Healthy Diets
According to the WHO, the result is that many countries now face a ____________________—a coexistence of undernutrition and overweight, obesity, and noncommunicable diseases
"double burden of malnutrition"
foods that are "ultra," or heavily, processed have multiple added ingredients and have undergone a series of steps for production from
"farm to fork"
examples of nutrient content claims are
"high fiber," "low fat"
The dietary guidelines evolved over time in response to
- societal conditions and concerns - the effectiveness of previous dietary recommendations -advancements in science that identify new dietary challenges that affect health
All types of healthy diets have a few qualities in common Core Characteristics
- variety of foods - balance across food groups and macronutrients - adequate amounts that provide the calories/essential nutrients necessary to maintain and promote optimal health - moderation
Surveys have demonstrated that only about ___/10 adults can accurately estimate the number of calories they should consume in a day for their weight and physical activity
1
Vegetables: What counts as 1 cup?
1 cup fruit 1 cup pf 100% fruit juice 1/2 cup dried fruit
Dairy: What counts as 1 cup?
1 cup of milk/yogurt 1 cup calcium-fortified soymilk 1 1/2 oz hard cheese (chddr, mozz, parm) 2 oz processed cheese (american) 1 cup cottage cheese 1 1/2 cups ice cream 1 cup frozen yogurt
Vegetables: What counts as 1 cup?
1 cup raw veggies 1 cup veggie juice 2 cups raw, leafy greans
Protein: What counts as 1 oz?
1 oz meat, poultry, fish 1 large egg 1 tbsp peanut butter 1/2 oz nuts or seeds 1/4 cup cooked beans/peas 2 tbsp. hummus
Grains: What counts as 1 oz?
1 slice of bread 1/2 cup of cooked pasta or rice 8 grams of whole grains per ounce is approximately 'half whole grain' 1 cup of ready-to-eat cereal 1 min bagel (large bagel = 4 oz) 3 cups of popped corn
How much peanut butter counts as an ounce of protein? How would you estimate that quantity?
1 tbsp 1 thumb
When considering what constitutes a healthy diet, the variety of dietary patterns found in various regions of the world share these (5) key attributes.
1. Eating more plant-based foods, including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and beans. 2. Meals include lean proteins from a variety of sources and healthy fats, which are present in foods such as avocados, olive oil, nuts, and some types of fish. 3. Healthy eaters minimize their intake of unhealthy fats (lard, butter, and fatty meats), added sugars, and salt; choose appropriate portion sizes 5. Stay physically active
Name the 5 guidelines provided by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA).
1. follow a healthy eating pattern 2. focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount 3. limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats, reduce sodium intake 4. shift to healthier food and beverage choices 5. support healthy eating patterns for all
The 2015 DGA also specifically recommend that added sugars be limited to __% of total calories
10%
In Washington, D.C., she found that pregnant women who lived at least a half mile from the nearest full-service grocery store were __% more likely to give birth to an overweight baby; when they lived at least one mile from a grocery store, that risk rose to __%
10% 20%
For adults with prehypertension or hypertension, it is recommended that they further reduce sodium intake to _____ to allow for greater reductions in blood pressure
1500 milligrams per day
When did the Basic 7 eventually became the "Basic 4" ?
1960's and 1970's.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) was created in what year?
1980
With foods and beverages consumed away from home making up about one-third of our calorie intake, the FDA now requires that restaurant chains with __ or more locations post calorie information on their menus and menu boards
20
Expressed as a percentage of recommended intakes within a ____ kilocalories per day diet, consumers can see how foods might add up in helping them meet—or, in some cases, not exceed—dietary goals
2000
limit for sodium is set at ______ for adults and children 14 years and older because excess sodium intake can increase the risk of high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart disease
2300 milligrams per day
research has shown that less than __% of teenagers choose foods based on nutritional labels and that men who say they read food labels are only slightly leaner than men who don't
25%
A recent survey of more than ____ people worldwide found that more than half have difficulty understanding food labels
25,000
It is estimated that undernutrition is a significant factor leading to nearly half of all deaths of children under the age of ___ .
5
ultra-processed foods contributes to the American diet (%)
57.9% of the daily energy intake 90% of the intake of added sugars
2006 @Chicago - more than ____ residents were living in food deserts
600,000
What do you get for 200 calories? Cashews - 1/4 cups, 34 g Grapes - 2 cups, 184 g Raisins - 1/2 cup, 67 g
< 1 g H2O, 16 g fat 150 g H2O, < 1 g fat 10 g H2O, < 1 g fat
What happened when it became the Basic 4?
A simpler picture was painted for what is a nutritious diet but it lacked specific guidance about fats, sugar, and calories
Which nutrients have been added to the food label? Which have been removed?
Added: Vitamin D Potassium Removed: Vitamin A Vitamin C
These 600,000 residents, mostly ____ ____, were more likely to be obese and die prematurely from diet-related chronic disease such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer
African Americans
Which of the following is NOT true regarding Americans' diets compared to dietary recommendations? Most Americans are consuming excessive added sugars. Most Americans are consuming excessive saturated fats. Most Americans are consuming excessive sodium. All of these are correct. Most Americans are consuming inadequate amounts of vegetables.
All of these are correct.
Why did the 2015 DGA recommend a decrease to 10% of total calories from sugar to be consumed by Americans?
Because added sugars contribute calories to the diet but no essential nutrients, their consumption above recommended levels can make it difficult to meet nutrient requirements without consuming excess calories
The food desert problem was not only in Chicago. In ___,____, she found that nearly 90,000 people live in food deserts, including more than ______ (#) children
Birmingham, Alabama 20,000
What foods in your diet could you decrease the consumption of to reduce your intake of added sugars and saturated fats?
Chips, Soda, Pizza, Hot Dogs, Burgers, French Fries, Cake, and donuts
MyPlate Daily Checklist is an online tool provided at
ChooseMyPlate.gov.
Japanese version of MyPlate
Diet Spinning Top
French version of MyPlate
Diet Steps
The ___ recommend that Americans consume a variety of fruits, vegetables, and protein foods
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA)
The ____ provides the core of federal food and nutrition education programs
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA)
The current ___ guidelines focus on health promotion and disease prevention with recommendations that emphasize eating a variety of nutrient-dense foods while reducing intake of foods high in saturated fat, sodium, and added sugars
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA)
government agencies issue guidelines that make it easier to identify what's most nutritious - experts created tools such as the
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA)
When water is added to foods, it adds mass but it does not add ?
Energy
The amount of energy or calories in a given weight of food; generally presented as the number of calories in a gram (kcal/g).
Energy Density of foods
This FDA-certified coloring derived from synthetic chemicals must be listed by name. and is approved for use in baked goods, cereals, snack foods, ice cream, confections, and yogurt
FD&C Blue No. 2
All health claims that appear on food products and dietary supplement labels must be approved by the ___ based on Significant Scientific Agreement (SSA) about publicly available scientific evidence.
FDA
The ___ regulates the use of these nutrient content claims terminology to ensure that they are used consistently with all types of food products
FDA
color additives must be approved by the ___ before they may be used in food
FDA
____ provides more calories per gram than any other macronutrient.
Fats
MyPlate Daily Check list
Fruits *2 cups Vegetables *3 cups Grains *7 ounces Protein *6 ounces Dairy *3 cups
A statement on a packaged food or dietary supplement that indicates a link between a food, food component, or dietary supplement and a reduction in the risk of a disease; all health claims must be approved by the FDA.
Health Claims
___ ___ describe the link between a food, food component, or dietary supplement substance and a reduction in the risk of a disease
Health Claims
A researcher at MDRC, a nonprofit social policy research organization
Helen Lee, PhD
In 2006, when the FDA began requiring manufacturers to list the amount of trans fat present in their foods - what was the response?
In response to this new requirement, many manufacturers removed or dramatically reduced the trans fat content in their products, thus demonstrating that the requirement for nutrition labeling can also serve as an incentive for food manufacturers to produce or modify their food products to improve the nutritional profile.
Name three ways each of the international diet and lifestyle recommendations differ from those provided by MyPlate?
Japanese = Grain dishes have the highest serving amount French = list water on their stair chart Paraguay = also lists grains as their largest serving amount
"In some communities, full-service grocery stores are hard to find."
Mari Gallagher, food researcher
What's a clue that food deserts don't provide the basics of a healthy diet?
Most of the food at corner convenience stores and fast-food restaurants is beige and brown—bread, soda, chips, and French fries, for instance.
The ___ regulates the claims that can appear on food and dietary supplement labels that inform consumers of the health-related attributes of these products
NLEA
Over 100,000 schools nationwide that participate in the
National School Lunch Program
What areas of the country have high levels of diabetes and also obesity?
No car households & Low access to grocery stores
The amount of nutrients supplied by a food in relation to the number of calories in that food; black beans, for example, provide much protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals relative to their calories.
Nutrient Denisty
Energy dense food example:
Nutrient-rich Nuts many foods that are dense in calories tend to be low in nutrients Ex: cookies and chips
Both the old and new food labels must include a ___ ___ ___ that provides specific information about the calorie content and nutritional values for specific components
Nutrition Facts Panel
In 1990, after several years of effort, the U.S. Congress passed the _______ giving the __________ the authority to require products sold in the United States to provide detailed nutrition information, as well as requiring nutrition and health claims for foods to comply with government standards
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Paraguay version of MyPlate
Nutrition Pot
In ____, the entire city of Chester—with more than 34,000 residents—has not had a single full-service grocery store since 2001
Pennsylvania
Developed specifically for use on food labels, the ___ can help guide consumers toward better selections
Percent Daily Value (%DV)
For the nutrients that we sometimes eat too much of (total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium), the ___ represents the maximum amount to eat per day
Percent Daily Value (%DV)
The ____'s for carbohydrates and the nutrients listed below it on the food label (such as fiber, calcium, and iron) represent the minimum amount that we should consume each day, and our goal is to consume at least 100% of the ___ for these nutrients.
Percent Daily Value (%DV) Percent Daily Value (%DV)
_____ is a common denominator in malnutrition cases worldwide
Poverty
The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 requires which of the following? Restaurants must provide nutrition details to consumers. All health claims must be placed on the back of the packaging. Amounts for a minimum of 10 vitamins and minerals must be listed on nutrition facts labels. Nutrient claims must appear on all packaged foods. Products sold in the United States must provide detailed nutrition information using a standardized format.
Products sold in the United States must provide detailed nutrition information using a standardized format.
MyPlate Daily Check list to limit
Sodium *>2,200 a day Saturated fats *24 grams a day Added sugars *35 grams
Which meal will delay the return of hunger the longest? Why?
Soup Meal Higher nutritional density
Essentially means the use of resources at rates that do not exceed the capacity of Earth to replace them
Sustainability
(T/F) "Heart healthy," "maintains bowel regularity," or "helps support immunity" are examples of structure/function claims.
True
(T/F) the new label emphasizes key information that consumers need to make informed decisions about the foods they eat
True
A major concern across much of the developing world is not primarily about limiting the consumption of unhealthy food choices, but rather ensuring adequate access to enough calories and nutrients. (T/F)
True
What were the 3 healthy eating patterns provided by the DGA in 2015?
U.S.-style Mediterranean-style Vegetarian
What core characteristic of a healthy diet is best promoted by eating a colorful diet? "eat a rainbow"
Variety The more varied your consumption of fruits and vegetables, the more likely you are to get a broad range of essential nutrients and health benefits from certain biologically active compounds, such as phytochemicals found in those foods
What food groups are currently represented in the MyPlate graphic, and in what proportion are they shown?
Vegetables, Grains, Proteins, Fruits, Dairy
___ ___ operators with 20 or more vending machines are required to disclose calorie information for items sold
Vending Machine
Nutrition Chart Facts: Eat more of these
Vitamin A Vitamin C Calcium Iron Potassium
Which four nutrients must be listed on the new food label?
Vitamin D Potassium Iron Calcium
___ , for example, are more likely to use calorie postings
Women
More than 1 billion people are overweight or obese, whereas roughly 860 million suffer from hunger, with nearly 2 billion more deficient in micronutrients (experiencing undernutrition), according to a 2012 research gathered through the concerted efforts of the
World Food Programme the International Fund for Agriculture Development the Food and Agriculture Organization
(WHO) reports that most of the world's population live in countries where overweight and obesity lead to more deaths than underweight
World Health Organization (WHO)
It is important to consume all of the vegetable sub groups because each subgroup contributes
a different combination of nutrients
When you're hungry, it's often more convenient and more affordable to grab whatever is handy at
a drive-up window or check-out aisle, such as a cheeseburger or a candy bar
Nutrient-dense foods are foods with: a low number of calories for their weight. a high number of calories for their weight. a high proportion of healthy nutrients relative to the number of calories. more than one essential nutrient. a high proportion of protein relative to carbohydrates and fats.
a high proportion of healthy nutrients relative to the number of calories.
The average American typically gets _____ of their calories from solid fats and added sugars each day. about 25% about one-third all about 75% about 50%
about 25%
The trouble with much of food desert research, explains Lee, is that it simply correlates food deserts to income and obesity but doesn't show that lack of
access to nutritious foods is the cause of residents' unhealthy eating habits
Processed foods encompass a wide range of food products, some of which can
actually contribute favorably to nutrient intake and overall dietary quality
Ultra-processed foods typically get most of their calories from saturated fats and
added sugars
___ ____ must now be indicated on the label as research shows that it is difficult to meet nutrient needs while staying within calorie limits when calories from added sugars contribute more than 10% of total daily energy intake
added sugars
the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) values help us determine adequate and appropriate intake for these dietary components based on our
age, sex, and life stage
The plan below is for someone requiring 2200 kcal/day. Not all foods within a food group count equally toward the daily intake goals because some foods are more ___ or more ____ Use the visual cues to determine portion sizes.
airy or more concentrated
Core Characteristics: Balance
an aspect of healthy eating that includes choosing the correct proportions of foods from each of the food groups and the appropriate amounts of calories, macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals.
Core Characteristics: Variety
an aspect of healthy eating that involves choosing many different foods from all food groups, ensuring that a broad range of nutrients are consumed.
Core Characteristics: Adequate
an aspect of healthy eating; consuming foods that provide the calories and essential nutrients necessary to maintain and promote optimal health.
Core Characteristics: Moderation
an aspect of healthy eating; not overindulging in any one type of food or food group or in potentially harmful foods.
definition of a healthy diet
an eating pattern characterized by variety, balance, adequacy, and moderation that promotes health and reduces risk of chronic disease.
"We have stressed throughout the course of our work that simply plopping down a grocery store does not mean that these problems are instantly solved," says Gallagher. "But if we have access, we also have the power to choose an ____ over a ___ ___, at least a little more often."
apple over a candy bar
what are urban food swamps?
areas that have a high density of restaurants and stores selling high-calorie fast food and junk food compared to the availability of healthier food options
Any pigment or coloring derived from natural materials can be listed simply as "___ ___," but any FDA-certified coloring derived from synthetic chemicals must be listed by name.
artificial colors
Minimally processed food: examples
bagged spinach frozen vegetables canned tuna or roasted nuts
Nutrient-dense foods are a "good deal" nutritionally
because they provide many nutrients at a relatively lower calorie "cost."
urban food swamps have recently been found to
better predict obesity rates in the United States
Solid fats include
butter, beef fat, chicken fat, pork fat, stick margarine, and shortening. and milk
Convenient but not necessarily nutritious. Convenience stores are a source of food in neighborhoods without a full-service grocery store, but the goods they stock are often ____-dense and ____-poor.
calorie-dense and nutrient-poor.
A good way to reduce solid fat intake is to eat lean meats and significantly reduce the intake of
cheese, pizza, desserts, and pastries
Give an example of a specific grain product that often contains a significant amount of saturated fat.
chips?
The 2015 edition of the dietary guidelines focuses on shifts to emphasize the need to make substitutions—that is,
choosing nutrient-dense foods and beverages in place of less healthy choices—rather than increase intake overall.
Although the NLEA was an important first step in providing nutrition information to consumers to assist them in making informed food choices, many found labels
confusing and difficult to understand
Core Characteristics: Moderation examples:
contain excess amounts of sugar, salt, and unhealthy fat
Availability is the only part of the equation. People make food choices based on many other factors such as
convenience taste price emotions cultural & social influences
Some rural areas are at risk of becoming food deserts because local farms that used to provide a variety of produce have since been consolidated and converted into farms that grow mostly ___ or ____, and rural residents must often travel long distances to reach full-service grocery stores
corn soybean
Not all processed foods are
created equal
nutrient content claims are
declarations on food packages to indicate a possibly beneficial level of nutrient, federally regulated to be consistent with labeling laws.
MyPlate translates the dietary guidelines into
easily implemented recommendations for the general public.
As more fat is added to food, the more ___ ____ it becomes because fat has more than twice as many calories per gram as either protein or carbohydrates
energy dense
As the water and fiber content of food increases, they generally decrease the ___ ___ of food by adding weight and volume but no (or very few) calories
energy density
Foods (but not beverages) with high water content almost always have a low ___ ___ .
energy density
It is usually true, that high-fat foods have a high ___ ___ .
energy density
Foods that have a high calorie content relative to weight are considered
energy-dense
Many foods include color additives to (for example, yellow for lemon or purple for grape)
enhance natural colors, add color to otherwise "colorless" foods, or help identify flavors
adequacy doesn't just mean getting enough calories; it also includes getting enough
essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and proteins as well as other beneficial components of a healthy diet, such as fiber and phytochemicals
American diets fall WELL below the recommended goal for beneficial foods and nutrients. Meanwhile, they ____ limits for foods and nutrients for which a reduction intake is recommended.
exceed
With limited access to and availability of grocery stores, people may increase their reliance on
fast foods, packaged snacks, and processed food to meet their energy (caloric) needs
The energy density of foods is influenced strongly by ____ and ____ content. _____ amounts of fat in foods increases energy density, whereas ______ water content in foods decreases energy density.
fat and water increasing increasing
define solid fats
fats that contain high amounts of saturated fats, which make them solid at room temperature. Reducing dietary solid fats is an important way to reduce saturated fat intake and excess calories.
Each of the ____ ____ provides a spectrum of nutrients and plays an important role in dietary adequacy
food groups
the declaration on a food package that describes the nutrient content and serving size of a food; standardized format; provide name of definition and year
food labeling
processed foods are
foods that are altered from its natural state through processing such as canning, chopping, cooking, freezing, or milling; processing often involves adding ingredients such as sugars and sodium-containing additives and preservatives.
Farm to fork concept
formulated to be convenient to consume, highly palatable, and appealing, which may make them difficult to resist even when more nutritious options are available
Which of the following foods is the LEAST processed? lasagna fresh tomato canned tomatoes tomato sauce pasta sauce
fresh tomato
Healthy eating patterns include:
fruits vegetables protein dairy grain oils
The main purpose of the dietary guidelines is to inform Americans about the development of federal food, nutrition, and health policies and programs. The primary audiences are policymakers as well as nutrition and health professionals, not the ____ _____ .
general public
When examining ____ _____, researchers gather data on and evaluate the diets of people across continents and cultures and seek connections between regional diets and diseases, both noncommunicable diseases (those not caused by infection, such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes) as well as infectious diseases
global nutrition
MyPlate visual cues
golf ball *1/4 cup or 2 oz baseball *1 cup pamful of nuts *1 oz deck of cards *3 oz 6 dice *1 oz of cheese one thumb *1 tbsp. or 1/2 oz
Researchers found that the disproportionate availability of establishments selling unhealthy, energy-dense foods promoted the consumption of unhealthy foods and seemed to negate the positive effect of a nearby
grocery store
Which of the following is a declaration on a food package to indicate a link between a food, food component, or dietary supplement and a reduction in disease risk? nutrient claim food additive supplemental health information health claim structure/function claim
health claim
What did the 2015 DGA focus on?
healthy eating patterns the combinations of all of the foods and drinks that we consume over time, not specific foods or nutrients
The National School Lunch Program must offer
healthy meals that align with the DGA to ensure that the appropriate balance of foods is available and to receive federal reimbursement
Solid fats contribute approximately 15% of total calories in the American diet, and reducing their consumption is an effective way to reduce the intake of saturated fats and excess calories and lower the risk of ____ _______
heart disease
The nutrient content claim 'healthy' is considered to be an
implied nutrient content claim, and products must be low in saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium and contain at least 10 percent of the Daily Value per serving of either potassium or vitamin D
Processed foods exist along a continuum from those that are minimally processed to ultra-processed, convenience, and ready-to-eat foods that require little or no preparation. Decreasing the proportion of ultra-processed foods in the U.S. diet is likely to
improve diet quality substantially.
On a food package, ingredients are listed: None of these is correct. in the order of nutrient importance. in ascending order amount, according to weight. in alphabetical order. in descending order of amount, according to weight.
in descending order of amount, according to weight.
But following advice about healthy diets can be especially challenging for ____ and _____ who have limited access to nutrient-dense, affordable, or varied foods
individuals and families
Individuals who are malnourished often have a poorer quality of life, experiencing reduced work capacity, impaired mental functioning, increased susceptibility to both ___ and ___, and unrelenting anxiety over how they will obtain their next meal
infectious and chronic diseases
The NLEA also requires an ____ list, which is another useful tool to use when making purchases, as it provides more specific information about what the food product contains
ingredient
qualified health claim is a claim that describes the relationship an
ingredient and a reduced risk of a disease or condition when the evidence linking a food, food component, or supplement to a reduced risk of a disease is emerging but does not meet the standard for a health claim.
a list of ingredients on a food package presented in descending order of amount, measured by weight, according to the guidelines set out in the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act.
ingredients list
Minimally processed foods can be
just as nutritious as their unprocessed counterpart
Helen Lee, PhD 2012
launched a study that compared the location of food stores with residents' income and the health of their children
Eating a ___ energy-dense diet allows you to eat a larger volume of food, all while maintaining energy balance.
low
It is important to understand the role that food group plays in achieving nutrient adequacy and supporting good health and devise a plan to
meet those nutritional needs through alternative food choices or dietary supplements.
Other label requirements include that all juices must indicate the percentage of fruit juice content, and all foods must list any ingredient that could cause an allergic reaction, such as
milk, peanuts, sulfites, and eggs
Food deserts can make it difficult to eat a balanced diet because
most of the food available has disproportionately large amounts of calories, unhealthy fats, and refined carbohydrates, such as foods with added sugar and white bread
The problem of food deserts in many cities started in the 1950s, says Gallagher, when wealthy residents
moved away and grocery stores often went with them
What is Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA)
national health guidelines that provide information and advice, based on scientific evidence, on how to choose a healthy eating plan. which provide essential advice for how to eat healthfully and reduce the risk of chronic diseases
food desert
neighborhood or community with little access to a variety of affordable, healthy foods such as berries, oranges, leafy greens, and other fresh vegetables and fruits
Manufacturers will make ___ ___ ___ that describe the level of a nutrient in a food using terms such as low, high, excellent source, light, or reduced.
nutrient content claims
There are many reasons people don't always opt for ___-___ foods
nutrient dense
Healthy diets emphasize foods with high___ ___
nutrient density
food deserts are generally well supplied with energy-dense, ultra-processed foods, whereas _______ fruits and vegetables are harder to find.
nutrient-dense
Study in global nutrition considers ___ ___, how food production systems throughout the world can provide the essential nutrients for the current world population of almost 8 billion people to maintain or achieve good health without compromising the nutritional needs of future generations
nutritional sustainability
In Lee's study, a sample of children from a range of different neighborhoods that were followed from kindergarten to fifth grade showed that those with better access to nutritious foods in their neighborhoods were no less likely to become
obese
Although it's fine to eat energy-dense foods on occasion and in moderation, for many Americans, consuming excessive amounts of energy-dense foods and minimal amounts of nutrient-dense foods is a daily norm—contributing not only to unbalanced nutrition but also to
obesity and other chronic diseases.
Today, eating is all about _____ . Making food choices requires some planning and thought.
options
1940's : Basic 7
people were encouraged to eat something from each of seven categories of foods (for example, meat, milk, and green/yellow vegetables)
added sugars are sugars that are added to foods during
processing, during food preparation, or at the table; not those that occur naturally in foods
The same pattern of disease was evident even when Gallagher used statistical tools to remove the influence of ___, ___, ___, and other factors that could affect health—independent of access to nutritious foods
race, income, education
1990's: a new Food Guide Pyramid
ranked the five food groups by how much of each to consume per day (top) Fats, oils & Sweets *sparingly Milk , yogurt & Cheese *2-3 Meat, Pultry ,Fish, Beans, Eggs, Nuts *2-3 Vegetable Groups *2-4 Fruit Groupo *2-4 Bread, Cereal, Rice, Pasta *6-11 (bottom)
Mari Gallagher
researcher who specializes in urban health speaking at a local community center about the importance of eating well 9-year-old boys living in Alabama who had never seen a strawberry
Nutrition Chart Facts: Eat less of these
saturated fat cholesterol sodium
Solid fats are high in _____ fats, which are linked to an increased risk of heart disease and certain other disease but contribute few essential nutrients and no fiber
saturated fats
UNhealthy eating patterns include:
saturated fats added sugars sodium
Percent Daily Value (%DV)
serves as a guide to the level of key nutrients in one serving of food
On every new food label, you will see
serving size calories fats added sugars nutrients *footnote DV%
Because the environments we live, learn, and work in dramatically influence our behaviors, the DGA dietary guidelines remind us that everyone has a role in supporting individuals as they ____ their food and activity choices to improve their health
shift
The current dietary guidelines also focus on improving the diet of Americans by encouraging small ___ in eating habits to align our diet with these healthy eating patterns
shifts
Because packaging ___ often affects how much people eat, adjustments have been made to the labeling requirements so that people can easily understand how many calories and nutrients they are receiving if they consume the whole package
size
"ultra"/highly processed food: examples
sodas frozen pizza frozen meals packaged cookies and crackers packaged soups and noodles
Added sugars are found in sweetened drinks such as
sodas, energy drinks, and sports drinks as well as in desserts
It is emphasized that all foods consumed as part of a healthy eating pattern fit together like the pieces of a puzzle to meet our nutrient needs without exceeding limits for
sodium, saturated fat, added sugars, and total calories
The purpose of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and MyPlate is to encourage people to do all of the following EXCEPT: eat a variety of vegetables. stop eating carbohydrates. increase physical activity and reduce time spent in sedentary behaviors. vary intake of protein-containing foods. maintain appropriate calorie balance throughout each stage of life.
stop eating carbohydrates.
Labels containing ___ claims must state in a disclaimer that the FDA has not evaluated the claim and that the product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease
structure/function claims
describe the role of a nutrient or dietary substance in maintaining normal physiological structures and functions and overall health but may not have any relationship to disease
structure/function claims
Average American adults typically get approximately one-quarter of their calories from solid fats and added
sugars
food deserts often provide people with more-than-adequate calories—there are plenty of
sugary beverages, "junk" foods, and other calorie-rich options to choose from
DGA has been updated every ___ years by what two groups?
the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
the USDA regulates
the agency that regulates farming and food production
as the energy density of foods increases
the nutrient density decreases
Gallagher also acknowledges that simply giving people access to fresh food doesn't mean___ __ ___ —but it's a start.
they'll eat it
When we eat a variety of foods from all of the food groups, we are more likely
to achieve a balanced diet
Geographic location and culture along with food availability and access have an enormous impact on what people eat (T/F)
true
After a stressful and tiring day, we can be especially vulnerable to those
ultra-processed salty or sweet snacks
Data on global nutrition not only reveal trends towards energy-dense, nutrient-poor diets, but also reminds us that a number of people in the world are without adequate food to eat and that deaths in the developing world are often related to ____.
undernutrition
With the information provided by the DGA, the USDA then -
updates tools to make it easier for people to consolidate dietary advice when choosing meals
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) classifies a food desert
urban community where people are not living within a mile of a grocery store rural area 10 miles from a grocery store
Nutrient dense food example:
vegetables nutrient-dense because they provide many essential nutrients relative to their calorie content
Most people can identify nutrient-dense foods such as
vegetables, fruits, and whole grains
Which of the following micronutrients is required to be on the new version of the nutrition facts label? vitamin C vitamin D magnesium vitamin A selenium
vitamin D
What are the 3 primary factors of food that determine energy density?
water fiber fat content
The ingredients must be listed in descending order of amount, measured by____ .
weight
Which of the following food items is considered nutrient dense? sausage diet soda jelly beans tortilla chips made from corn whole-grain bread
whole-grain bread