Healthcare Statistics Final

Which of the following refers to data that is unranked and ungrouped?

Raw

"N" denotes which of the following?

Sample size

Fetal deaths are classified by the number of weeks gestation counted from the last menstrual period (LMP) and classified as early, intermediate, and late fetal deaths.

True

Fetal deaths are never included in hospital mortality rates, except separate fetal death rates.

True

Grouping data has been facilitated with the aid of high-speed computers and data is easily sorted by many software packages including Excel.

True

In computing hospital OB statistics, primarily only direct maternal deaths are included.

True

Inpatient deaths are deaths occurring during a patient's hospitalization as an inpatient, prior to discharge.

True

Measures of dispersion (variation) include the range, variance, and standard deviation.

True

Measures of fertility are helpful in designing programs related to maternal and child health services.

True

Most death rates combine newborn and adults, and children data.

True

Neonates are classified using the ACOG classification system.

True

Net death rates exclude deaths occurring less than 48 hours after admission.

True

Percentile rank (r) = divide the number of values less than r by N x 100.

True

Percentiles (centiles, deciles, quartiles) divide a distribution into 100 equal segments.

True

Postoperative death rates include only deaths less than ten days postoperative.

True

Skewed distributions affect measures of central tendency, moving the mean in the direction of the skewness and moving the median between the mean and mode.

True

Standard deviation is the square root of the variance.

True

Tables should include a title, headings, data in data cells, and any additional information needed such as a footnote, units of measure, totals, and possibly a table number.

True

The acronym VBAC stands for vaginal birth after C-section.

True

The arithmetic mean is the most commonly used measure of central tendency.

True

The empirical rule applies to a normal, bell-shaped curve (distribution) and indicates the percent of scores that lie within each standard deviation from the mean; within + or - 1 SD = 68%; + or - 2 SDs = 95%; + or - 3 SDs = 99.7%.

True

The mode is the most frequently occurring score.

True

The net death rate is also referred to as the institutional death rate.

True

The percentile score represents the score that one has to attain to reach a specific percentile.

True

The terms dispersion, spread, and variation have the same meaning.

True

The use of vaccinations has helped control and decrease the spread of disease.

True

The values of the variance and standard deviation are never negative.

True

Undelivered refers to a pregnancy-related admission in which the mother did not give birth during the admission.

True

Variance and standard deviation can be calculated from either ungrouped or grouped data.

True

When determining class limits, any convenient number equal to or less than the smallest value in the data set can be used to set the lower limit for the first class.

True

Whenever the term "gross" is used statistically, it represents an amount before anything is subtracted.

True

Most charts and graphs use rectangular coordinates that have two lines, called ____, that intersect at a right angle.

axes

Which type of chart is best to represent categorical data?

bar charts

Which type of research focuses on developing a theory and tends to answer the question, "why."

basic

The graphic below represents a ____ curve where the mean, median, and mode are the same.

bell-shaped

The graphic below represents a ____ curve.

bimodal

The ____ rate is defined as the number of deaths assigned to a given cause in a certain period, with the quotient being multiplied by 100.

case fatality

The ____ hypothesis states there is no difference between the two variables being compared.

null

A hospice patient receiving care at home, and considered an outpatient, and who expires at home is an____ death.

outpatient

A patient who dies in the ER/ED is classified as a(n) ____ death.

outpatient

The ____ is useful for comparing the relative contribution of the series data in each of the categorical variables.

percent stack bar

The ____ period is the period surrounding birth.

perinatal

The ____ is defined as the number of fetal deaths (intermediate and late) plus neonatal deaths (under 28 days of age) divided by the number of live births plus fetal deaths, with the quotient multiplied by 1,000.

perinatal mortality rate

With regard to morbidity, ____ is defined as the number of existing cases (including those newly diagnosed) of a disease in a given population.

prevalence

The ____ research process approach uses descriptions rather than numerical data.

qualitative

The ____ research process approach uses numerical data for statistical analysis.

quantitative

When working with quantitative data, the difference between the highest value and the lowest value is the ____.

range

The term "____" is best defined as "relative status in a group."

rank

A ___ study reviews information already collected; they look back in time.

retrospective

The case fatality rate is an indicator of the ____ of a disease.

seriuosness

The ____ level is the criterion used for rejecting the null hypothesis.

significance

Curves that have scores concentrated at either the high or low end of the curve are called ____ curves.

skewed

The symbol Σ represents:

sum

Which of the following applies when designing a frequency distribution?

All of the above

Which of the following are typically included on a fetal death certificate?

All of the above

Which of the following deaths are not routinely included in death rates?

All of the above

Which of the following is typically included on a death certificate?

All of the above

The mean is the middle score in a data set, when scores are arranged in order of magnitude.

False

The official birth certificate is placed in the mother's medical record and a copy is filed with the state registrar.

False

The range is the difference between the midpoint and the largest value.

False

When presenting research, the use of tables, charts, and graphs should be avoided.

False

Which of the following is a limitation of percentile scores?

Percentile scores are not equally divided up and down the percentile scale.

Which type of chart is best for representing the proportional or percentage contribution of each variable to the whole data category being presented?

Pie chart

The graphic below represents a ____ curve.

multimodal

If twenty-three patients were discharged on April 7 and four were deaths, how many patients were discharged alive?

19

Surgical death rates identify deaths that occur within ____ days of an operation.

10

Percentiles divide the distribution into ____ part(s).

100

When computing the infant mortality rate, include deaths of person's age zero to ____.

12 months

The general fertility rate formula includes females aged ____ in the denominator.

15-44

Eighteen people sign up to participate in a 5K race and their completion time in minutes is as follows:

18

The term premature birth applies to a newborn with a birth weight of less than ____ grams.

2,500

A newborn is referred to as a neonate up to ____ days of age.

28

When computing the neonatal mortality rate, include deaths of neonate's age zero to ____.

28 days

____ is the period before giving birth and ____ is the period after giving birth.

Antepartum; postpartum

Which of the following is not a common component of a table?

Author

Postpartum refers to the period before childbirth.

False

Which term best defines the midpoint of the upper limit of one class and the lower limit of the next class?

Class boundary

____ research involves studying the relationship between factors or variables to determine whether a relationship exists between the factors studied.

Correlational

Which of the following is a spreadsheet software program that can be used for making charts?

Excel

Another name for causal research is ____ research.

Experimental

A frequency distribution table may include only some scores in a distribution and each score can fall into more than one class interval.

False

A live born is considered an infant until one year and 18 months.

False

A weighted mean is used if certain components are less significant than others.

False

Because net deaths exclude deaths under 48 hours in the numerator, they must also be included in the denominator.

False

Death rates should be carried to one decimal place.

False

____ of disease is the number of new cases of a disease per unit of time.

Incidence

Which type of chart is best for showing patterns or trends of quantitative data over some variable, usually time?

Line graph

The ____ of a set of numbers is the score that occurs with the greatest frequency; that is, the most common value in a data set.

mode

____ data is ____data; non-numeric data; observations are organized into categories without any recognition of order.

Nominal; qualitative

Which type of error is caused by human mistakes and not by chance?

Non-sampling errors

Which of the following is excluded when calculating fetal death rates?

None of the above

Deaths resulting from external causes typically include information about the date and time of injury, how the injury occurred, place of injury, and location of injury.

True

Which of the following random sampling techniques involved has the same probability of being selected?

Simple random sampling

Direct maternal death rates should be low and are generally determined only on a yearly basis.

True

When determining class width which of the following statements is correct?

The smaller the interval size, the more detailed the interpretation.

Which of the following statements is true of a patient who delivers twins?

This is one delivery and two births.

A delivery can result in single or multiple births either live or dead.

True

A limitation of grouping data is loss of detail; however it is an effective way to see the "overall" picture.

True

A line chart illustrates patterns or trends of quantitative data over some variable, usually time.

True

A live birth is a fetus, irrespective of gestational age, that, after complete expulsion or extraction, is found to have some sign of life.

True

A neonatal death includes newborns under 28 days of age.

True

Although any confidence level can be chosen to construct a confidence interval, the more common values are 90%, 95%, and 99%.

True

Anesthesia death rates should be extremely low and are generally computed on a yearly basis and are based on the number of anesthetics administered.

True

Bars on a bar chart can be presented either horizontally (bar chart) or vertically (column chart).

True

Colors and patterns can be used in charts to draw special attention or emphasize a point.

True

Death certificates are required for burial and cremation, and to settle estates and insurance claims.

True

Death rates should be low.

True

The ____ is the midpoint of a distribution, or the point above which 50% of the scores lie, and below which the other 50% lie.

median

When the term "live" precedes the word "discharges" it is necessary to:

add the deaths to the live discharges

A baby delivered at home or en route to the hospital, is included in the ____ category.

adult and children

Fetal deaths can be classified as:

all of the above

Which of the following is classified as a direct maternal death?

all of the above

Researchers use the ____ hypothesis in order to predict the association between the independent and dependent variables.

alternative

Which type of research focuses on finding solutions to correct or solve problems?

applied

A histogram is used to represent ____ data.

continuous

A ____ study involves the shortest time frame and data that are collected on a one-time basis.

cross-sectional

Mortality rates are also known as:

death rates

____ reasoning involves conclusions based on generalizations.

deductive

In order to calculate the Cesarean section rate, the total number of Cesarean sections performed in a period should be:

divided by the total number of deliveries for the period X 100

The mean is computed by adding all the scores in a distribution and ____ by the total number of scores in the distribution.

dividing

Experiments in which neither the physicians nor the patients know to which group a patient belongs, the experiment is called a(n) ___ experiment.

double-blind

An____ disease is a disease that is commonly found in a particular area/region.

endemic

An ____ is a disease that attacks many people in a region at the same time, usually spreading rapidly.

epidemic

If no signs of life are present at birth, the preferred term is "____ death."

fetal

The maximum number of data elements illustrated in a chart or graph should be ____.

five

The term "____" refers to the number of times the score appears in the array.

frequency

____ reasoning involves drawing conclusions based on a limited number of observations.

inductive

Anesthesia deaths occur____ and the rate is generally computed ____.

infrequently; annually

A(n) ____ board is responsible for approving, monitoring, and reviewing biomedical and behavioral research studies involving humans.

institutional review

The maternal mortality rate is defined as the total number of deaths assigned to puerperal causes in a calendar year divided by the number of ____ in that same year, with the quotient multiplied by 100,000.

live births

A ____ study occurs following the same group of subjects over a long period of time.

longitudinal

According to ICD-9-CM, an early fetal death is before 22 weeks gestation.

true

The ____ usually represents the primary variable (independent variable).

x-axis