Health Research Quiz 1 Practice Questions
Which of the following is most likely the strongest argument for mixed method research? A) Pragmatism B) Incrementality C) Enhanced validity D) Complementarity
A
Which of the following is the dependent variable (DV) in the research question, "Are serial 12-lead ECGs more accurate in diagnosing acute myocardial infarctions (MI) than a single initial 12-lead ECG?" A) Accuracy in diagnosing an MI B) Myocardial infarction C) Serial 12-lead ECGs D) Single initial 12-lead ECG
A
Which of the following is the least likely research tradition to be used by qualitative nurse researchers? A) Experimental B) Phenomenologic C) Ethnographic D) Grounded theory
A
Which of the following is true about the notation QUAL → quan? A) The qualitative component is dominant B) The quantitative component is dominant C) The data would be collected in a single phase D) The design is an embedded design
A
Which of the following is true of both theories and conceptual models? A) They are invented or created, not discovered. B) They need to be borrowed from other disciplines for nursing studies. C) They contain a set of logically interrelated propositions. D) They are different words for exactly the same thing.
A
Which of the following terms would likely be used only by qualitative researchers, as opposed to quantitative researchers, to refer to people who participate in a study? A) Informants B) Study participants C) Subjects D) Investigators
A
In the following clinical question, what is the Outcome (O component): What is the effect of relaxation therapy versus biofeedback on the functional ability of patients with rheumatoid arthritis? A) Functional ability B) Rheumatoid arthritis C) Biofeedback D) Relaxation therapy
A
The conceptual phase of the research process involves which of the following activities? A) Formulating the problem and reviewing the related literature B) Selecting an appropriate research design for the study C) Finalizing and reviewing the research plan D) Interpreting the results of data analysis of key variables
A
The dependent (outcome) variable in the research question, "Is the quality of life of nursing home residents affected by their functional ability or hearing acuity?" is which of the following? A) Quality of life B) Functional ability C) Hearing acuity D) Residence in a nursing home
A
The dependent variable in the research question, "Is the quality of life of nursing home residents affected by their functional ability or hearing acuity?" is which of the following? A) Quality of life B) Functional ability C) Hearing acuity D) Residence in a nursing home
A
The electronic database that focuses on the nursing and allied health literature is: A) CINAHL B) EMBASE C) Web of Knowledge D) MEDLINE
A
The hypothesis, "A person's emotional status is not affected by a relocation to a nursing home" is which of the following? A) Null B) Not testable C) Directional D) Nondirectional
A
Which of the following is a non-nursing conceptual model frequently used in nursing research and can be considered a shared theory? A) Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory B) Pender's Health Promotion Model C) Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Theory D) Beck's Theory of Postpartum Depression
A
Which of the following theories are usually adopted by ethnographers in the conduction of qualitative research? Select all that apply. A) Ideational theories B) Materialistic theories C) Substantive theories D) Preexisting theories
A, B
Which of the following could involve either qualitative or quantitative data? Select all that apply. A) A secondary analysis B) An evaluation C) A methodologic study D) An ethnographic study
A, B, C
Which of the following are true statements regarding the function of hypotheses in quantitative research? Select all that apply. A) They emerge from a theory. B) They offer direction and suggest explanations for relationships. C) They prove relationships between variables. D) They facilitate the interpretation of data.
A, B, D
Which of the following is a major source of ideas for research problems? Select all that apply. A) Theories or conceptual frameworks B) Personal nursing experience C) Nursing code of ethics D) Nursing literature
A, B, D
Which of the following is true of an experimental study? Select all that apply. A) It includes an intervention or treatment. B) It is a type of qualitative research. C) It can be called a clinical trial. D) It tests causal relationships.
A, C, D
A grounded theory often has as a theoretical underpinning which of the following? A) An ideational theory B) Symbolic interactionism C) Phenomenology D) The Theory of Human Becoming
B
A hypothesis that states there is no relationship between the independent variable(s) and the dependent variable(s) is called which of the following? A) Non-directional hypothesis B) Null hypothesis C) Research hypothesis D) Simple hypothesis
B
A researcher wants to investigate the effect of patients' body position on blood pressure. The study would most likely be of which type? A) Qualitative B) Quantitative C) Either quantitative or qualitative (researcher preference) D) Insufficient information to determine
B
What is the primary purpose in documenting the literature retrieval process? A) Ensuring approval by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) B) Preventing duplication of located references C) Providing a history of useful search words D) Simplifying preparation of the reference list
B
What mechanism does the MEDLINE database use to provide consistency in information retrieval? A) Textwords B) MeSH terminology C) Boolean operators D) Scopus reviews
B
What term is used to describe accounts of research in the literature prepared by someone other than the researchers who conducted the study? A) Primary sources B) Secondary sources C) Ghost writer studies D) Literature reviews
B
Which of following study types is a systematic review used for integration of statistical quantitative research findings? A) Meta-synthesis B) Meta-analysis C) Randomized controlled trial D) Quasi-experiment
B
Which of the following is a datum from a quantitative study of the labor and delivery experiences of women over age 40? A) Length of time in labor B) 107 oz C) "I practically slept through the whole thing!" D) Vaginal versus cesarean delivery
B
Which of the following is a question that would be asked as part of the process of appraising research evidence? A) What are the P, I, and O components? B) How rigorous and reliable is the evidence? C) What type of trigger should I use? D) Is a relevant systematic review available?
B
Which of the following is an example of a systematic review? A) An RCT study published in the journal Nursing Research B) A meta-analysis from the Cochrane database C) A synopsis published in Evidence-Based Nursing D) A clinical practice guideline from the National Guideline Clearinghouse
B
An especially important goal for the nursing profession is to do which of the following? A) Conduct research to better understand the context of nursing practice B) Establish a solid base of evidence for practice through disciplined research C) Document the role nursing serves in society D) Establish research priorities
B
At what point in the research process do grounded theory qualitative researchers conduct a literature review? A) Prior to data collection B) After beginning to collect data C) At the conclusion of the study D) Prior to sample selection
B
If a researcher wanted to assess how well an evidence-based protocol for encouraging adolescent mothers to breastfeed was meeting its objectives, the research would be which of the following? A) Survey B) Evaluation C) Methodologic research D) Secondary analysis
B
In an electronic literature search, the searcher does not necessarily have to know the database's subject headings for retrieving information on a topic because of the capability known as which of the following? A) Searching B) Mapping C) Restricting focus D) Copyin
B
In qualitative research, saturation indicates which of the following? A) There are too many subjects B) Themes in the data are repeating C) Too many variables are included in a study D) The quality of the data is excellent
B
In the following CINAHL citation, to what does the "6" refer? Nursing Research 2012 Nov/Dec; 61(6): 405-411. A) Journal volume B) Journal issue in a given year C) Month of issue D) A page number
B
Most evidence hierarchies put which of the following at the pinnacle? A) Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) B) Systematic reviews of multiple studies C) Quality improvement projects D) It depends on the research question
B
Nursing theories that are more restricted in their generality and set out to explain a smaller focus of the human experience are known as which of the following? A) Grand theories B) Middle-range theories C) Classical theories D) Propositions
B
Process analysis is the best choice for research when the researcher would like to do which of the following? A) Assess a clinical intervention B) Describe program implementation C) Identify a net impact D) Weigh a program's benefits against its monetary costs
B
Stages of change is a construct that was developed within which of the following? A) The Health Belief Model B) The Transtheoretical Model C) Health as Expanding Consciousness Model D) The Theory of Planned Behavior
B
The Health Promotion Model would best be described as which of the following? A) Descriptive theory B) Borrowed theory C) Grounded theory D) Middle-range theory
B
The aggregate of those to whom a researcher wishes to generalize study results is which of the following? A) Gatekeepers B) Population C) Sample D) Sampling plan
B
The belief that a child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder will learn appropriate behaviors from continued positive reinforcement of acceptable behavior patterns can generate a research hypothesis. This generalization of the relationship between phenomena is known as which of the following? A) Null Hypothesis B) Theory C) Model D) Framework
B
The hypothesis, "Women who live in rural areas are unlikely to practice breast self-examination" is which of the following? A) Null B) Not testable C) Directional D) Nondirectional
B
The major difference between quantitative and qualitative research is that qualitative research seeks to find answers based on which of the following? A) Solid factual data B) Experiences or descriptions C) Etiology D) Systematic process
B
The use of mixed methods research is best characterized by which of the following? A) Decreasing B) Increasing C) Confusing D) Being called into question
B
If a researcher used U.S. census data to examine the relationship between women's employment and childbearing, this would be an example of which of the following? A) A survey B) An outcomes study C) A secondary analysis D) A methodological study
C
If the problem statement from a proposed research study indicates the need to generate a theory relating to social processes (e.g., how persons within a social group interact with one another), the study design will most likely be which of the following? A) Quantitative study B) Ethnography C) Grounded theory D) Phenomenology
C
In a research report, the statement of purpose is normally found where? A) In the abstract B) In the first paragraph of the report C) At the end of the introduction D) At the beginning of the method section
C
In conducting a subject search in an electronic database, you would most likely initiate the search by typing in which of the following? A) An author's name B) Restrictions to the search C) A topic or keyword D) An ancestor or descendant
C
In qualitative research, theory is which of the following? A) A method to test hypotheses B) A tool to direct the research project C) A product of the research D) A way to test relationships between two different groups
C
In quantitative studies a basic distinction is between which of the following? A) Grounded theory and phenomenological research B) Empirical and nonempirical research C) Experimental and nonexperimental research D) Population-based and sample-based research
C
In quantitative studies, the most basic distinction is between which of the following? A) Grounded theory and phenomenological research B) Empirical and nonempirical research C) Experimental and nonexperimental research D) Population-based and sample-based research
C
A research hypothesis indicates the expected relationship between which of the following? A) The functional and causal nature of the variables B) The statement of purpose and the research questions C) The independent variable and the dependent variable D) Statistical testing and the null hypothesis
C
In the following clinical question, what is the Intervention/influence/exposure (I component): Does taking antidepressants affect the risk of suicide in cognitively impaired adolescents? A) Adolescence B) Suicide C) Antidepressant use D) Cognitive impairment
C
Lazarus and Folkman's Theory of Stress and Coping has been used in nursing research to correlate the relationship between stress and anxiety in primary caregivers of patients with dementia. This is an example of which of the following? A) Conceptual model B) Framework C) Shared theory D) Grounded theory
C
Nested sampling is a preferred sampling technique used by many researchers for which of the following reasons? A) It reduces costs related to recruiting participants. B) It decreases the risk for bias. C) Using overlapping samples can be advantageous. D) Only one group of people has to be recruited for both qualitative and quantitative strands.
C
Non-research-based evidence includes which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Unit culture B) Nurse's experience C) Qualitative studies D) Trial and error
C
The hypothesis, "Women who jog regularly are more likely than those who do not to have amenorrhea" is which of the following? A) Null B) Not testable C) Directional D) Nondirectional
C
The independent variable in the research question, "What is the effect of noise levels on postoperative pain and blood pressure fluctuations in ICU patients?" is which of the following? A) Blood pressure B) ICU patients C) Noise levels D) Postoperative pain
C
The independent variable in the research question, "What is the effect of noise levels on postoperative pain in ICU patients?" is which of the following? A) Surgery B) ICU patients C) Noise levels D) Postoperative pain
C
The integration of qualitative and quantitative approaches in a single study constitutes a form of which of the following? A) Hypothesis testing B) Theory generation C) Triangulation D) Methodologic research
C
The nurse-theorist Roy developed which of the following? A) Uncertainty in Illness Model B) Health Promotion Model C) Adaptation Model D) Theory of Stress and Coping
C
The phase of a clinical trial that typically uses a full experimental design is which of the following? A) Phase I B) Phase II C) Phase III D) Phase IV
C
The purpose of ethnographic research is to do which of the following? A) Study situations to aid in theory development B) Describe experiences as they are lived C) Observe and document interactions within a culture D) Examine events of the past
C
The research tradition that focuses on understanding phenomena within a cultural context is which of the following? A) Experimental B) Phenomenologic C) Ethnographic D) Grounded theory
C
What term is given to unique symbols that expand search results and allow for a simultaneous search of numerous words of the same root within an electronic database? A) Textword search B) Keywords C) Wildcard characters D) Expanders
C
What type of study would address the following question: What barriers did the nursing staff face in implementing the fall prevention program? A) Impact analysis B) Outcomes study C) Process analysis D) Economic analysis
C
When doing a computerized search for quantitative studies on a topic, which of the following statements is most accurate? A) The best place to begin is to use a search engine such as Yahoo or Google B) The primary keyword to use in the search typically would be the population C) The keywords to start the search typically would be the independent and dependent variables D) The specific subject headings used in each bibliographic database would have to be learned
C
When little is known about a phenomenon or the phenomenon is not clearly identified, the best type of research suited to uncover this is which of the following? A) Exploration B) Description C) Identification D) Prediction
C
Which of the following activities is part of an organizational—but not an individual—EBP endeavor? A) Asking a good question/identifying a problem B) Searching for evidence C) Assessing implementation potential D) Synthesizing and appraising evidence
C
Which of the following can be used to critically appraise clinical practice guidelines? A) A systematic review from the Cochrane Collaboration B) The Iowa model C) The AGREE instrument D) An evidence hierarchy
C
Which of the following groups would be best served by the development of a scientific base for nursing practice? A) Nursing administrators B) Practicing nurses C) Nurses' clients D) Health care policymakers
C
Which of the following is a datum from a qualitative research study on the labor and delivery experiences of women over age 40? A) 14.6 hours in labor B) 60-minute interviews one day after delivery C) "It was a nightmare—much more painful than I ever imagined." D) 15 women with a vaginal delivery
C
Which of the following is a fundamental belief of those who hold to the constructivist paradigm? A) A fixed reality exists in nature for humans to understand B) The nature of reality has changed over time C) Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans D) Reality cannot be studied empirically
C
Asking a clinical question is the first step in evidence-based practice. What are the four components of a PICO clinical question? A) Population, implication, comparison, outcome B) Population, intervention, clinical, outcome C) Population, intervention, comparison, outcome D) Population, implication, clinical, outcome
C
Empiricism refers to which of the following? A) Making generalizations from specific observations B) Articulating a study purpose in terms of an appropriate classification system C) Gathering evidence about real-world phenomena through the senses D) Verifying the assumptions on which the study was based
C
Evaluation research looks at the effectiveness of a program, policy, or procedure to impact decision-making. Which of the following lists the three analysis components of an evaluation? A) Process, Impact, and Outcome analyses B) Structure, Impact, and Outcome analyses C) Impact, Process, and Economic analyses D) Process, Efficacy, and Economic analyses
C
Every study has which of the following? A) Theory B) Schematic model C) Framework D) Conceptual model
C
Evidenced-based nursing primarily uses which of the following to answer clinical questions? A) Consulting an authority B) Using intuition C) Obtaining the newest research D) Relying on experience
C
A researcher wants to explore the process by which men make decisions about treatment for prostate cancer. The researcher's paradigm is most likely which of the following? A) Positivism B) Determinism C) Empiricism D) Constructivism
D
When nurses rely primarily on tradition, they are most likely to do which of the following? A) Produce a precise range of answers B) Increase new knowledge C) Maintain an unbiased perspective D) Undermine effective problem solving
D
Which following level of evidence includes systematic reviews of multiple studies? A) Level IV B) Level III C) Level II D) Level I
D
Which of the following attributes is least characteristic of the traditional scientific method? A) Control over external factors B) Systematic measurement and observation of natural phenomena C) Testing of hunches deduced from theory or prior research D) Emphasis on a holistic view of a phenomenon, studied in a rich context
D
Which of the following is a hallmark of the scientific method? A) Rigorous B) Holistic C) Systematic D) Flexible
D
In a statement of purpose, the researcher often communicates information beyond the substantive content through which of the following? A) The specification of the population to be studied B) The operational definition of the research variables C) The prediction of anticipated relationships among variables D) The choice of verbs that suggest the state of knowledge on the topic or the approach to be used
D
Select the best description for the following: "Is there a relationship between elective labor induction and an unintended cesarean delivery?" A) It is a directional hypothesis B) It is a directional research question C) It is a non-directional hypothesis D) It is a non-directional research question
D
Visual representation of the relationships among phenomena used in both quantitative and qualitative research is known as which of the following? A) Descriptive theory B) Framework C) Shared theory D) Conceptual map
D
What is the most important type of information that should be included in a literature review? A) Clinical anecdotes B) Opinion articles C) Case reports from applicable clinical settings D) Findings from prior studies
D
"Does maternal stress during the first trimester of a pregnancy affect the infant's birth weight?" is which of the following? A) A research question B) A portion of a problem statement C) A statement of purpose D) A hypothesis
A
"Male" is which of the following? A) Not a variable B) An independent variable C) A dependent variable D) An outcome variable
A
A narrative integrated review of qualitative studies focuses on interpretation of the studies. Which of the following study types would be considered an systematic integrated review of qualitative studies? A) Meta-synthesis B) Meta-analysis C) Randomized controlled trial D) Quasi-experiment
A
A nurse researcher gathered data from a national sample of nurses regarding fatigue and burnout by means of an Internet questionnaire. This is an example of which of the following? A) A survey B) An evaluation C) A case study D) A secondary analysis
A
A phase III clinical trial most closely resembles which of the following in terms of objectives and design? A) An impact analysis B) An economic analysis C) A process analysis D) A secondary analysis
A
A researcher wants to explore the ways in which gender issues are evident in the day-to-day interactions between male and female nurses and their patients in an acute-care inpatient unit. The purpose statement of her research study indicates that she wants to study whether and how gender issues influence the culture and behaviors of nurses as they interact with patients. Of the following, which type of study design would be most appropriate to use? A) Qualitative ethnography B) Qualitative phenomenology C) Quantitative descriptive D) Quantitative Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
A
A researcher's expectations about the relationships between variables in a quantitative study are generally formulated as which of the following? A) Hypotheses B) Frameworks C) Research questions D) Conceptual definitions
A
An issue that is distinctive in nursing intervention research is which of the following? A) The development of an intervention theory B) The generation of data amenable for use in secondary analyses C) The inclusion of a methodological research component D) The use of a structure/process/outcomes framework
A
For which of the following pairs of variables is there most likely to be a relationship that could be described as causal? A) Degree of physical activity and heart rate B) Stress and coping style C) Age and health beliefs D) Gender and depression
A
Gaining entrée in a qualitative project usually requires negotiation with one or more of which of the following? A) Gatekeeper B) Researcher C) Informant D) Consultant
A
Identify the type of research that often fails to formally acknowledge the conceptual underpinnings or framework of the study since it is not necessarily part of the research tradition. A) Quantitative research B) Qualitative research C) Pilot study D) Mixed method research
A
In which of the following clinical questions is fatigue the "I" component? A) Does fatigue affect agitation in cognitively impaired elders? B) Does a physical activity intervention affect fatigue in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation? C) What is the meaning of fatigue among patients with sleep apnea? D) Does the level of depression of patients suffering from chronic fatigue improve by participating in an exercise intervention?
A
Putting evidence into practice is in which phase of the quantitative research process? A) Dissemination B) Analytic C) Empirical D) Conceptual
A
Select the best description for the following: "Children who watch an average of 2 or more hours of television per day will have higher BMIs than children who watch less than 2 hours of TV per day." A) It is a directional hypothesis B) It is a directional research question C) It is a non-directional hypothesis D) It is a non-directional research question
A
Sequencing and prioritization are important when reporting research. Which of the following is the correct notation for a convergent parallel design study?. A) QUAL + QUAN B) QUAL → QUAN C) QUAL(quan) D) QUAN → qual
A
The Iowa Model identifies several knowledge-focused triggers for implementing an EBP project. Which following statement is considered a knowledge-focused trigger in the Iowa Model? A) A report in the New England Journal of Medicine regarding a potential flu epidemic B) Readmission rate of heart failure patients C) Poor patient survey results D) Increase in pediatric falls
A
The classic scientific method has its intellectual roots in which of the following? A) Positivism B) Determinism C) Constructivism D) Empiricism
A
The nurse-theorist Mishel developed which of the following? A) Uncertainty in Illness Theory B) Health Promotion Model C) Adaptation Model D) Transtheoretical Model
A
Theories are created and invented as opposed to being discovered. Theories are built inductively from which of the following? A) Observations B) Correlations C) Research questions D) Research problems
A
What is the first step in writing a review of literature? A) Determine the question to be addressed B) Select the bibliographic database to use C) Specify the medical subject headings to use D) Conduct an Internet search engine search
A
What is the primary purpose of the review of literature in a research report? A) Reporting on the state of the current evidence about the problem under study B) Demonstrating the research capabilities of the authors C) Focusing on the gaps in research related to the problem under study D) Making recommendations about future study designs
A
What is the primary question that should be addressed when evaluating published research reports in a literature review? A) To what extent do the findings reflect the truth (the true state of affairs)? B) Have the authors conducted an adequate literature review in their research report? C) Did the authors cite appropriately from the previously published literature related to the problem under study? D) Was the research question appropriate considering the available evidence at the time of the study?
A
Which electronic database would you first use to access nursing and allied health literature? A) CINAHL B) MeSH C) Google D) MEDLINE
A
Which of the following is a descriptive question that a qualitative researcher most likely would ask? A) What is the nature of this phenomenon? B) What is the average intensity of this phenomenon? C) How frequently does this phenomenon occur? D) What is the average duration of this phenomenon?
A
Which of the following is a fundamental belief of those who hold to the positivist paradigm? A) The researcher is objective and independent of those being studied B) The researcher cannot interact with those being studied C) The researcher instructs those being studied to be objective in providing information D) The distance between the researcher and those being researched is minimized to enhance the interactive process
A
Which of the following most accurately describes the triangulation design in mixed methods research? A) A design that uses multiple approaches in a research study to offset limitations with strengths B) A design that features a dominant component and a supportive component with concurrent data collection C) A sequential design in which quantitative data are collected in the first phase and qualitative in the second phase D) A sequential design in which qualitative data are collected in the first phase and quantitative in the second phase
A
Which of the following statements of purpose is most likely to be from a qualitative study? A) Explore lived experiences of refugee women and children from Afghanistan living in the United States B) Investigate the effectiveness of music therapy for decreasing pain in post-operative adolescents C) Compare the effectiveness of effleurage to therapeutic touch in decreasing maternal anxiety during an un-medicated vaginal birth D) Evaluate the relationship between insurance status and number of emergency department (ED) visits
A
Which of the following terms is used by both qualitative and quantitative researchers to refer to the abstractions under study? A) Concept B) Theory C) Phenomenon D) Variable
A
Which verbiage is most likely found in a well-written research review? A) "The hypothesis in this study was supported by the research findings." B) "Results from this study proved that nursing actions were instrumental to improved patient outcomes." C) "All of these studies verify that levels of understanding cannot be changed easily." D) "It is clear that the presence of nurses improves the health status of patients in the clinical setting."
A
Which of the following concepts are central to nursing models? Select all that apply. A) Human beings B) Environment C) Health D) Nutrition
A, B, C
26. Which of the following are characteristic of methodologic research? Select all that apply. A) Methodologic research addresses the development, validation, and evaluation of research tools or methods. B) Methodologic research focuses on development of new instruments. C) Methodologic research has piqued the interest of nurse researchers. D) Methodologic research obtains quantitative information about the prevalence, distribution, and interrelations of variables within a population.
A, B, C
Conceptual models of nursing are used by nurse researchers as an inspiration in formulating research questions and directing research hypotheses. Some of the concepts that form these models include which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Health promotion B) Unified whole C) Adaptation D) Self-efficacy
A, B, C
Which of the following are overall objectives of the use of theories in research? Select all that apply. A) To provide a mechanism for deducing hypotheses B) To stimulate new research C) To explain relationships among phenomena D) To determine the research design and methods of data collection
A, B, C
Which of the following components are usually included in a well-structured problem statement for nursing research? Select all that apply. A) Knowledge gap (what information do we currently know and what is lacking?) B) Problem identification (what is the overall problem? What is not working in the current situation?) C) Proposed solution (how will information gained from the proposed study contribute to the solution of this problem?) D) Sustainability (how long will we be able to sustain any changes made to the current status quo?)
A, B, C
Which of the following statements made by a new nurse researcher indicate that he correctly understands the purpose of using statistical analysis in quantitative research? Select all that apply. A) "Statistical analysis allows the formal testing of hypotheses." B) "Statistical analysis might lead a researcher to reject a hypothesis." C) "Statistical analysis provides proof of the relationships between variables." D) "Statistical analysis supports inferences that a hypothesis is most likely correct (or most likely not correct)."
A, B, D
Identify the independent variable(s) from the following research question: "What is the effect of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on liver function in female adolescents with hepatitis?" Select all that apply. A) acetaminophen B) female adolescents with hepatitis C) ibuprofen D) liver function
A, C
27. Which of the following are true of the mixed methods research design? Select all that apply. A) Qualitative and quantitative methods are complementary and avoid limitations of a single approach to research. B) A mix of qualitative and quantitative research should be used in all research studies. C) Complexity of the subject may require the use of both paradigms to ensure rigorous research. D) Triangulation allows the researcher to the alternative interpretations of the data which help shape the result.
A, C, D
Constructivist qualitative research typically does which of the following? A) Involves deductive processes B) Attempts to control the research context to better understand the phenomenon being studied C) Involves gathering narrative, subjective materials D) Focuses on numeric information
A, C, D
Which of the following are central concepts in conceptual models of nursing? Select all that apply. A) Human beings B) Social support C) Health D) Environment
A, C, D
The five stages of change of the Transtheoretical Model include which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Precontemplation B) Action C) Evaluation D) Maintenance
A. B, D
The purpose of an operational definition in a quantitative study is to do which of the following? A) Assign numeric values to variables B) Specify how a variable will be measured C) State the expected relationship between the variables under investigation D) Designate the conceptual underpinnings of a variable
B
The purpose of an operational definition in a quantitative study is to do which of the following? A) Assign numeric values to variables B) Specify how a variable will be measured C) State the expected relationship between the variables under investigation D) Designate the conceptual underpinnings of the variable
B
The research question, "What is the decision-making process among intensive care unit nurses who decide to discuss spiritual issues with patients?" is which of the following? A) Most likely to be addressed using a quantitative approach B) Most likely to be addressed using a qualitative approach C) Not researchable D) Not appropriately worded
B
The research tradition that is an approach to understanding people's experiences as they are lived is which of the following? A) Experimental B) Phenomenologic C) Ethnographic D) Grounded theory
B
The type of research designed to document the effectiveness of health care and nursing services in a broad sense is called which of the following? A) A process analysis B) Outcomes research C) An impact analysis D) Methodological research
B
The use of both of qualitative and quantitative data in a study or cluster of studies serves the important purpose of which of the following? A) Providing researchers with different skills an opportunity to collaborate B) Enhancing the study's validity C) Allowing participants to select an unstructured or structured method of responding D) Enhancing the likelihood that the study will be published
B
Which of the following is the best resource to use when beginning the search for evidence necessary for an individual EBP project? A) Hayat, M. (2010). Understanding statistical significance. Nursing Research, 59(3), 219-223. B) Durbin, C. R., Fish, A. F., Bachman, J. A., & Smith, K. V. (2010). Systematic review of education intervention for improving advanced directive completion. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42, 234-241. C) Polit, D. R., & Beck, C. T. (2014). Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer| Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. D) Aggarwal, B., Liao, M., & Mosca, L. (2010). Predictors of physical activity at 1 year in a randomized controlled trial of family members of patients with cardiovascular disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 29(6), 444-449.
B
Which of the following limits the capacity of the scientific method to answer questions about humans? A) The necessity of departing from traditional beliefs B) The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human traits C) The lack of funding for research D) The shortage of theories about human behavior
B
Which of the following statements is true? A) The MEDLINE database can only be accessed through subscriptions with a commercial vendor B) PubMed provides access to MEDLINE free of charge C) PubMed does not allow users to find "related citations" for a previously identified record in MEDLINE D) A search in MEDLINE and CINAHL for a given keyword would yield identical results
B
Which of the following statements of purpose is least likely to demonstrate a bias on the part of the researcher? A) Demonstrate B) Compare C) Prove D) Show
B
Which of the following statements, if used in a hypothesis, is not readily testable by empirical means? A) Less than B) Meaning of C) More than D) Related to
B
"This study aimed to explore the meaning of the experience of living with a colostomy" is which of the following? A) A research question B) A portion of a problem statement C) A statement of purpose D) A hypothesis
C
A nurse in the United States is scheduled to care for a child with an ostomy. Which of the following resource would best assist the nurse with specific guidelines for evidence-based decision making for this patient? A) MEDLINE B) TRIP C) www.guidelines.gov D) www.rnao.org/bestpractices
C
A researcher conceptualizes pain as "the subject's statement of intensity of pain." What operational definition is consistent with this conceptualization? A) Measurement of subject's pulse and blood pressure B) Nurse's observation of subject's pain behavior C) Subject's score on self-reported pain rating scale D) Frequency of subject's use of pain medication
C
A researcher includes a statement of purpose that indicates that the goal of the study is to understand the lived experiences of family members caring for a terminally ill child with cancer. What type of research design would most likely be used? A) Ethnography B) Grounded theory C) Phenomenology D) Quasi-experimental
C
A set of logically interrelated propositions is associated with which of the following? A) Schematic model B) Conceptual model C) Classical theory D) Descriptive theory
C
In a qualitative study, the people cooperating in the study are called which of the following? A) Subjects B) Investigators C) Researchers D) Informants
D
Research utilization is a process that begins with which of the following? A) A clinical problem that needs to be solved B) A problem-focused trigger C) A knowledge-focused trigger or research finding D) A well-worded clinical question
C
Self efficacy is a widely-used construct that was originally developed within which of the following? A) The Health Belief Model B) The Health Promotion Model C) Social Cognitive Theory D) The Uncertainty in Illness Theory
C
Suppose a nurse researcher were interested in learning whether a self-administered health history questionnaire yielded data of comparable quality to a personal interview health history. The researcher would be doing which of the following? A) Secondary analysis B) Clinical trial C) Methodologic study D) Survey
C
The Iowa Model identifies problem-focused triggers for implementing an EBP project. Which of the following is a problem-focused trigger in the Iowa Model? A) A finding published recently in a nursing journal B) A new clinical guideline issued by a federal agency C) An increase in latex allergy among emergency room nurses D) Questions from hospital committee
C
The Theory of Stress and Coping is an example of which of the following? A) A nursing model B) A grand theory C) A borrowed theory D) A grounded theory
C
The best-known early research utilization (RU) project sought to bridge the gap between research and practice. Which following is the name of that well-known project? A) Cochrane Collaboration B) Stetler Model of Research Utilization C) Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) Project D) Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services
C
The building blocks of theory are which of the following? A) Frameworks B) Relationships C) Concepts D) Hypotheses
C
The connection of phenomena through a loosely structured approach not directly linking them in a logically deductive manner is which of the following? A) Middle range theory B) Theoretical framework C) Conceptual model D) Research question
C
Which of the following is the key factor for determining the design and method a researcher will use? A) The researchers' preference B) The financial resources available C) The research question D) Sample size
C
Which of the following is true about the notation QUAL + QUAN? A) The qualitative component is dominant B) The quantitative component is dominant C) The data would be collected in a single phase D) The design is an embedded design
C
Which of the following statements most accurately describes methodologic research? A) A distinctive process of planning, developing, testing, and disseminating interventions. B) Systematic analysis of data from a previous study to gain new knowledge of a given phenomena C) Investigation of new instrument development necessitated by the need for reliable outcome measures D) Research that obtains quantitative information about the prevalence, distribution, and interrelations of variables within a population
C
Which of the following would be a primary source for a research literature review? A) A meta-analysis appearing in the Cochrane Reviews B) A metasynthesis published in the journal Qualitative Health Research C) An experimental study published in the journal Research in Nursing & Health D) A systematic review published in the journal Nursing Research
C
Which of the following would be most likely called a construct? A) Gender B) Body temperature C) Self-care D) Blood type
C
Which search strategy selects an important early study and locates subsequent citations in the literature? A) Ancestry approach B) Database search C) Descendancy approach D) Footnote chasing
C
Which statement accurately reflects a characteristic of a well-written literature review? A) Only a few key reports by the same author should be included if that author has published extensively on the topic under study. B) The review should primarily contain reports supportive of your general hypothesis about the problem under study. C) The review should include reports that both support and contradict your own ideas. D) The review should clearly identify points that have been proven by previous research.
C
Nursing has experienced constant change over the past decades as a result of increased research. When determining best practices, nursing decisions should do which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Be based on tradition B) Include holistic approaches C) Be clinically appropriate D) Be cost effective
C, D
25. Nursing intervention research involves phases for complex interventions. Which of the following indicates the correct order of these phases? A) Effectiveness research, basic developmental research, pilot research, efficacy research B) Basic developmental research, effectiveness research, pilot research, efficacy research C) Pilot research, effectiveness research, basic developmental research, efficacy research D) Basic developmental research, pilot research, efficacy research, effectiveness research
D
A nurse is observing how the time of feeding impacts an inpatient's gastric reflux. In which of the following steps of the EBP process would the nurse determine whether a specific feeding time alleviated the patient's gastric reflux symptoms? A) Searching for and collecting evidence that addresses the question B) Appraising and synthesizing the evidence C) Integrating the evidence with own clinical expertise, patient preferences, and local context D) Assessing the effectiveness of the decision, intervention, or advice
D
A research nurse understands that evidenced-based practice in nursing does which of the following? A) Relies on tradition B) Consults recognized authorities C) Depends primarily on textbooks D) Is based on the latest research
D
After an institutional project has been developed, the next step is to conduct a pilot study (a trial study). Based on the Iowa Model, which step would identify the success or failure of a pilot study? A) Developing an evaluation plan B) Measuring client outcomes prior to implementation C) Training relevant staff in the use of the new guideline D) Evaluating the project in terms of both the process and the outcomes
D
An effectiveness study is associated with which phase of a clinical trial? A) Phase I B) Phase II C) Phase III D) Phase IV
D
As a nurse, you must understand the difference between research utilization and evidence-based nursing practice. Which of the following best defines evidence-based practice? A) Begins with research itself, clinical expertise, and patient preference B) Uses new evidence and translates research findings into real-world applications C) Uses findings from disciplined research in practical application unrelated to original research D) Integrates best research evidence, with clinical expertise, patient preference, and a particular clinical situation
D
At what point does a qualitative researcher typically make a lot of decisions about data collection and sampling? A) While reviewing the literature B) During the development of a research report C) While the study is in progress in the field D) After developing an intervention protocol
D
Consumers of research do which of the following? A) Design studies B) Undertake studies C) Produce research D) Read research
D
Identifying patterns, regularities, and irregularities in the published literature about the problem under study when constructing a literature review is a process called which of the following? A) Structuring B) Sorting C) Content organizing D) Thematic analysis
D
In the following clinical question, what is the Comparison (C component): Does chronic stress affect inflammatory responses in older men with atherosclerotic disease? A) Chronic stress B) Inflammatory response C) Atherosclerotic disease D) There is no "C" component
D
In the following clinical question, what is the Population (P component): Do stress and depression affect dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A) Patients who are stressed B) Patients who are depressed C) Patients who experience dyspnea D) Patients with COPD
D
In the question, "Do Baccalaureate degree-prepared nurses practice more rehabilitative nursing procedures on a client in an ICU than associate degree-prepared nurses?" the independent variable is which of the following? A) Associate degree-prepared nurses B) Baccalaureate degree-prepared nurses C) Rehabilitative nursing measures D) Type of educational background of nurse
D
Research design in qualitative studies is often described as: A) Experimental B) Narrative C) Interpretive D) Emergent
D
Research on the recovery process of young adults following post-traumatic amputation of a lower extremity would best be furthered by using which of the following conceptual models of nursing? A) Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory B) Prochaska's Transtheoretical Model C) Becker's Health Belief Model D) Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model
D
Some EBP models recommend a formal assessment of organizational "fit," known as implementation potential, when an organization is considering undertaking an EBP project. Which following issue is of particular importance to address to determine the implementation potential of the EBP project for the organization? A) Effectiveness of the innovation B) Nurses' attitude toward the innovation C) Patient benefit of the innovation D) Transferability of the innovation
D
The nurse-theorist Pender developed which of the following? A) Adaptation Model B) Social Cognitive Theory C) Health Belief Model D) Health Promotion Model
D
The overall plan for answering a research question—the architectural backbone of a study—is called which of the following? A) Sampling plan B) Proposal C) Hypothesis D) Research design
D
The power of theories lies in their ability to do which of the following? A) Explain large segments of human experience B) Minimize the number of words required to explain phenomena and, thereby, eliminate semantic problems C) Prove conclusively that relationships exist among the phenomena studied D) Articulate the nature of relationships among phenomena
D
Which of the following is an appropriately worded sentence for a research review? A) Five recent studies have proved that men are less well able to cope with the loss of a spouse than women. B) The HIV-epidemic has been the cause of considerable anxiety in the gay community. C) Nurses and physicians struggle with the decision about whether to work in environments where abortion services are offered. D) Research has consistently found that infant's sleeping position is related to the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.
D
Which of the following is an important characteristic of a high-quality literature review? A) Restricted to articles written in nursing journals B) Restricted to recent studies C) Full of opinions D) Reproducible, with justifiable decision rules
D
Which of the following models was explicitly developed with the idea that individual nurses could engage in RU-type activities? A) Iowa Model B) Johns Hopkins Model C) Cochrane Model D) Stetler Model
D
Which of the following research focuses is qualitative? A) Weekend and night outcomes of patients admitted to a specific hospital system's trauma departments B) Trends in hospitalizations of patients with antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis C) Predicting risks for serious complications with abdominal surgery D) Needs of nursing students living with chronic illness
D
Which of the following statements is true? A) The CINAHL database includes only journals B) The CINAHL database includes about 15 million records C) The CINAHL database uses the controlled vocabulary called MeSH to index entries D) Subject headings in CINAHL include substantive and methodologic topics
D
Which of the following would be most strongly associated with cause-probing research? A) Identification B) Description C) Exploration D) Explanation
D
You have identified 66 potential references through electronic database searches for your review of literature. Which action in the screening process would be the most appropriate next step in identifying the most useful articles? A) Comparing databases for duplicate-referenced reports B) Evaluating the heading terms C) Reading each article in detail D) Reviewing the abstracts
D
