Hematology

pernicious anemia (PA), pernicious

When your body can't make enough healthy red blood cells because it lacks vitamin B-12, you have ______. A long time ago, this disorder was believed to be fatal ("______" means deadly).

reticulocytes

Because red blood cells only live about 4 months, your body constantly makes new ones, which are known as ______. They're made by bone marrow, a spongy tissue inside many of your bones. When doctors want to know whether your bone marrow is making the right amount of red blood cells, they take a sample of blood and calculate the number of ______ in it. If you're like most people, ______ make up about 0.5% to 1.5% of your red blood cell

ferritin

Knowing whether you have too much ______ in your blood or not enough can give your doctor clues about your overall iron levels. The more ______ in your blood, the more stored iron your body has.

creatinine

Serum ______ (a blood measurement) is an important indicator of kidney health because it is an easily measured byproduct of muscle metabolism that is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. ______ itself is produced via a biological system involving creatine, phosphocreatine (also known as creatine phosphate), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP, the body's immediate energy supply)

Pancytopenia

______ is a reduction in the number of red and white blood cells and platelets.

Neutropenia

______ means low in Neutrophils

Celiac Disease

When someone with ______ eats something with gluten, their body overreacts to the protein and damages their villi, small finger-like projections found along the wall of their small intestine.

Alkaline phosphatase

Elevated levels can be detected through a blood test. Elevated ______ is associated with certain medical conditions or syndromes (e.g. hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome)

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

The ______ blood test shows the average size of your red blood cells. Red blood cells (RBCs) play an important function in transporting oxygen and nutrients to tissue. Red blood cells that are too large or too small can be an indicator of an underlying medical condition. That is why doctors will check the average size of your red blood cells.

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

The ______ is a measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cell. It is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the hematocrit. Reference ranges for blood tests are 32 to 36 g/dL (320 to 360g/L), or between 4.81 and 5.58 mmol/L. It is thus a mass or molar concentration. Still, many instances measure ______ in percentage (%), as if it were a mass fraction (mHb/mRBC). Numerically, however, the ______ in g/dL and the mass fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells in % are identical, assuming an RBC density of 1g/mL and negligible hemoglobin in plasma.

blood smear test aka peripheral smear test

The ______ is a type of blood test that is done to procure detailed information about the number and shape of blood cells. This test focuses on the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. This test provides information about the number and shape of these cells. A ______ is usually ordered as a follow-up test when the complete blood count (CBC) reveals abnormal results. A ______ can be used to diagnose, monitor numerous conditions and blood diseases that affect population of blood cells.

hematocrit (hct)

The ______ is the proportion, by volume, of the blood that consists of red blood cells. The ______ is expressed as a percentage. For example, a ______ of 25% means that there are 25 milliliters of red blood cells in 100 milliliters of blood. They use a centrifuge or a machine to handle this test.

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

The ______ test is a blood test that checks for liver damage. Your doctor can use this test to find out if a disease, drug, or injury has damaged your liver.

mean corpuscular hemoglobin, aka "mean cell hemoglobin" (MCH)

The ______, is the average mass of hemoglobin (Hb) per red blood cell (RBC) in a sample of blood. It is reported as part of a standard complete blood count. ______ value is diminished in hypochromic anemias.

Reed-Sternberg cells (also known as lacunar histiocytes for certain types)

______ are distinctive, giant cells found with light microscopy in biopsies from individuals with Hodgkin lymphoma (a.k.a. Hodgkin's disease, a type of lymphoma). They are usually derived from B lymphocytes, classically considered crippled germinal center B cells. In the vast majority of cases, the Ig genes of ______ have undergone both V(D)J recombination and somatic hypermutation, establishing an origin from a germinal center or post-germinal center B cell. Despite having the genetic signature of a B cell, the ______ of classical HL fail to express most B-cell-specific genes, including the Ig genes.

HB S or Hemoglobin S

______ differs from normal adult hemoglobin (called hemoglobin A) only by a single amino acid substitution (a valine replacing a glutamine in the 6th position of the beta chain of globin). Recognition of this tiny change in the hemoglobin molecule marked the opening of molecular medicine.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

______ is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cells.

Thrombocytopenia

______ is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of thrombocytes, also known as platelets, in the blood. A normal human platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. These limits are determined by the 2.5th lower and upper percentile, so values outside this range do not necessarily indicate disease. One common definition of ______ requiring emergency treatment is a platelet count below 50,000 per microliter.

Microcytosis (or microcythemia)

______ is a condition in which red blood cells are unusually small as measured by their mean corpuscular volume.

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

______ is a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood. The liver produces urea in the urea cycle as a waste product of the digestion of protein. Normal human adult blood should contain 6 to 20mg/dL (2.1 to 7.1 mmol/L) of urea nitrogen. Individual laboratories will have different reference ranges as the assay used can vary between laboratories. The test is used to detect renal problems. It is not considered as reliable as creatinine or ______/creatinine ratio blood studies.

Bilirubin (BR)

______ is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates. This catabolism is a necessary process in the body's clearance of waste products that arise from the destruction of aged or abnormal red blood cells

Megaloblastic anemia

______ is an anemia (of macrocytic classification) that results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during red blood cell production. When DNA synthesis is impaired, the cell cycle cannot progress from the G2 growth stage to the mitosis (M) stage. This leads to continuing cell growth without division, which presents as macrocytosis. ______ has a rather slow onset, especially when compared to that of other anemias

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD), dehydrogenase

______ is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells. LDH catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate and back, as it converts NAD+ to NADH and back. A ______ is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.

Hypochromia

______ means that the red blood cells have less color than normal when examined under a microscope. This usually occurs when there is not enough of the pigment that carries oxygen (hemoglobin) in the red blood cells.

Intrinsic factor (IF), aka gastric intrinsic factor (GIF)

______, is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the ileum of the small intestine. In humans, the ______ protein is encoded by the ______ gene