Hematology

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are fibrinogens. globulins. lipoproteins. transport proteins. albumins.

albumins

Which plasma proteins have a category that includes clotting factors and enzymes? a. albumins b. globulins c. fibrinogen d. transferrin e. antibodies

b. globulins

Which part of the red blood cell can bind to oxygen? a. cell cytoplasm b. heme part of hemoglobin c. plasma membrane d. globin part of hemoglobin

b. heme part of hemoglobin

Which blood cell is made of T and B cells? a. basophil b. lymphocyte c. eosinophil d. neutrophil e. erythrocyte

b. lymphocyte

Blood is a type of connective tissue made up of formed elements and plasma. a. false b. true

b. true

Platelets form from a giant cell in the bone marrow called a megakaryocyte. a. false b. true

b. true

Mast cells in tissues are considered to be a type of neutrophil. eosinophil. lymphocyte. basophil. monocyte.

basophil

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are: a. lipoproteins b. transport proteins c. albumins d. fibrinogens e. globulins

c. albumins

The function of hemoglobin is to: a. aid in the process of blood clotting b. protect the body against infectious agents c. carry oxygen d. all of the answers are correct e. carry nutrients from the intestine to the body's cells

c. carry oxygen

When looking at plasma: sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate ions are classified as: a. respiratory gases b. nutrients c. electrolytes d. wastes e. none of these choices is correct

c. electrolytes

Which plasma protein essential to the process of blood clotting? a. albumins b. globulins c. fibrinogen d. transferrin e. antibodies

c. fibrinogen

Platelets are: a. cells with a nucleus that has 4 segments b. divided into T cells and B cells c. fragments of precursor cells that, in the bone marrow, are called megakaryocytes d. biconcave discs e. cells with a nucleus that is round

c. fragments of precursor cells that, in the bone marrow, are called megakaryocytes

The primary organ where erythropoietin is produced is the: a. liver b. spleen c. kidney d. endothelial cells throughout the body. e. bone marrow

c. kidney

A young woman thinks she has an abscessed tooth (a bacterial infection). If she does, what type of white blood cell would you expect to see in elevated numbers in a differential count? a. basophils b. eosinophils c. neutrophils d. monocytes e. lymphocytes

c. neutrophils

Function of plasma protein: globulin

clotting, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various substances

Hemophilia is a blood disorder resulting from defects in which of the following? vasoconstriction of damaged vessels plasmin synthesis coagulation factors production of blood cells in the bone marrow

coagulation factors

What is the life span of a RBC? a. 1 day b. 10 days c. lifetime d. 120 days e. 10 hours

d. 120 days

The white blood cells that contain granules with histamine are called: a. neutrophils b. lymphocytes c. eosinophils d. basophils e. erythrocytes

d. basophils

Increased numbers of these leukocytes are associated with parasitic worm infections. a. neutrophils b. basophils c. monocytes d. eosinophils e. lymphocytes

d. eosinophils

What is an immature erythrocyte called? a. leukocyte b. erythrocytes c. hemoglobin d. reticulocyte e. neutrophil

d. reticulocyte

what activates platelets?

damage to vascular endothelium

Excess iron in the body is stored in fatty tissues. found in white blood cells. stored in bones. eliminated in the feces. All of the answers are correct.

eliminated in the feces

Colony-stimulating factors are cytokines made by endothelial cells, fibroblasts from bone marrow, and white blood cells. endothelial cells. fibroblasts from bone marrow. white blood cells only. endothelial cells and fibroblasts from bone marrow.

endothelial cells, fibroblasts from bone marrow, and white blood cells

At each step in the coagulation cascade, something causes an inactive peptide to become activated, which in turn causes activation of the next protein. Other than the final fibrin product, what type of molecule is each of these activated proteins? energy molecules enzymes structural proteins integrins

enzymes

Which signaling molecule is important for red blood cell synthesis? hemoglobin (Hb) thrombopoietin erythropoietin leukopoietin

erythropoietin

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin. thymosin. angiotensin I. cobalamin. M-CSF.

erythropoitein

A normal hemoglobin molecule consists of how many globin proteins and heme groups? four globin protein chains, each one with a heme group associated with it one large globin protein chain wrapped around three heme groups four globin protein chains with a single heme group in each hemoglobin molecule two globin protein chains, each one with two heme groups associated with it

four globin protein chains, each one with a heme group associated with it

what are platelets?

fragments of megakaryotes that are involved in blood clotting

Which value is defined as the ratio of red blood cells to plasma and is found using a capillary tube and centrifuge? hemoglobin (Hb) concentration mean red cell volume oxygen carrying capacity hematocrit

hematocrit

In which of the following locations would hematopoiesis occur in adults? scapula ribs spleen liver

ribs

Which organ is most responsible for the breakdown of old erythrocytes? pancreas spleen stomach kidneys

spleen

What makes erythrocytes unique from other cellular components of the blood? They contain hemoglobin. They have no nucleus. They are phagocytes. They are the only fully functional cells in the blood.

they contain hemoglobin

________ regulates the growth and maturation of megakaryocytes. Erythropoietin Interleukin Colony-stimulating factor Thrombopoietin None of the answers are correct.

thrombopoietin

The carrier protein that transports absorbed iron through the blood is thrombopoietin. transferrin. hemoglobin. intrinsic factor. erythropoietin.

transferrin

How does altitude affect blood composition and why? How would athletes' performance be affected if they live, train, and compete at different altitudes? Explain your answer, using different scenarios. Is such training a type of doping? Explain.

Spending several days at higher than normal altitude will stimulate erythropoiesis, due to the lower oxygen concentration in the air, which when breathed would result in hypoxemia. Athletes would be less competitive if they competed at a higher altitude than that in which they lived or trained, and more competitive if they lived and trained at a higher altitude than that in which they competed, at least in theory. Experimental results support the best regimen for maximizing performance at a low-altitude competition to be living at high altitude but training at low altitude. Neither living and training high nor living and training low achieved the same results. High-altitude training is necessary, however, for high-altitude competition. This is a matter of opinion, but most people would probably argue that these training regimens are natural, and therefore not a type of doping. Section Title: Red Blood Cells Learning Outcome: 16.4

pluripotent stem cells

Stem cells that can become almost all types of tissues and cells in the body.

Rhesus factor

Surface protein on red blood cells in the ABO blood group: people can be Rh+ or Rh- Nobody makes Rh antibody naturally

Describe what a nurse hears through the stethoscope while using a blood pressure cuff, and explain the significance of the sounds

The thumping sound that is heard when a blood pressure cuff is placed on a person's arm and is compressing the artery, as the pressure is released and blood begins to flow again in the artery is called the Korotkoff sound. This Korotkoff sound can be heard with each pressure wave. Once the artery is no longer being compressed, the sounds disappear. The first Korotkoff sound that can be heard is the highest pressure of the artery, which is the systolic pressure. When the Korotkoff sound disappears is the lowest artery pressure, this is the diastolic pressure.

Veins are said to carry deoxygenated blood. Does this mean that there is no oxygen in venous blood? Explain your answer. Are there veins that carry highly oxygenated blood? Again, explain your answer. What color is most venous blood compared to most arterial blood?

Veins are said to carry deoxygenated blood because veins carry the blood from tissue and organs of the body back to the heart that will eventually get to the lungs and become oxygenated and be dispersed throughout the body by arteries. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. Blood from veins are darker red in color due because it is deoxygenated, in comparison to blood from arteries that is a brighter red color because it is carrying the oxygenated blood to the tissues throughout the body.

leukocytes

WBC -have nuclei and mitochondria -part of immune system -participate in diapedesis (can move through capillary walls) -some are amoeboid (can move)

neutrophills

a major type of leukocyte (50-70 percent) engulf bacteria

postural (orthostatic) hypotension

a significant drop in blood pressure (20 mm Hg systolic or more) after an upright posture is assumed low venous return low EDV low SV low CO low BP

For a diagnosis of hypertension, a patient must have a systolic pressure above 120 mm Hg. a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg. a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg. a diastolic pressure below 80 mm Hg. a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg.

a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg

For a diagnosis of hypertension, a patient must have A) a systolic pressure above 120 mm Hg. B) a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg. C) a diastolic pressure below 80 mm Hg. D) a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg. E) a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg.

a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg.

Red blood cells are produced in the yellow bone marrow. a. false b. true

a. false

The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the A) arterioles. B) venules. C) muscular arteries. D) elastic arteries. E) veins.

arterioles.

Blood is approximately ________ plasma by volume. a. 75% b. 55% c. 25% d.40 %

b. 55%

The liquid portion of the blood: a. contains proteins involved in immunity b. all of the answer choices are correct c. is involved in gas and nutrient transport d. is primarily made up of water

b. all of the answer choices are correct

Red blood cells are produced in the: a. muscular system b. bone marrow c. cardiovascular system d. integumentary system

b. bone marrow

The process of erythrocyte production is called hemostasis. a. true b. false

b. false (it is Erythropoiesis)

Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as ________ are located in some artery walls. nociceptors chemoreceptors baroreceptors elasticeptors

baroreceptors

Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as ________ are located in some artery walls. A) nociceptors B) baroreceptors C) elasticeptors D) chemoreceptors

baroreceptors

The usual treatment for neonatal jaundice is exposing the infant to certain wavelengths of light. The infant wears only a diaper and undergoes the light treatment continuously for several days, even at night. Why can the infant's treatement then be discontinued? -because light treatment stimulates liver growth -because the transition between fetal hemoglobin to adult is complete -because the light generates additional RBCs -because the digestive tract is then large enough to secrete bile -All of the answers are correct.

because the transition between fetal hemoglobin to adult is complete

The condition where the skin and the whites of the eyes appear slightly yellow is due to high blood levels of the substance ________.

bilirubin

Hematopoiesis

blood cell formation -occurs in myeloid tissue found in marrow of long bones -requires stem cells (pluripotent) erythropoiesis leukopoiesis thromboiesis

Which is an agranular leukocyte? a. neutrophil b. basophil c. monocyte d. eosinophil

c. monocyte

The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are mainly the arterioles. venules. veins arteries capillaries.

capillaries

capillary slide

capillary is barely wider than RBC -> easier for RBCs to dump O2 to surrounding tissues

medula oblongata

cardiac control center

The osmotic pressure created by the presence of proteins is known as ________, which is ____________ (higher/lower) in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid.

colloid osmotic or oncotic pressure, higher

When blood pressure is normal, the receptors in arterial walls fire action potentials very seldom. continuously.

continuously

Function of plasma protein: albumin

contribute to colloid osmotic pressure; carrier for things like hormones

Which of the following is a plasma protein? a. none of the answer choices are correct b. myosin c. hemoglobin d. albumin

d. albumin

Which of the following conditions would cause a high neutrophil count? a. allergies b. hemorrhage c. mononucleosis d. bacterial infections e. parasitic infections

d. bacterial infections

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except one. Identify the exception. increased blood volume decreased vessel diameter increased blood pressure decreased peripheral resistance relaxation of precapillary sphincters

decreased vessel diameter

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except one. Identify the exception. A) decreased peripheral resistance B) relaxation of precapillary sphincters C) decreased vessel diameter D) increased blood volume E) increased blood pressure

decreased vessel diameter

Which of the following statements is true? a. monocytes are granulocytes b. all of the answers are correct c. all leukocytes are lymphocytes d. basophils are agranulocytes e. all lymphocytes are leukocytes

e. all lymphocytes are leukocytes

Round cells with distinct bright orange-red granules: a. agranulocytes b. lymphocytes c. none of the answers are correct d. basophils e. eosinophils

e. eosinophils

Platelets are: a. small cells that lack a nucleus b. large cells that lack a nucleus c. large cells with a prominent, indented nucleus d. small cells with a many-shaped nucleus e. fragments of megakaryocytes

e. fragments of megakaryocytes

The porphyrin ring of heme contains an atom of: a. magnesium b. copper c. calcium d. sodium e. iron

e. iron

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the: a. spleen and lung b. liver c. lung d. spleen e. liver and spleen

e. liver and spleen

The accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space is called ________.

edema

When the heart is in fibrillation, -the myocardial cells may become damaged from contracting too fast. - the myocardial cells deplete their oxygen supply because they are contracting too fast, and the lactic acid produced damages the myocardial cells. -effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen. - the myocardial cells are contracting together as they should; fibrillation indicates a normal sinus rhythm of 75 beats per minute. -there is no contraction of the myocardium.

effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen.

When the heart is in fibrillation, A) the myocardial cells may become damaged from contracting too fast. B) the myocardial cells deplete their oxygen supply because they are contracting too fast, and the lactic acid produced damages the myocardial cells. C) effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen. D) there is no contraction of the myocardium. E) the myocardial cells are contracting together as they should; fibrillation indicates a normal sinus rhythm of 75 beats per minute.

effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen.

total peripheral resistance

-Left ventricle: fluctuates b/w 120-0 mmHg -Large arteries: 120-80 mmHg -> never goes to 0 b/c of aortic semilunar valves -Small arteries + arterioles: resistance vessels --arterioles: largest BP drop (large resistance bc large SA: blood spreads out + more wall touching) -Capillaries: exchange vessels - some BP drop -Venules & veins: capacitance vessels --venules: some BP drop -veins: BP drops to 0

arteries and veins

-are almost always found together -vessels are laid down together in body

type 2 diabetes mellitus

-body produces enough insulin -> cells do not respond (insulin resistance) -> high sugar levels in blood -caused by poor diet and lack of exercise

elastic arteries

-closer to the heart ***thick layer of elastic tissue (tunica interna + media) ->allow stretch as blood is pumped into them and recoil when ventricles relax -> absorb pressure from heart by expanding -more elastic fibers and less smooth muscles -e.g. Aorta

type 1 diabetes mellitus

-congenital -pancreas fails to produce enough insulin (autoimmune) -5% of all cases

fibrinogen

-converted to fibrin in the clotting process

fenestrated capillaries

-have pores in their walls -blood plasma: exit capillaries through pores -> become ECF -> transport nutrients/O2 to surrounding tissues and pick up wastes -> go back to capillaries via pores due to colloid osmotic pressure (not 100% efficient but used to prevent edema)

tunica intima (interna)

-inner layer (touching blood) -endothelium -subendothelial layer/basement membrane -internal elastic lamina (in arteries only)

turbulent flow

-irregular, mixing flow pattern

BP normal range

-male 120/80 mmHg -female 110/70 mmHg

veins

-medium vs large veins (large veins have larger lumen) -***thin tunica media compared to arteries -***large lumen compared to arteries -> veins = blood storage system (hold 2/3 total blood volume)

capillaries

-microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body -only 1 tunic = tunica intima -fenestrated vs. continuous

tunica media

-middle layer of blood vessels -made up of smooth muscle (voluntary = controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic NS) -thick layer of external elastic lamina (in arteries only) ***this layer is much thicker in arteries than in veins (direct and control flow)

laminar flow

-normal blood flow: silent -central axial stream flows faster than layers closer to artery wall

tunica externa (adventitia)

-outermost layer -connective tissue: attaches blood vessel to surrounding tissues -contain vaso vasorum

muscular arteries

-peripheral arteries (in arms and legs) -***thick layer of smooth muscle tissue: tunica media -thin layer of elastic tissue -some BP control + blood shunting -e.g. brachial artery

globulin

-plasma protein -antibodies -transport molecules

albumin

-plasma protein (60-80% of total plasma proteins) -helps to maintain colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

gestational diabetes

-pregnant woman develops high blood sugar -either go away or turn into type 2 diabetes after pregnancy

baroreceptor

-pressure receptor -located in aorta arch and carotid sinus -connected to medulla oblongata via sensory nerves

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

-released by pituitary gland -stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (cortisol)

precapillary sphincters

-shunt blood to/from organ -most sphincters are found around digestive system -> divert blood to other parts of the body that need O2 more

arterioles

-small arteries -shedding of tunica externa and media -has precapillary sphincters -there are many -> more vessel walls -> more SA -> more resistance -> low BP -largest BP drop

venules

-small veins -have valves

atherosclerosis

-sub-type of arteriosclerosis -fatty deposits (aka plaque) build up on the inner walls of the arteries -common causes: smoking, high BP, high cholesterol (LDL)

arteriosclerosis

-the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries -occurring typically in old age.

colloid osmotic pressure (COP) ***

-very important for drawing fluid back into blood -plasma proteins attract and pull fluids from ECF back into blood -> "water chases solutes" -possible due to low BP -> COP can take over -90% of fluid lost will return to capillaries

hemoglobin structure

1 hemoglobin -> 4 hemes -> 4 iron -> 4 O2

lbs to kg

1 lb = 0.45 kg

Addison's disease

1. adrenal gland damage 2. low blood cortisol 3. pituitary gland is stimulated 4. high ACTH 5. ACTH remains high as adrenal gland is damaged and cannot increase cortisol production in response *low cortisol and high ACTH Symptoms include vitiligo, hyperpigmentation in gums, bending at back and elbows

sympathetic influence on blood pressure

1. baroreceptors detect change in BP and send signals to medulla oblongata 2. MO processes info and sends signal down spinal cord and to cardiac nerves 3. cardiac nerves send signals to SA node, AV node, and ventricular myocardium low BP -> inc sympathetic activity -> inc. HR -> inc. BP high BP -> dec. sympathetic activity -> dec. HR -> dec. BP

parasympathetic influence on BP

1. baroreceptors detect change in BP and send signals to medulla oblongata 2. MO processes info and sends signal to vagus nerve 3. vagus nerve sends signals to SA node and AV node high BP -> inc parasympathetic activity -> dec. HR -> dec. BP low BP -> dec. sympathetic activity -> inc. HR -> inc. BP

BP cuff

1. cuff pressure > 120 mmHg -brachial artery is closed: no flow -no sound 2. cuff pressure = 120-80 mmHg (pressure is slowly released) -turbulent flow -first sound = systolic pressure (~120 mmHg) 3. cuff pressure = 80 mmHg -laminar flow -when sound stops = diastolic pressure (~80 mmHg)

atherosclerosis process ***

1. damage to endothelial cell membrane 2. cytokines are secreted by platelets, macrophages, + lymphocytes -> attract more WBCs 3. macrophages engulf lipids (LDL) and turn into "foamy cells" 4. smooth muscle cells synthesize CT proteins 5. smooth muscle cells migrate to tunica interna & proliferate, forming fibrous plague

What are two examples of cytokines?

1. erythropoietin-produced in kidney and stimulates production of RBCs 2. thrombopoietin- produced in kidney and stimulates production of megakaryotes

What do mast cells and basophils secrete? What are the functions of these secretions?

1. histamine= acts as a vasodilator and bronchoconstrictor 2. heparin= anticoagulant

circulatory system function

1. transport -O2 and CO2 -digestion products -waste products 2. regulation -hormones -temperature (blood transfers heat from trunk to peripheral parts of body) 3. protection -WBC -clotting

Cushing's Disease/Syndrome

1. tumor in pituitary gland 2. high ACTH 3. high cortisol (adrenal gland is fine) symptoms: humpback, easy bruising, poor wound healing, abdominal striae, obesity

How does blood travel back to the heart through veins?

1. valves -1 way valves in veins catch blood and prevent it from flowing backwards -> no blood pooling at feet 2. skeletal muscle contraction -push/squeeze blood towards heart 3. thoracic pump -build-up pressure in thoracic cavity (from breathing in) ->push on veins

formed elements

45% of blood volume red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

blood composition

55% plasma, 45% formed elements

What percentage of blood is protein?

7-8%

blood pH

7.4 (slightly basic/alkaline)

average blood volume

80-85 mL/kg

hemophilia

A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding

Rh factor is a problem in what situations? ***

A negative person is exposed to the Rh factor one time and develops antibodies against it, then is exposed again (transfusion or pregnancy)

Explain what a portal system is and give an example. How is a portal system different from the typical arrangement of vessels?

A portal system, such as the hepatic portal system, is two capillary beds joined in series. In the hepatic portal system, the first capillary bed surrounds the intestine, where it picks up many nutrients that are then transported directly to the liver (where the second capillary bed is), via the hepatic portal vein. The main difference is that two capillary beds are typical of portal systems, but normally arteries carry blood to one capillary bed before veins return blood towards the heart in systemic circulation.

Define, compare, and contrast each of the pathologies listed below. Are the risk factors for each the same? Explain your answer. A. coronary artery disease B. atherosclerosis C. myocardial infarction D. hypertension E. congestive heart failure

A. Coronary blood vessels become blocked by cholesterol or blood clots, causing reduced blood flow. B. Atherosclerosis is hardening of the arteries, which results from accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle, and hardening due to calcification and fibrosis. The bulge that forms protrudes into the vessel lumen, reducing blood flow. C. Myocardial infarction is the death of heart cells as a result of blocked blood flow. D. Hypertension is high systemic blood pressure that develops as a result of increased peripheral resistance. E. Congestive heart failure occurs after prolonged hypertension, when the cardiac muscle can no longer generate the necessary cardiac output against the high peripheral resistance. As left cardiac output decreases, fluid backs up into the lungs. Oxygenation of the blood decreases, the heart becomes even weaker, leading to more fluid accumulation, and eventually death. Section Title: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcome: 15.10

What is the stimulus for synthesis and release of erythropoietin? A.) Low oxygen in tissues B.) High oxygen in tissues C.) High carbon dioxide in tissues D.) Low carbon dioxide in tissues

A.) Low oxygen in tissues

Which blood component is NOT classified as a mature white blood cell? A.) Platelet B.) Eosinophil C.) Neutrophil D.) Lymphocyte

A.) Platelet

Which plasma protein contribute(s) significantly to osmotic pressure of plasma? A.) albumins B.) globulins C.) fibrinogen D.) transferrin E.) antibodies

A.) albumins

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are A.) albumins. B.) fibrinogens. C.) globulins. D.) lipoproteins. E.) transport proteins.

A.) albumins.

Hormones called ________ are involved in regulation of white blood cell populations. A.) colony-stimulating factors B.) antibodies C.) erythropoietin D.) thrombopoietin

A.) colony-stimulating factors

A hemoglobin molecule is composed of A.) four protein chains and four heme groups. B.) just two protein chains. C.) four heme groups but no protein. D.) just four protein chains and nothing else. E.) just three protein chains.

A.) four protein chains and four heme groups.

The percentage of whole blood occupied by red blood cells is the A.) hematocrit. B.) pH. C.) specific gravity. D.) viscosity. E.) differential cell count.

A.) hematocrit.

The majority of the protein inside a red blood cell is A.) hemoglobin. B.) immunoglobulin. C.) porphyrin. D.) albumin. E.) fibrinogen.

A.) hemoglobin.

The source of most plasma proteins is the ________. A.) liver B.) bone marrow C.) digestive tract D.) kidneys

A.) liver

Often called immunocytes, these cells direct the activities of the immune system. A.) lymphocytes B.) erythrocytes C.) eosinophils D.) platelets E.) neutrophils

A.) lymphocytes

Red blood cell production increases when A.) oxygen levels in the blood decrease. B.) carbon dioxide levels in the blood decrease. C.) oxygen levels in the blood increase. D.) carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase. E.) protein levels in the blood increase.

A.) oxygen levels in the blood decrease.

In healthy adults, blood cell production occurs only in the A.) red bone marrow. B.) yellow bone marrow. C.) kidneys. D.) spleen.

A.) red bone marrow.

universal recipient

AB positive no antibodies

The function of red blood cells is to A.) remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. B.) carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells. C.) defend the body against infectious organisms. D.) remove nitrogenous wastes from active tissues. E.) carry nutrients from the digestive system to the body's cells.

B.) carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells.

The hematocrit is a clinical measure of the relative amount of _____ in blood. A.) plasma B.) erythrocytes C.) platelets D.) leukocytes

B.) erythrocytes

A normal hemoglobin molecule consists of how many globin proteins and heme groups? A.) two globin protein chains, each one with two heme groups associated with it B.) four globin protein chains, each one with a heme group associated with it C.) one large globin protein chain wrapped around three heme groups D.) four globin protein chains with a single heme group in each hemoglobin molecule

B.) four globin protein chains, each one with a heme group associated with it

Which plasma proteins have a category that includes clotting factors and enzymes? A.) albumins B.) globulins C.) fibrinogen D.) transferrin E.) antibodies

B.) globulins

The porphyrin ring of heme contains an atom of A.) calcium. B.) iron. C.) copper. D.) sodium. E.) magnesium.

B.) iron.

Thrombopoietin is produced in the A.) spleen only. B.) liver and kidney. C.) bone marrow only. D.) kidney only. E.) liver only.

B.) liver and kidney.

Which hemostasis-related item(s) is/are formed when fragments break off a megakaryocyte? A.) thrombin B.) platelets C.) exposed collagen D.) clot

B.) platelets

In which of the following locations would hematopoiesis occur in adults? A.) scapula B.) ribs C.) liver D.) spleen

B.) ribs

Which organ is most responsible for the breakdown of old erythrocytes? A.) kidneys B.) spleen C.) pancreas D.) stomach

B.) spleen

Red blood cells in the circulation live for about ________. The short life span is due to ________. A.) 20 days, enzymes present in the plasma that break them down quickly B.) 100 days, being broken down to form clots C.) 120 days, the fact that they become fragile and may rupture when squeezing through capillaries D.) 80 days, being filtered off at the kidneys

C.) 120 days, the fact that they become fragile and may rupture when squeezing through capillaries

The function of hemoglobin is to A.) aid in the process of blood clotting. B.) carry nutrients from the intestine to the body's cells. C.) carry oxygen. D.) protect the body against infectious agents. E.) All of the answers are correct.

C.) carry oxygen.

A type of granulocyte, these have red granules. A.) lymphocytes B.) erythrocytes C.) eosinophils D.) platelets E.) neutrophils

C.) eosinophils

The hormone that regulates the production of red blood cells is A.) thrombopoietin. B.) colony-stimulating factor. C.) erythropoietin. D.) interleukin.

C.) erythropoietin.

Platelets are A.) small cells that lack a nucleus. B.) large cells with a prominent, indented nucleus. C.) fragments of large cells. D.) small cells with a many-shaped nucleus. E.) large cells that lack a nucleus.

C.) fragments of large cells.

Under normal circumstances, aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by the A.) yellow bone marrow. B.) kidneys. C.) spleen. D.) thymus gland. E.) digestive tract.

C.) spleen.

The two main components of plasma are A.) oxygen and carbon dioxide. B.) ions and proteins. C.) water and proteins. D.) water and ions.

C.) water and proteins.

A unique aspect of hematopoiesis is that A.) lymphocytes never die. B.) neutrophils direct all development from the lymph nodes. C.) white blood cell development varies with the specific needs of the body. D.) white blood cell production always results in the same proportion of leukocytes.

C.) white blood cell development varies with the specific needs of the body.

RhoGAM shot

Can prevent buildup of anti-Rh+ antibodies in mother's blood.

The osmotic pressure created by the presence of proteins is known as _____________, which is ____________ in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid.

Colloid osmotic pressure; higher

Hematopoiesis is controlled by cytokines. What is the definition of a cytokine? A.) a protein that circulates in the bloodstream and binds to receptors in distant cells B.) a cell that releases developmental factors C.) a molecule that is used for energy production in a developing cell D.) a peptide or protein released from one cell that affects the activity or growth of another cell

D.) a peptide or protein released from one cell that affects the activity or growth of another cell

Plasma consists of blood minus A.) proteins. B.) cells. C.) platelets. D.) cells and platelets.

D.) cells and platelets.

The growth and maturation of megakaryocytes is regulated by the glycoprotein A.) erythropoietin. B.) interleukin. C.) colony-stimulating factor. D.) thrombopoietin.

D.) thrombopoietin.

The average life span of a red blood cell is A.) 1 week. B.) 6 months. C.) 1 month. D.) 1 year. E.) 4 months.

E.) 4 months.

The total volume of blood in the body of a 70-kg man is approximately ________ liters. A.) 1-2 B.) 10-15 C.) 2-4 D.) 25-30 E.) 5-6

E.) 5-6

Platelets function in A.) forming temporary patches in injured areas. B.) transporting chemicals important for clotting. C.) initiating the clotting process. D.) contraction after clot formation. E.) All of the answers are correct.

E.) All of the answers are correct.

Which plasma protein help(s) defend the body against germs? A.) albumins B.) globulins C.) fibrinogen D.) transferrin E.) antibodies

E.) antibodies

The process of fibrinolysis A.) forms emboli. B.) forms thrombi. C.) activates fibrinogen. D.) draws torn edges of damaged tissue closer together. E.) dissolves clots.

E.) dissolves clots.

The process of red blood cell production is called A.) hemocytosis. B.) erythrocytosis. C.) hematopenia. D.) erythropenia. E.) erythropoiesis.

E.) erythropoiesis.

Phagocytic, these cells make up the majority of WBCs. A.) lymphocytes B.) erythrocytes C.) eosinophils D.) platelets E.) neutrophils

E.) neutrophils

The carrier protein that transports absorbed iron through the blood is A.) hemoglobin. B.) intrinsic factor. C.) thrombopoietin. D.) erythropoietin. E.) transferrin.

E.) transferrin.

blood flow equation

F = r^4 -reducing vessel radius EXPONENTIALLY reduces flow

bicarbonate***

HCO3- most important pH buffer for blood lungs maintain pH via [CO2] kidneys maintain pH via [H+]

The turbulent flow of blood causes a noise called a ________ that can be heard through the stethoscope when taking blood pressure.

Korotkoff sound

basement membrane

Layer between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

________ are a group of diseases characterized by the abnormal growth and development of white blood cells, and ________ are diseases where patients have too few white blood cells. A) Leukemias, neutropenias B) Anemias, leukemias C) Leukemias, anemias D) Neutropenias, leukemias E) Neutropenias, anemias

Leukemias, neutropenias

universal donor

O negative no antigens on RBCs -> no rxn with antibodies

Erythrocytes

RBC -have no nuclei + no mitochondria (ejected at maturation) -live for 120 days (2.5 mil recycled by liver and spleen/sec) -25 trillions in body -280 mil. hemoglobin molecules/RBC -1 RBC carries 1 bil. O2 molecules

Basophils

Rarest WBCs (1 percent) stain blue

erythroblastosis fetalis

Rh negative mom and Rh positive baby 1. Rh negative mother is exposed to Rh+ antigens from 1st baby at birth 2. After the birth, mother develops antibodies against Rh 3. If the woman has a second Rh+ baby, her antibodies will cross the placenta and cause agglutination can be prevented with RhoGAM

Due to the differences in opposing forces, there is net ________ occurring at the arteriolar end of most capillaries, coupled with net ________ at the venous end. absorption, filtration filtration, absorption

filtration, absorption

Due to the differences in opposing forces, there is net ________ occurring at the arteriolar end of most capillaries, coupled with net ________ at the venous end. A) filtration, absorption B) absorption, filtration

filtration, absorption

Erythropoiesis

formation of red blood cells hemocytoblast (stem cells) ---> erythrocytes stimulated by erythopoietin (hormone produced by kidneys)

Reactive hyperemia is A) reflex contraction of smooth muscle in response to stress. B) lack of blood flow due to an allergic reaction. C) increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow. D) None of the answers are correct. E) increased blood pressure after stress.

increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow.

Eosinophils

less common leukocytes stain red

________ are a group of diseases characterized by the abnormal growth and development of white blood cells, and ________ are diseases where patients have too few white blood cells. Neutropenias, leukemias Anemias, leukemias Neutropenias, anemias Leukemias, neutropenias Leukemias, anemias

leukemias, neutropenias

ascultation

listening to sounds within the body

respiratory alkalosis

low CO2 high pH (>7.45) hyperventilation

metabolic alkalosis

low [plasma acids] + high [bicarbonate] high pH (>7.45) excessive vomiting

What is the stimulus for synthesis and release of erythropoietin? High carbon dioxide in tissues Low oxygen in tissues High oxygen in tissues Low carbon dioxide in tissues

low oxygen in tissues

Monocytes leave the circulation to go to the tissues, where they are called basophils. macrophages. neutrophils. lymphocytes. eosinophils.

macrophages

Testosterone

males have 10 times more testosterone than females

Capillaries are best described as A) thin walled vessels that carry blood deficient in oxygen. B) thick walled vessels that carry blood rich in oxygen. C) microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid. D) thick walled vessels that convey blood away from the heart. E) thin walled vessels that convey blood toward the heart.

microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid.

Which of the following best describes capillaries? -microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid. -thin walled vessels that convey blood toward the heart. -thick walled vessels that carry blood rich in oxygen. -thin walled vessels that carry blood deficient in oxygen. -thick walled vessels that convey blood away from the heart.

microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid.

Compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is at least 10 times faster. at least twice as fast. about the same. much slower. impossible to predict without more information.

much slower

Compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is A) about the same. B) impossible to predict without more information. C) at least 10 times faster. D) much slower. E) at least twice as fast.

much slower.

vasoconstriction

narrowing of arterioles smooth muscle contracts -> inc. BP + flow direction

Red blood cell production increases when carbon dioxide levels in the blood decrease. carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase. protein levels in the blood increase. oxygen levels in the blood decrease. oxygen levels in the blood increase.

oxygen levels in the blood decrease

diapedesis

passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue

Which of the following is the fluid matrix of blood? plasma platelets albumins hematopoiesis

plasma

The cell that is the progenitor of all the types of blood cells is called the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell. committed progenitor cell. megakaryocyte. reticulocyte. progenitor.

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

The cell that is the progenitor of all the types of blood cells is called the A) reticulocyte. B) progenitor. C) megakaryocyte. D) pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell. E) committed progenitor cell.

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell.

As blood vessel length increases, resistance increases only. flow decreases only. friction decreases only. resistance increases and flow decreases. both resistance and flow increase

resistance increases and flow decreases.

As blood vessel length increases, A) resistance increases and flow decreases. B) resistance increases only. C) both resistance and flow increase D) flow decreases only. E) friction decreases only.

resistance increases and flow decreases.

vasa vasorum

small vessels that supply blood to outer part of the larger vessels

When the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure, A) cardiac output increases. B) sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases. C) sympathetic activity increases, cardiac output increases, and peripheral resistance decreases. D) sympathetic activity increases. E) peripheral resistance decreases.

sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases.

hematocrit

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood males have higher hematocrit and hemoglobin levels than females

Malnutrition can cause edema because -there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis. - interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels. -the resulting anemia increases blood pressure. -there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis and interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels.

there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis.

Malnutrition can cause edema because A) the resulting anemia increases blood pressure. B) there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis and interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels. C) interstitial protein levels are lower than plasma protein levels. D) there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis. E) All of the answers are correct.

there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis.

thrombocytosis

too many + unusually large platelets leads to stroke, MI, blood clots

At an intercalated disc, -the cell membranes of two cardiac muscle fibers are completely separated by a synapse. - the myofibrils are loosely attached to the membrane of the disc. - two cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions. - T-tubules unite the membranes of the adjoining cells. - All of the answers are correct.

two cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions.

An increase in blood vessel diameter is known as ________

vasodilation

The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the A) capillaries. B) venules and capillaries. C) arterioles. D) arterioles and capillaries. E) venules.

venules and capillaries.

55% of blood is plasma, which consists mainly of water. blood cells. proteins. organic molecules. ions.

water

vasodilation

widening of arterioles smooth muscle relax -> dec BP

blood plasma

-55% of blood volume -straw-like color -contains: --mostly water --hormones --antibodies --fibrinogens --Na+ --plasma proteins (8%)

blood plasma proteins ***

-8% of blood plasma -contribute to colloid osmotic pressure (COP) -albumin + globulin

Blood is approximately ________ plasma by volume. A.) 75% B.) 55% C.) 25% D.) 40 %

B.) 55%

Which type of mature blood cell has no nucleus? A.) Eosinophil B.) Erythrocyte C.) Platelet D.) Lymphocyte

B.) Erythrocyte

________ regulates the growth and maturation of megakaryocytes. A.) Interleukin B.) Thrombopoietin C.) Erythropoietin D.) Colony-stimulating factor E.) None of the answers are correct.

B.) Thrombopoietin

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

#1- Vasoconstriction #2- Formation of a platelet plug #3- Coagulation

Define anemia, and explain how it is the same or different from hypoxemia. Give examples of three different types of anemia and a brief synopsis of each kind. Is sickle cell disease a true anemia? Explain your answer. When sickle cell disease is fatal, what is the cause of death?

Anemia is when the body is lacking red blood cells. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which is the oxygen carrying component. If there is not enough hemoglobin, not enough oxygen can be transported through the body and its tissues. This is also known as hypoxemia. One type of anemia is iron deficiency anemia, in this case, the body gets rid of iron faster than the body can absorb it and therefore it is not available for red blood cell production and as a result, there is either a low red cell count or low hemoglobin count. The red blood cells can also be smaller and more pale. Menstruating women usually suffer from iron deficiency anemia. Another type of anemia is a hemolytic anemia, where the destruction of the red blood cells is faster than the rate of production. Hemolytic anemia is usually hereditary, such as hereditary spherocytosis, where the cells are shaped more like spheres, there are also a lack of proteins of the cytoskeletons and the cells ruptures more easily. Aplastic anemia is where the bone marrow doesn't make enough new cells. Aplastic anemia can be caused by certain drugs or radiation. Sickle cell anemia is a result of abnormal hemoglobin molecules, this is a genetic defect that causes the abnormal hemoglobin to crystalize when it gives up its oxygen. The crystallization causes the sickle cell shape. Due to the abnormal shape, cells become tangled together in blood vessels and obstructs the blood vessel and blocks blood flow to the tissues causing hypoxia, thus creating tissue damage and pain.

Compare and contrast the structure and location of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins. How do these differences contribute to the differences in function of each?

Arteries: Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. They are thick and narrow. They contain an elastic layer in their walls. During systole, large arteries distend with blood as their elastic walls stretch. During diastole, the walls rebound, thus pushing blood along. Which is why their structure enables them to maintain a high blood pressure, and also with standing that pressure. Arterioles and Venules: They are smaller in diameter, and so carry smaller volumes of blood, however, they are more numerous. Arterioles and venules effectively surround the organs and tissues, to ensure that the whole of the organ/tissue can receive oxygen or remove carbon dioxide etc. Veins: Veins carry de-oxygenated blood toward the heart, they are very dilate and thin, as they do not need to carry blood at such high pressures and are more stretchable than arteries Veins act somewhat like a blood aided by one-way valves that insure unidirectional flow of blood. Capillaries They are the smallest of a body's blood vessels and are parts of the microcirculation. They are only 1 cell thick. The transport through the capillaries is slower, and there is more time for diffusion, osmosis etc. to take place. The capillaries are more numerous than the arterioles and venules. This allows for effective diffusion between the blood and the tissue, as the substances do not have to travel very far. One of the most distinguishing feature is the involvement of Precapillary sphincters. Precapillary sphincters are bands of smooth muscle that wrap around arterioles, and control the amount of blood flowing in a particular capillary bed.

Function of plasma protein: fibrinogen

forms fibrin like threads that are essential for blood clotting

thrombocytes (platelets)

fragments of megakaryocytes involved in blood coagulation with fibrinogens -fibrinogens > fibrins + platelet > clot

blood flow

heart -> elastic arteries -> muscular arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries (to organs) -> venules -> veins

The majority of the protein inside a red blood cell is albumin. porphyrin. hemoglobin. immunoglobulin. fibrinogen.

hemoglobin

The majority of the protein inside a red blood cell is A) fibrinogen. B) hemoglobin. C) albumin. D) porphyrin. E) immunoglobulin.

hemoglobin.

respiratory acidosis

high CO2 low pH (<7.35) hypoventilation

metabolic acidosis

high [plasma acids] + low [bicarbonate] low pH (<7.35) diabetes (high [ketones] from fats processing) >> low pH diarrhea (low [bicarbonate]) >> low pH

Erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow

The binding of platelets to collagen can initiate a positive feedback loop that results in more platelets adhering to collagen. Which signal causes the positive feedback loop? platelet-activating factor (PAF) thrombin collagen-inducing factor (CIF) thromboxane A2

platelet-activating factor (PAF)

Which of the following is NOT known to be a source of cytokines involved in hematopoiesis? Platelets Liver Bone marrow Kidney

platelets

what does the structure of a platelet look like in active form?

platelets become spiky instead of smooth following activation; this allows them to adhere to each other and form a platelet plug

A deep cut to the skin damages blood vessels. What is the first step in preventing excessive blood loss through the wound? A.) Platelet plug formation B.) Triggering of coagulation cascade C.) Vasoconstriction D.) Clot formation

C.) Vasoconstriction

The cellular elements of the blood are the __________. A.) leukocytes B.) platelets C.) erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets D.) erythrocytes and leukocytes

C.) erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Which plasma protein essential to the process of blood clotting? A.) albumins B.) globulins C.) fibrinogen D.) transferrin E.) antibodies

C.) fibrinogen

The primary stimulus for the release of erythropoietin is A.) hypoxia only. B.) low oxygen levels in the tissues only. C.) hypoxia and low oxygen levels in the tissues. D.) hypoxia, low oxygen levels in the tissues, and low blood pressure. E.) low blood pressure only.

C.) hypoxia and low oxygen levels in the tissues.

The primary organ where erythropoietin is produced is the A.) liver. B.) bone marrow. C.) kidney. D.) spleen. E.) endothelial cells throughout the body.

C.) kidney.

The source of the hormone erythropoietin in adults is the _____. A.) bone marrow B.) liver C.) kidneys D.) pituitary

C.) kidneys

In normal adults, red blood cells are formed in A.) yellow bone marrow. B.) lymph nodes. C.) red bone marrow. D.) the liver. E.) the spleen.

C.) red bone marrow.

Plasma is mostly A.) organic molecules. B.) proteins. C.) water. D.) blood cells. E.) ions.

C.) water.

Monocytes leave the circulation to go to the tissues, where they are called A.) lymphocytes. B.) neutrophils. C.) eosinophils. D.) macrophages. E.) basophils.

D.) macrophages.

These are fragments of a megakaryocyte. A.) lymphocytes B.) erythrocytes C.) eosinophils D.) platelets E.) neutrophils

D.) platelets

Which plasma protein bind(s) with iron in the blood? A.) albumins B.) globulins C.) fibrinogen D.) transferrin E.) antibodies

D.) transferrin

How much blood does the average-sized adult have? a. 5 liters b. 4 liters c. 2 liters d. 7 liters

a. 5 liters

What are the five types of leukocytes?

Monocytes Lymphocytes Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

What substances are needed to produce red blood cells? a. all of the choices are correct b. folic acid c. iron d. vitamin B12

a. all of the choices are correct

Which of the following formed elements of blood are essential to gas exchange at tissues? a. erythrocytes b. eosinophils c. platelets d. leukocytes

a. erythrocytes

The formation of our entire array of blood cells is called: a. hematopoiesis b. leukocytosis c. erythropoiesis d. hemolysis

a. hematopoiesis

The majority of the protein (4 chains - 2 alpha & 2 beta) inside a red blood cell is a. hemoglobin b. immunoglobulin c. porphyrin d. albumin e. fibrinogen

a. hemoglobin

The carrier protein that transports absorbed iron through the blood is: a. transferrin b. erythropoietin c. hemoglobin d. thrombopoietin e. intrinsic factor

a. transferrin

What is the main function of erythrocytes? a. transport of oxygen b. transport of waste material c. transport of proteins

a. transport of oxygen (from lungs to the body)

The buffy coat that forms when whole blood is centrifuged in a test tube, is composed of ________________. a. white blood cells and platelets b. red blood cells c. white blood cells d. platelets

a. white blood cells and platelets

Hematopoiesis is controlled by cytokines. What is the definition of a cytokine? a cell that releases developmental factors a molecule that is used for energy production in a developing cell a peptide released from one cell that affects the activity of another cell a protein that circulates in the bloodstream and binds to receptors in distant cells

a peptide released from one cell that affects the activity of another cell

The majority of the protein inside a red blood cell is porphyrin. fibrinogen. hemoglobin. albumin. immunoglobulin.

hemoglobin

The source of most plasma proteins is the ________. digestive tract liver kidneys bone marrow

liver