Heat and Thermal Energy

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If you have a pure glass of ice water, consisting of ice cubes floating in water, its temperature would be

0 degrees Celsius

Celsius boiling point

100 degrees Celsius

Kelvin Scale Freezing Point

273 K

Before ice can form on a lake, all the water in the lake must be cooled to

4 degrees Celsius

Heat travels from an object with ______ temperature to an object with ______ temperature

High; low

Fluids do not _______ well

Conduct

Heat travels best through a solid by

Conduction

Heat transfer through the motion of a fluid (liquids, gases, plasma)

Convection

The form of heat transfer that takes place in a house heated by forced air

Convection

Natural processes tend to move toward greater

Disorder

A 100% efficient engine would produce no increase in

Entropy

As temperature increases, solids and liquids

Expand

Hot water evaporates

Faster

Convection occurs in _____ that are warmer at the bottom

Fluids

Energy that travels spontaneously from a warm object to a cold object

Heat

Heat to melt 1 kg of a substance, heat given off by 1 kg of a substance when freezing

Heat of fusion

Heat to vaporize 1 kg of a substance, heat given off by 1 kg of a substance when condensing

Heat of vaporization

The moderate temperature of islands has much to do with the

High specific heat of water

If an object radiates more energy than it absorbs, its thermal energy and temperature

Increases

When a closed tin is heated, the pressure inside it ________ because molecules move _________ and hit the tin walls more often

Increases; faster

Heat energy is measured in units of

Joules, cals, Cals, BTUs

A food calorie is a

Kilocalorie

A decrease in temperature is a result of a decrease in the ________ of the atoms or molecules

Kinetic energy

If you measure a plot of land with a steel tape on a cold day, your measurement of the plot will be

Larger than actual

Heat engines convert thermal energy into

Mechanical energy

Thermal energy all goes to making/breaking bonds, between atoms, no change in temperature

Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation

Compared to other substances, substances with a high specific heat will cool

More slowly

A substance melts when the _________ of its atoms or molecules is increased

Potential energy

Earth loses heat to outer space mainly by

Radiation

Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves

Radiation

Heat travels in a vacuum by

Radiation

The silver coating on the glass surface of a thermos bottle reduces energy transferred by

Radiation

Natural processes go in the direction that maintains or increases the total entropy of the system

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Energy transfer by convection is usually not found in

Solids

The heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance to 1 K

Specific heat

Measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance

Temperature

Total energy of molecules in a substance

Thermal energy

Which type of change requires more energy for the same substance?

Vaporization

It takes more energy to

Vaporize

In an engine, the difference between the heat put in and the heat discharged will appear as

Work

The total increase in thermal energy of a system is the heat added to it minus the _____ done by it

Work


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