HESI Anatomy & Physiology
Which structure in the eye is responsible for color vision?
Cones
Which type of bone has a diaphysis and two epiphyses?
Long bone
Which of the following is a function of a neutrophil?
Phagocytosis of bacteria
Which of the following cell organelles is correctly paired with its function? Lysosomes/ ATP production Mitochondria/ Cell division Ribosome/ Protein synthesis Nucleus/ Intracellular digestion
Ribosome/ Protein synthesis
The heart consists of four chambers, which include _________________.
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle
The specialized junction from which nerve impulses pass from one neuron to the next is called a _______________________.
Synapse
Which of the following describes the distal region of the humerus?
The epiphysis that articulates with the radius and ulna
What does the presence of antidiuretic hormone stimulate?
Water reabsorption from the urinary filtrate
What is the function of the small intestine?
absorption of nutrients
Where is the popliteal artery located?
behind the knee
Which tissue has multinucleated striated cylindrical fibers and moves the body under voluntary control?
Skeletal muscle
The _________________ carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart, while the ________________ carry oxygen-depleted blood back towards the heart.
arteries and veins
Which of the following structures functions in directing sound waves into the ear?
auricle
The shoulder is an example of which type of synovial joint?
ball and socket
Which organelle is responsible for regulating the transport of substances in and out of the cell?
cell membrane
Which of the following glands secrete earwax?
ceruminous
Listening to music stimulates which of the following organs?
cochlea
What form of tissue provides support and structure for the organs?
connective
The diaphragm is _________ to the lungs.
inferior
Which of the following is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration that can lead to muscular fatigue, muscle cramps, muscle pain, or a burning sensation in the muscles?
lactic acid
A sprain occurs when which of the following structures is stretched or torn? Ligament Tendon Muscle Fibrous joint
ligament
Which of the following organelles is responsible for digesting damaged cellular structures, as well as macromolecules and bacteria ingested by the cell?
lysosomes
What type of cell division occurs in the gonads?
meiosis
Which of the following types of cancer would present warning signs that are identified using the ABCDE method?
melanoma
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
Which gland releases melatonin?
pineal gland
Skeletal muscle work in pairs. The muscle that executes the given movement is called which of the following?
prime mover
Which of the following is a primary function of the male and/or female reproductive systems?
produce gametes
The hormone __________ assists estrogen in stimulating the formation of the endometrium.
progesterone
Which blood vessel returns blood from the lungs back to the heart?
pulmonary veins
Which vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?
sacral vertebrae
Which of the following is the name of the imaginary vertical plane that equally divides the body into left and right?
sagittal
Which plane divides the body into left and right sides?
sagittal
If you were to cut the body through the median plane, what type of sectioning would occur?
sagittal section
Which glands release an oily secretion through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying?
sebaceous glands
An irregular epiphysis at each end is present in which of the following?
A typical long bone
What, in addition to adenosine triphosphate, must be present for a muscle to contract?
Calcium
What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?
Calcium binds to troponin that is around actin
The nervous system is divided into two parts, namely ___________ and ____________.
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
The _______________ artery is located in the upper arm, and is a continuation of the ________________ artery.
brachial; axillary
The pectoralis major pulls the arm towards the midline. This movement is called _________.
Adduction
The left atrium receives blood from the ______.
pulmonary veins
A tissue sample studied under a microscope exhibits the following characteristics: an extracellular matrix providing rigidity to the tissue, and the presence of lacunae. Which type of tissue is this?
Bone
Which of the following terms describes the process of forming new red blood cells?
Erythropoiesis
Which of the following describes cellular respiration?
It is an oxidative catabolic activity
Which of the following statements is incorrect about estrogen? It is responsible for the female secondary sex characteristics It is produced by the cells of the ovarian follicle It stimulates ovulation It stimulates the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
It stimulates ovulation
Which of the following correctly describes the function of luteinizing hormone?
It stimulates the production of testosterone in males
Which of the following lists the correct pathway of blood through the circulatory system?
Left ventricle, aorta, systemic circuit, vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium
Which of the following glands is correctly paired with its hormone? Parathyroid gland-Thyroid hormone Pancreas-Glucagon Adrenal cortex-Epinephrine Gonads-Follicle stimulating hormone
Pancreas-Glucagon
Which of the following best describes the anatomical position? ~Standing upright, facing the observer, upper extremities at the body's sides, feet flat and directed forward, and the palms facing anteriorly ~Standing upright, facing the observer, upper extremities at the body's sides, feet flat and directed forward, and the palms facing posteriorly ~Standing upright, facing away from the observer, upper extremities at the body's sides, feet flat and directed forward, and the palms facing towards anteriorly. ~Standing upright, facing away from the observer, upper extremities at the body's sides, feet flat and directed outward, and the palms facing anteriorly.
Standing upright, facing the observer, upper extremities at the body's sides, feet flat and directed forward, and the palms facing anteriorly
The anterior lobe of pituitary glands is called which of the following?
adenohypophysis
The pulse point located on the neck is palpated over which artery?
carotid
Wrist bones are called which of the following?
carpals
A patient who is on a plant-based diet complains that their skin is appearing to take on a yellowish color. Which of the following foods would you expect the patient to have eaten a large amount of?
carrots
Which of the types of tissue is responsible for providing the matrix that supports and connects other tissues of the body?
connective tissue
What is secreted by the adrenal glands?
cortisol and aldosterone
What connects skin to superficial muscles?
dermis
Which exocrine gland produces sweat on the epidermal surface?
eccrine
Which system coordinates and regulates processes within the body through the use of hormones?
endocrine system
Which of the following types of tissues functions in the covering, lining, and protection of surfaces and body cavities?
epithelial tissue
Eccrine glands secrete a watery substance onto the surface of the skin to maintain temperature homeostasis through which process?
evaporation
A patient with a lower than normal amount of thrombocytes could be at risk of ____________.
extensive bleeding
Cerumen is secreted by apocrine glands located in which of the following structures?
external auditory canal
What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur?
formation of red blood cells in red bone marrow
In what area of the body would you expect to find especially thick stratum corneum?
heel of foot
Which of the following organelles would you expect to find an abundance of in leukocytes?
lysosomes
White blood cells contain many _________ because they need to dispose of harmful intruders such as bacteria and viruses. Which of the following options correctly completes the statement above?
lysosomes
The pharynx is a conduit for air and food. It is divided into three segments which contain lymphoid structures that play significant roles in protection and defense. Which segment of the pharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsils?
nasopharynx
What type of animal tissue is composed of neurons and neuroglia?
nervous
Which organelle is responsible for storing DNA?
nucleus
Where does digestion begin in the alimentary canal?
oral cavity
The respiratory system is composed of organs that facilitate gas exchange between the blood and the external environment. Which of the following describes the group of organs that function during gas exchange?
organ system
Which of the following causes bone matrix resorption in response to a decrease of calcium levels in the blood?
osteoclasts
Which of the following is the primary organ of the female reproductive system responsible for releasing mature eggs?
ovaries
Which of the following correctly describes chyme?
partially digested food mixed with gastric juice
The internal reproductive organs are located in which of the following anatomical regions?
pelvic region
Which of the following makes up the largest component of whole blood?
plasma
If the femoral artery was cut, which of the following blood vessels would not receive blood as a result?
popliteal artery
Reabsorption of water and electrolytes occur in various parts of the renal tubules. In which segment is sodium mostly reabsorbed?
proximal convoluted tubules
The carpals articulate with the distal ends of which two bones?
radius and ulna
What does the EKG do?
records the electrical activity of the heart
Where does erythropoiesis take place?
red bone marrow
Which of the following could result from a damaged olfactory nerve?
reduced sense of smell
Which part of the eye allows us to see color?
retina
What is the outermost layer of the epidermis?
stratum corneum
Mitosis occurs in which layer of the skin?
stratum germinativum
Stratum basale and stratum spinosum are included in which layer of the epidermis?
stratum germinativum
Which of the following salivary glands primarily contributes to the production and secretion of saliva?
submandibular glands
Which of the following gets absorbed directly into the blood?
amino acids
The tibia is _______ to the femur.
distal
In which part of the body would you find aqueous humor?
Between the lens and cornea in the eye
Which of the following anatomical terms is correctly matched with its meaning? carpal/foot inguinal/neck cranial/skull cervical/wrist
Cranial/skull
Which structure in the epidermis is responsible for cooling the body to maintain temperature homeostasis?
Eccrine glands
Which of the following organ systems is correctly paired with its function? Digestive/ waste elimination Circulatory/ obtaining nutrients necessary for growth, energy and normal body processes Excretory/ transport of substance to all tissues of the body Endocrine/ regulation of homeostasis through hormone signaling
Endocrine/ regulation of homeostasis through hormone signaling
Which bones form via intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles
Which of the following occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated? Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, digestion slows down Heart rate increases, pupils constrict, digestion slows down Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, digestion increases Heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion increases
Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, digestion slows down
Which structure controls the activity of the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following about the hyoid bone is correct?
It is the only bone that does not articulate with any other bone.
Which is the most abundant nervous tissue?
Neuroglia
The bolus is formed in which part of the digestive system?
Oral cavity
Which of the following is the correct sequence of transport of filtrate from the nephrons to the renal pelvis? -Minor Calyx - Major Calyx - Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Distal Convoluted Tubule - Loop of Henle - Collecting Duct - Renal Pelvis - Distal Convoluted Tubule - Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Loop of Henle - Collecting Duct - Minor Calyx - Major Calyx - Renal Pelvis - Collecting Duct - Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Loop of Henle - Distal Convoluted Tubule - Minor Calyx - Major Calyx - Renal Pelvis - Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Loop of Henle - Distal Convoluted Tubule - Collecting Duct - Minor Calyx - Major Calyx - Renal Pelvis
Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Loop of Henle - Distal Convoluted Tubule - Collecting Duct - Minor Calyx - Major Calyx - Renal Pelvis
What is one of the functions of the hypothalamus?
Regulating body temperature
Which of the following is not a function of cortisol? Reduces inflammation Raises blood sugar levels Inhibits the release of histamine Release growth hormones
Release growth hormones
What is the function of endocrine glands?
They release hormones into the bloodstream for distribution around the body.
What is the purpose of gastric mucous?
To protect the stomach lining from acid and digestive enzymes.
Which of the following muscles is located towards the outer side of the leg? Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Gracilis
Vastus Lateralis
Which of the following features of veins results in the venous system operating at lower pressures than the arterial side?
Veins have thinner, more compliant vessel walls than arteries.
The right atrium receives blood from the __________.
Vena cava
Which blood vessel delivers blood directly into the right atrium?
Vena cava
Which of the following is not found in the vertebral column? Atlas Axis Coccyx Vomer
Vomer
Which of the following muscles draw the limb away from the midline?
abductors
Which of the following hormones is primarily produced and secreted by the male reproductive system?
testosterone
The components found in blood that carry out blood clotting are:
thrombocytes
T-lymphocytes are developed by which of the following glands?
thymus
Which muscle is located towards the front of the lower leg?
tibialis anterior
Which of the following is defined as "a group of similar cells and their intercellular matrix that carry out a specific function together?"
tissues
The functions of the circulatory system include all of the following except: to distribute oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. to deliver carbon dioxide to body tissues. to distribute hormones throughout the body. to remove carbon dioxide from the body.
to deliver carbon dioxide to body tissues
The tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi is called ____________.
trachea
Which of the following is NOT a bone of the lower extremities? Femur Tibia Fibula Ulna
ulna
Which structure transports urine from the kidney to the bladder?
ureter
Which of the following male reproductive organs is also a part of the urinary system?
urethra
A patient reveals to you that they were recently involved in a car accident that they believe resulted in a deviated septum. Which of the following bones may have been injured in the accident, resulting in the deviated septum?
vomer
Which of the following acts as a store for fats and aids in bone function?
yellow bone marrow