Health Psych Exam 4 - Ch. 13 & 14

LD50 for alcohol is: (%)

(0.45%)

List the behavioral effects of alcohol at the following BACs: .05-.06 .08-.10 .14-.16 .20-.25 .30 .45

.05-.06: decrease in alertness, mildly impaired judgement .08-.10: loss of motor coordination, less caution, slow reaction times .14-.16: slurred speech, major impairment of mental & physical control, blurred vision .20-.25: inability to walk, strong emotional reactions with little provocation .30: conscious but in a stupor, unaware of surroundings .45: coma, death for 50% of the population

3 Hangover Theories

1: Congeners (make alcohol dark & smelly) increase severity of hangover 2: Unprocessed acetaldehyde 3: Mini withdrawal symptoms

3 Reasons women have a lower tolerance

1: less alcohol dehydrogenase 2: high body fat percentage 3: lower fluid volume (less for the alcohol to absorb into)

The ____ Amendment repealed the ____ Amendment which prohibited alcohol sales

21st, 18th

100 proof = ____% alcohol 200 proof = ____% alcohol

57% 100%

What percentage of energy taken in is metabolized?

75%

What are the hazards of alcohol? What are the benefits?

A. Several hazards are associated with drinking. 1. Heavy drinking is harmful to the liver. 2. Prolonged heavy drinking can result in neurological damage called Korsakoff syndrome. 3. A slight increase in risk for cancer is associated with drinking, but the risk is greater when drinking is combined with smoking. 4. Fetal alcohol syndrome occurs when pregnant women drink heavily, and even light drinking may affect a developing fetus. 5. Alcohol affects decision-making and coordination, making risky behavior and unintentional injuries of all types more likely. 6. Alcohol increases aggression in some people, and drinking is associated with homicide and suicide. B. Drinking may also be associated with several health benefits. 1. Light to moderate drinking may be beneficial; heavy drinking and binge drinking are not. 2. Light to moderate drinkers may have lower levels of mortality, and cardiovascular benefits are the main reason. 3. Light to moderate drinking may lower the risk for Type 2 diabetes, gallstones, ulcers, and Alzheimer's disease. 4. Systematic reviews have cast doubt on whether the benefits outweigh the risks.

Evaluate the role of hormones in weight regulation.

A. Weight regulation involves a number of hormones. 1. The action of hormones provides both short-term and long-term regulation mechanisms. 2. The hypothalamus is a brain structure that is involved in the reception of these hormones. B. Ghrelin is a hormone secreted by the stomach. 1. Its level rises before and falls after meals. 2. This action indicates that ghrelin is a short-term hunger signal. C. Cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide Y are secreted by the intestines. 1. All act on the hypothalamus and are related to feelings of satiation. 2. CCK seems to be a short-term satiation signal. D. Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells. 1. Low-fat stores result in lower leptin levels. 2. Low leptin levels are interpreted by the brain as a signal to eat. E. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. 1. Insulin allows body cells to take in glucose. 2. High insulin levels are positively related to body fat.

Describe the ways men and women differ with regard to the effects of alcohol.

As a group, males metabolize alcohol more quickly than women, in large part because alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach is more active in men. Aspirin may inhibit metabolism and combined with low alcohol dehydrogenase may lead to a complete lack of gastric metabolism of alcohol. The higher fat/muscle ratio in women will lead to a greater blood alcohol level since fat doesn't contain as much water (to dilute the alcohol) as muscle. Smaller body size also contributes to higher blood alcohol levels in women, also due to less body water to dilute the alcohol.

Outline the immediate and long-term outcome of caloric restriction on Danny Cahill, winner of Season 8 of the Biggest Loser. What are the implications of these results with respect to body weight and metabolism? (6 pts)

Danny lost nearly 250 pounds in 7 months which made his body dramatically decrease its metabolic rate to adapt to the new, extreme diet and exercise regimen he followed. His metabolic rate decreased because his body was trying to prevent itself from losing all that weight. Because his metabolic rate became so low, when he returned to a normal diet and exercise routine, his body couldn't keep up with his calorie intake and he gained all the weight back. This indicates that, when trying to reach a target weight, you can't starve yourself but rather you need to establish a new set point.

Describe research findings that address the hypothesis that problems with the leptin system underlie human obesity.

Genetically engineered mice homozygous for the obese gene (ob/ob) continually eat and therefore, gain more weight than mice with only one copy of the ob gene. The former have larger and more numerous adipocytes (fat cells) than their heterozygous counterparts. These fat cells produce the peptide hormone, leptin, which circulates throughout the blood and to the brain, where the hypothalamus and several other brain areas express leptin receptors. Any problem with these receptors, such as mutation, will not bind leptin properly and the mouse (or human) will become obese. Therefore, malfunctioning leptin or its receptor will cause the brain to underestimate the amount of food eaten and the amount of stored energy in the body and so, the animal overeats, because the satiety hormone (leptin) is not working properly.

Neural signals of satiety & hunger: Insulin PYY Ghrelin CCK

Insulin: produced by pancreas -> high or low levels -> promote eating PYY & CCK: intestines secrete high levels in the presence of food -> promote satiety Ghrelin: produced by the stomach -> high levels -> promote eating

Ancel Keys experiment found that after starvation most people (2 things)

Started to lose their minds, gained all the weight back after the study

Obligatory losses

Staying alive requires that we lose some of our resources

Dual hypothesis of satiety & hunger (6 pts)

There are 2 appetite centers in the brain: 1: Ventromedial hypothalamus: the "satiety center". Making a lesion in test animals results in the animal is overeating and gaining weight. 2: Lateral hypothalamus: the "hunger center". Making a bilateral lesion in test animals produces aphagia (animal stops eating and drinking and loses weight). In both cases, the test animals stabilize at a new body weight.

A child with facial malformations and a below-average IQ that was born at a low birthweight, most likely would have a. fetal alcohol syndrome. b. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. c. alcohol abstinence syndrome. d. a thiamine deficiency.

a

A review of commercial weight loss programs found that in a year or two, individuals are highly likely to ________. a. regain 50% of lost weight b. keep off their lost weight c. regain 10% of lost weight d. keep losing more weight

a

According to the FDA, Schedule I drugs have a. high abuse potential and no accepted medical use. b. high abuse potential but accepted medical use. c. low abuse potential but no accepted medical use. d. low abuse potential and accepted medical use.

a

After the legal age for buying alcohol was raised to 21, consumption among adolescents ages 12 to 17 a. dropped dramatically. b. dropped slightly. c. remained about the same. d. rose dramatically.

a

Alcohol is involved in about _______ of all highway deaths, in part because it reduces _______. a. one-third; reaction time b. half; memory skills c. half; reaction time d. two-thirds; memory

a

All drugs that cross the blood-brain barrier a. change brain chemistry. b. have side effects. c. alter perception. d. All of the above

a

An intense withdrawal syndrome after long-term heavy drinking that includes irritability, convulsions, and hallucinations would be considered a. delirium tremens. b. a hangover. c. psychosis. d. physical dependence.

a

Consuming 5 or more drinks on the same occasion at least once per month is considered a. binge drinking. b. heavy drinking. c. regular drinking. d. moderate drinking.

a

During fermentation, yeast converts each _______ molecule into two molecules of _______ and two molecules of carbon dioxide. a. sugar; alcohol b. fat; alcohol c. alcohol; sugar d. sugar; fat

a

Levels of which of the following fall, when fat stores fall, and may provide a long-term signal to eat more? a. Leptin b. Ghrelin c. Cholecystokinin (CCK) d. Agouti-related peptide

a

Production of the peptide hormone cholecystokinin results in a. feelings of satiation. b. feelings of hunger. c. a need to engage in physical activity. d. depression, anxiety, and loss of energy.

a

The Alcoholics Anonymous doctrine a. calls for complete abstinence. b. adopts a psychological approach to quitting drinking. c. holds that most alcoholics will eventually be cured of problem drinking. d. includes the notion that members must give up tobacco as well as alcohol.

a

The disease model explains why people ___________________. a. drink too much better than why people start drinking b. experience cognitive deficits while drinking better than why some people can abstain from drinking c. model the drinking behavior of others better than why people drink too much d. start drinking better than the genetic contributions to alcoholism

a

The set-point concept assumes that a. people have a kind of internal thermostat that regulates weight. b. gaining weight is a significantly easier process than losing weight. c. losing weight is a somewhat easier process than gaining weight. d. a person's weight has no relationship to any hereditary component.

a

When a drug becomes incorporated into the functioning of the body's cells and thus becomes necessary for "normal" functioning, what has occurred? a. Dependence b. Withdrawal c. Tolerance d. Death

a

Which of the following correctly represents the enzymatic steps involved in alcohol metabolism? a. Alcohol -> alcohol dehydrogenase -> acetaldehyde -> aldehyde dehydrogenase -> acetic acid b. Alcohol -> alcohol dehydrogenase -> acetic acid -> aldehyde dehydrogenase -> acetaldehyde c. Alcohol -> acetaldehyde dehydrogenase -> acetaldehyde -> alcohol dehydrogenase -> acetic acid d. Alcohol -> aldehyde dehydrogenase -> acetic acid -> alcohol dehydrogenase -> acetaldehyde

a

Acute behavioral tolerance happens when:

affects of alcohol peaks around 45 mins so ppl drink more but BAC is still rising

Alcohol ______ GABA receptors

agonizes

Alcohol _______ dopamine receptors

agonizes

Yeast + sugar

alcohol + CO2

Alcohol _______ glutamate receptors which causes __________ of receptors and _______ when you stop using alcohol. This affects _____ and causes ______.

antagonist; upregulation; overexcitement memory; seizures

A decrease in _______ activity can lead to toxicity, including flushing, nausea, and vomiting. a. alcohol dehydrogenase b. aldehyde dehydrogenase c. acetaldehyde d. formaldehyde

b

According to the positive incentive model of weight control, a. people will have difficulty weighing much more or less than their biologically determined weight range. b. people's motivations for eating include pleasure. c. people are motivated to eat less in cultures where being underweight is valued. d. people are motivated to eat more in cultures where being overweight is valued.

b

Although there is support for a genetic explanation of obesity, this does not fully explain why obesity rates have _________________ . a. decreased for children but not for their parents in the past two decades b. sharply risen in the past two decades c. precipitously dropped in the past two decades d. stabilized in the past two decades

b

Disulfiram is used in the treatment of alcohol abuse a. by affecting GABA transmission. b. because it produces unpleasant effects if combined with alcohol. c. because it is associated with a therapy called counter-conditioning. d. due to its ability to treat liver damage.

b

In general, which of these people would have the GREATEST risk for health problems in relation to weight? a. A 50-year-old woman who is underweight b. A 50-year-old man who has a beer belly c. A 50-year-old woman who carries excess fat on her thighs d. A 26-year-old man who carries excess fat on his thighs

b

Injecting PYY3-36 causes individuals to a. eat more. b. eat less. c. maintain their weight. d. become thirsty.

b

Researchers have suggested several reasons that obesity has increased in the United States over the past two decades. One possibility is that people are a. increasing their consumption of meals at home. b. increasing their intake of fast foods and sodas. c. increasing their percentages of dietary fat. d. decreasing their consumption of sugar.

b

Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the circular muscles that propel food through the digestive system is known as a. the esophagus. b. peristalsis. c. voluntary digestion. d. acidic flow.

b

Studies indicate that most of the energy available from a meal is consumed by a. processing food. b. basal metabolism. c. muscular activity in behavioral processes. d. brain activity.

b

Throughout most of history, being overweight a. was a sign of laziness. b. was a mark of prosperity. c. was a signal of poor health. d. characterized economically marginalized people.

b

VMH-lesioned rats show a. aphagia. b. hyperphagia. c. no change in food intake. d. a loss of weight.

b

When fat deposits were removed from ground squirrels during their annual phase of weight loss, the animals a. passively accepted the weight loss. b. regained weight before starting to lose again. c. continued to lose weight, going to a lower trough than they would have normally. d. no longer showed their usual circannual cycle.

b

Which hormone produced by the stomach has levels which rise before and fall after meals, providing a short-term signal to eat? a. Leptin b. Ghrelin c. Cholecystokinin (CCK) d. Glucagon-like peptide 1

b

The area postrema is a region of the _____ ______ ______ that is relatively weak. When alcohol enters, it causes you to ______ ___

blood brain barrier; throw up

A blood alcohol level of approximately _______% is lethal in half of the population, but because unconsciousness occurs at a BAC of approximately _______%, drinking is often stopped before the lethal level is reached. a. 0.35; 0.15 b. 0.45; 0.1 c. 0.45; 0.35 d. 0.60; 0.1

c

All of the following are explanations that researchers have suggested for why obesity has increased in the past two decades EXCEPT a. increased consumption of fast foods. b. increased consumption of sweetened soda. c. increased consumption of genetically modified foods. d. decreased engagement in physical activity.

c

Both low-carbohydrate diets and low-fat diets share which of the following drawbacks? a. Neither produces weight loss. b. Both are unhealthy. c. Any weight loss is hard to maintain. d. The risk for eating disorders.

c

In the study of experimental starvation, what were the effects of semi-starvation on the behavior of the participants? a. They showed high group morale and cooperation. b. They exercised vigorously to distract themselves from feelings of hunger. c. They became aggressive and lost interest in their normal activities. d. They became overly attached to other group members.

c

People with anorexia and people with bulimia are similar in many ways, including a. increased sexual promiscuity. b. having a lack of impulse control. c. feeling dissatisfied with their bodies. d. All of the above

c

Physical symptoms, such as restlessness, irritability, and tremors, may occur when a person is experiencing a. tolerance to alcohol. b. dependence on alcohol. c. withdrawal from alcohol. d. overconsumption of alcohol.

c

Regarding eating and metabolism, research has shown that a. overeating changes metabolism. b. undereating changes metabolism. c. both overeating and undereating can change metabolism. d. metabolism is set by genetics and thus cannot be changed.

c

Research on the relationship between alcohol and homicide indicates that a. the perpetrator is likely to have been drinking. b. the victim is likely to have been drinking. c. both victim and perpetrator are likely to have been drinking. d. there is a direct correlation between alcohol consumption and crime.

c

The memory disturbances seen in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome include a. a loss of memory for events in the distant past. b. total amnesia. c. inability to form new memories. d. little actual memory impairment.

c

The results of the studies on experimental starvation and experimental overeating a. indicate that eating is a learned behavior. b. suggest that eating is always pleasurable. c. are consistent with the concept of set-point. d. find eating relatively unimportant in most people's lives.

c

Tolerance refers to a. the ability to tolerate large doses of drugs without impairment of psychological or physical abilities. b. a strong psychological desire and craving for a drug. c. the property of a drug that requires increasingly higher levels to get the same effect. d. the property of a drug that requires changes in the body's physical functions, making the drug necessary for normal functioning.

c

What is the connection between education and regular alcohol consumption? a. People without a high school diploma have the highest rate of regular alcohol consumption. b. People with high school diplomas but no college experience have the highest rate of regular alcohol consumption. c. People with college diplomas have the highest rate of regular alcohol consumption. d. No relationship exists between educational level and consumption of alcohol.

c

What percentage of adults in the United States are classified as current drinkers? a. 33% b. 50% c. 68% d. 80%

c

What was the effect of the passage of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution on alcohol consumption? a. Illegal alcohol consumption increased among the rich who could afford the cost. b. Consumption increased initially but decreased steadily afterwards. c. Consumption decreased dramatically from previous levels. d. There was no effect.

c

Which Amendment ended Prohibition in the United States? a. The Eighteenth Amendment b. The Twentieth Amendment c. The Twenty-First Amendment d. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment

c

Which of these characteristics is LEAST likely among people with anorexia? a. Involvement in college theater or dance b. Preoccupation with food c. Viewing oneself as too thin d. Ambition and perfectionism

c

Which type of tolerance to alcohol is characterized by an increase in liver enzymes? a. Acute b. Pharmacodynamic c. Metabolic d. Behavioral

c

Alcohol abuse leads to ______ _______ or the widening of sulci

cortical degeneration

Alcohol _______ the effectiveness of glutamate at NMDA receptors and _______ glutamate release. a. reduces; increases b. increases; increases c. increases; reduces d. reduces; reduces

d

An analysis of the women who have won the Miss America contest in the past century showed what percent of them in the underweight range? a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%

d

Barbiturates are synthetic drugs that a. are classified as steroids. b. have little or no tolerance, dependence, or withdrawal properties. c. are taken recreationally as "stay awake" pills. d. produce both tolerance and dependence.

d

Erik drinks about seven or eight drinks a day. Besides the risk of accidents, Erik's greatest INCREASED risk is that of a. heart disease. b. oral cancer. c. lung cancer. d. liver cirrhosis.

d

Obesity can result from a. overeating. b. slow metabolism. c. too little physical activity. d. All of the above

d

Over 20 years since the 1980s, per capita consumption of alcohol in the United States has a. increased dramatically. b. increased slightly. c. been stable. d. declined.

d

Per capita alcohol consumption decreased dramatically after 1830 in the United States because of a. strict enforcement of import quotas on foreign wines and spirits. b. the high cost of distilled beverages, which related to periodic grain shortages. c. the passage of the 18th Amendment. d. the spread of the temperance movement.

d

The primary source of energy for the body is a. sucrose. b. insulin. c. glycogen. d. glucose.

d

The principal function of the stomach is to a. begin the process of digestion. b. pass digested food into the large intestine. c. pass digested food into the blood stream. d. mix food particles with gastric juices.

d

What is NOT part of the digestive system? a. The teeth b. The esophagus c. The stomach d. The bronchioles

d

While widespread brain damage can be seen in alcoholics, thiamine deficiency causes specific damage to the a. cerebellum. b. frontal cortex. c. hippocampus. d. thalamus

d

Mice with 2 copies of the Ob gene have larger & more numerous _____ ______

fat cells

Leptin tells the brain that you have enough _____ ________

fat stores

In 1980, medical recommendations were to avoid dietary _____. Those calories were replaced with carbs and the prevalence of obesity _____.

fats, tripled

Cells of the body can use _____ as energy while the brain can ONLY use _____ as energy

ketones, glucose

Neuropeptide Y is stimulated by the absence of _______ and increases feeding behavior

leptin

Epigenetic modification can lead to...

predisposition to obesity

Fatty liver is _____ Alcoholic hepatitis is _____ Alcoholic cirrhosis is _____ _______

reversible; reversible; not reversible

Homozygous for the inactive form of aldehyde dehydrogenase = ______ ________

severe flushing

80% of alcohol is absorbed through the _____ ________

small intestine

When drinking, you pee a lot because alcohol inhibits _________ so you absorb less water & produce more urine

vasopressin