributed to the rise of health psychology.

Expansion of health care services

True or false: The biopsychosocial model does not place a significance on an effective patient-practitioner relationship in clinical settings.

False

Identify a tool developed in the field of neuroscience that permits glimpses into the brain.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

According to the World Health Organization, a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity is known as _____.

Health

____ ____ is a relatively new field that is devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill.

Health Psychology

Health psychologists focus on health promotion and maintenance, which includes _____.

Issues such as how to get children to develop good health habits and how to promote regular exercise

What is the advantage of using correlational studies over experiments in health psychology research?

It can study issues when variables cannot be manipulated experimentally.

Identify a true statement about the biomedical model.

It fails to recognize social and psychological processes as powerful influences over bodily estates.

What is the disadvantage of using experiments in research?

It is impractical to study issues such as random assignment of people to diseases.

Define the term prevalence that is used to express morbidity.

It is the total number of existing cases.

Why is meta-analysis considered a powerful methodological tool in health psychology research?

It uses a broad array of diverse evidence to reach conclusions.

Psychologists learned that informing patients fully about the procedures and sensations involved in unpleasant medical procedures improves their adjustment to those procedures. Identify a consequence of these studies.

Many hospitals routinely prepare patients for these medical procedures.

Identify a psychosomatic disorder caused by emotional conflicts.

Neurodermatitis

Identify a true statement about an experiment.

People are randomly assigned to different conditions and their reactions are measured.

Identify the experimental method that is usually used for evidence-based medicine.

Randomized clinical trials

Identify a true statement about health psychologists.

They know what makes people satisfied or dissatisfied with their health care.

True or false: Health psychologists develop interventions to help people stay well or recover from illness.

True

Short-term illnesses that are often the result of a viral or bacterial invader and usually amenable to cure are known as _____.

acute disorders

Until the 20th century, the major causes of illness and death in the United States were _____.

acute disorders

Activity measures and sensors have been used as an ecological momentary intervention to _____.

assess the physical activity of a person

The type of model that maintains that all illnesses can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic bodily processes, such as biochemical imbalances or neurophysiological abnormalities, is known as the _____ model

biomedical

In clinical practice, the process of patient _____ can benefit from understanding the interacting role of biological, psychological, and social factors in assessing a person's health or illness.

diagnosis

The origins or causes of illnesses is referred to as _____.

etiology

During prehistoric times, a disease was thought to arise when _____.

evil spirits entered the body

The fundamental assumption of the biopsychosocial model is that _____.

health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors

Which is the largest service industry in the United States?

health care

One of the many things health psychologists focus on is the _____.

health care system and the formulation of health policy.

Changing patterns of illness in the United States and other technologically advanced societies in recent decades has influenced the rise of _____.

health psych

The disadvantage of using correlational studies is that _____.

it is difficult to determine the direction of causality unambiguously

Medical practice relies on _____ as the bases for health and illness.

laboratory findings and bodily factors

In comparison to earlier methods, people with diabetes now monitor their blood glucose levels multiple times a day using technology that is far _____.

less invasive

A type of research where the same people are observed at multiple points in time is known as _____.

longitudinal research

___ ____ combines results from different studies to identify how strong the evidence is for particular research findings.

meta-analysis

The number of deaths due to particular causes is called _____.

mortality

The continuous physiological changes that occur in people as a result of conflict can produce an actual _____.

organic disturbance

According to the humoral theory of illness, identify the personality trait that is associated with blood.

passion temperament

In recent years, the health care industry in the United States has come under increasing scrutiny because _____.

substantial increases in health care costs have not brought improvements in basic indicators of health

According to the humoral theory of illness, a disease arises when _____.

the four circulating fluids of a body are out of balance

During prehistoric times, most cultures believed that _____.

the mind and body were intertwined

In the context of using theory for guiding research in health psychology, testing _____ incorporated the importance of self-efficacy and revealed that people need to believe they can actually change their behavior.

theories of health behavior change

A set of analytic statements that explain a set of phenomena, such as why people practice poor health behaviors is known as a(n) _____.

theory

About one-third of health psychology investigations are guided by _____.

theory

In the past few years, genes have been uncovered that contribute to many diseases. People who have been diagnosed with such diseases are helped by health psychologists _____.

to come to terms with the condition and changes in life that they may face

True or false: For a health-related discipline to flourish, it must demonstrate a strong track record, not only as a research field but as a basis for interventions as well.

true

True or false: Morbidity and mortality statistics are essential to health psychologists where charting the major causes of disease can lead to steps to reduce their occurrence.

true

Prospective studies are conducted by health psychologists to _____.

understand the risk factors that relate to health conditions

An optimum state of health is termed by many as _____.

wellness

According to Dunbar and Alexander, conflicts produce anxiety, which becomes unconscious and takes a physiological toll on the body via the _____.

autonomic nervous system

Medical interventions go through rigorous testing and evaluation of their benefits before they become the standard of care in ___ ___ ___.

evidence-based medicine

A researcher creates two or more conditions that differ from each other in exact and predetermined ways in a(n)

experiment

Chronic illnesses have helped spawn the field of health psychology because _____.

they are diseases in which psychological and social factors are implicated as causes

A researcher creates two or more conditions that differ from each other in exact and predetermined ways in a(n) .

experiment

True or false: Health psychologists do not provide counseling for patients regarding life-sustaining measures used when certain treatments that prolong life may severely compromise the quality of life.

false

An advantage of the biopsychosocial model over the biomedical model is that the biopsychosocial model _____.

focuses on biological, psychological, and social factors that act as determinants of health and illness

Identify the gold standard methods of health psychology research. (Check all that apply.)

1. Experiments 2. Randomized clinical trials

How do health psychologists help people with chronic illnesses? (Check all that apply.)

1. They help ease problems in family functioning. 2. They help patients adjust psychologically and socially to their changing health state and treatment regimens.

How can chronic illnesses be treated? (Check all that apply.)

1. self-monitoring symptoms 2. altering diet 3. medication

According to the biopsychosocial model of health and illness, macrolevel processes continually interact with microlevel processes to influence health and illness. Which of the following are macrolevel processes? (Check all that apply.)

1. the existence of social support 2. presence of depression

According to Freud, specific unconscious conflicts can produce physical disturbances that symbolize repressed psychological conflicts. This is known as

conversion hysteria

Interventions developed by health psychologists that target risk factors such as diet or smoking have led to a decline in the occurrence of diseases, especially _____.

coronary heart disease

Health psychologists measuring the diets that people create for themselves and looking at changes in rates of heart disease, as determined by how good or poor the diet is, is an example of a(n) _____.

correlational prospective study

The type of research where health psychologists measure whether a change in one variable corresponds to changes in another variable is called __ ___.

correlational research

The study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of infectious and noninfectious diseases in a population is called _____.

epidemiology

Which discipline is closely related to the field of health psychology in its goals and interests?

epidemiology

Teaching people in high-stress occupations to manage stress effectively so that it will not adversely affect their health is an example that focuses on _____.

prevention and treatment of illness

Some of the problems faced by researchers in correlational studies can be remedied using _____.

prospective research

The type of research that looks forward in time to see how a group of people change, or how a relationship between two variables changes over time is known as _____.

prospective research

People who live with chronic diseases for many years develop _____ issues during their management, which in turn has influenced the growth in the field of health psychology.

psychological

Experiments that are conducted by health care practitioners to evaluate treatments or interventions and their effectiveness over time are called _____.

randomized clinical trials

The type of research design that looks backward in time in an attempt to reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation is known as a .

retrospective design