hesi exam 1 (nursing science)
Which of the following statements about a case manager is correct?
"A case manager has the ability to establish an appropriate care plan based on the assessment of clients and families." A case manager has the ability to establish an appropriate care plan based on the assessment of clients and families. Case management is a collaborative process of assessment, planning, facilitation, care coordination, evaluation and advocacy for options and. services to meet an individual's and family's comprehensive health needs.
A registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about Peplau's theory, which focuses on interpersonal relations. Which statements of the nursing student indicate an understanding of the theory? Select all that apply. 1 "This theory creates a maturing force." 2 "This theory involves the nurse acting as a resource and surrogate." 3 "This theory includes three phases that characterize the interpersonal relationship." 4 "This theory focuses on the interpersonal relationship between the client and the client's family." 5 "This theory focuses on the interpersonal relationship that is influenced by only the nurse's perceptions."
1 "This theory creates a maturing force." 2 "This theory involves the nurse acting as a resource and surrogate." 3 "This theory includes three phases that characterize the interpersonal relationship." Hildegard Peplau's theory focuses on developing the interpersonal relationship between the nurse, the client, and the client's family. This theory develops a nurse-client relationship that is influenced by both the nurse's and the client's perceptions and preconceived ideas. Peplau's theory is unique: the collaborative nurse-patient relationship creates a maturing force through which interpersonal effectiveness meets the client's needs. According to this theory, the nurse acts as a resource person, counselor, and surrogate. According to Peplau, the three phases that characterize the nurse-client interpersonal relationship are orientation, working phase, and termination.
A client tells a nurse "I work in a factory that manufactures explosives." According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, to which level of need does the given scenario refer? 1 The given scenario relates to the first level that includes physiological needs. 2 The given scenario relates to the second level that includes safety and security needs. 3 The given scenario relates to the fourth level that includes self-esteem needs. 4 The given scenario relates to the final level that includes self-actualization needs.
2 The given scenario relates to the second level that includes safety and security needs. The given scenario relates to the second level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which includes safety and security needs. The physiological (first level) needs are the need for air, water, and food. The self-esteem (fourth level) needs are the need for self-confidence, usefulness, achievement, and self-worth. The self-actualization (final level) needs are the need for self-fulfillment.
The nurse is caring for a client who is recovering from a stroke. The primary health care provider has referred the client for rehabilitative care. Which interventions by the nurse help to make a successful referral process? Select all that apply. 1 Make the referral after the client is discharged. 2 Select a suitable rehabilitation center for the client. 3 Explain the need for referral to the client and family. 4 Provide the referral with adequate client information. 5 Determine what the referral recommends for client care.
3 Explain the need for referral to the client and family. 4 Provide the referral with adequate client information. 5 Determine what the referral recommends for client care Clients are discharged from health care facilities as soon as their conditions allow. Therefore they often need referrals for continuing care from another provider. It is important for the nurse to explain the need for the referral to the client and family. The nurse must coordinate with the referral and provide all necessary client information to prevent duplication of effort or exclusion of important information. The nurse must determine the referral recommendations for client care and include it in the treatment plan. Discharge planning starts as soon as the client is admitted to the health care facility. Therefore the nurse must plan for the referral as soon as possible, not after the client is discharged. The nurse should involve the client and family in the referral process. The client and family should be allowed to select a suitable rehabilitation center..
How many steps are there in evidence-based practice? Record your answer using a whole number. _________________
6 There are six steps of evidence-based practice. First, the nurse asks a clinical question and collects the most relevant and best evidence. Next, the gathered evidence is critically appraised. Then, all the evidence is integrated with one's clinical expertise and client preferences to make a decision or change. Finally, the practice decision and changes are evaluated and then the outcomes are shared with other medical staff.
"A _______________applies a critical thinking approach to ensure appropriate, individualized nursing care for specific clients and their families."
A caregiver applies a critical thinking approach to ensure appropriate, individualized nursing care for clients and their families.
"A _______________ identifies and implements new and more effective approaches to problems."
A change agent helps identify and implement new and more effective approaches to problems.
"A __________________ helps clients identify and clarify health problems and chooses appropriate courses of action to solve these problems."
A counselor helps clients identify and clarify health problems and choose appropriate courses of action.
labeling error "the nursing diagnostic"
A labeling error is a failure to validate data. - wrong diagnostic label selected - evidence that another diagnosis is more likely - condition a collaborative problem - failure to validate nursing diagnosis with patient - failure to seek guidance
Roy's theory
According to Roy's theory, the goal of nursing is to help the person adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness. patient is an adaptive system; when patient cannot ADAPT to stressors, nursing is needed
Adult day care centers are an example of
Adult day care centers are an example of continuing care. The nurses in these centers provide continuity between care delivered in the home and the center.
ICU or CRITICAL CARE UNIT
An ICU or a critical care unit is a hospital unit in which clients receive close monitoring and intensive medical care.
Which of these cultural groups adopts a combination of dietary, herbal, and other naturalistic therapies to prevent and treat illness?
Asian Indians rely on a combination of dietary, herbal, and other naturalistic therapies to prevent and treat illness.
Which theory is based on the model of primacy of caring?
Benner and Wrubel's Theory The model of primacy of caring is the basis of Benner and Wrubel's Theory. This theory focuses on client's need for caring as a means of coping with stressors of illness. focus on caring as a may of COPING with stress CARING IS CENTRAL
ICU and CAH both...
Both CAH and ICU offer 24-hour emergency care. The CAH and ICU care for acutely ill clients by monitoring them on multiple devices. An ICU is the most expensive health care delivery site, as the nurse cares for only one or two clients at a time.
Collecting errors "data collecting from patient"
Collecting errors include - lack of knowledge or skill - inaccurate data - missing data - disorganization.
Correlational research
Correlational research is a study that explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without any active intervention by the researcher.
East Asians
East Asians use yin treatment (which uses needles to restore balance and flow of qi) and yang treatment (which uses moxibustion or heat with acupuncture to restore the yin/yang balance).
Descriptive research
Descriptive research is a study that measures characteristics of persons, situations, or groups and the frequency with which certain events or characteristics occur.
Grand theories are the highly abstract and the widest in scope. They are most often used to describe general concepts or propositions, and they are not meant for empirical testing. Middle-range theories are concrete and offer specific explanations about phenomena of interest. The concepts of these theories are operationally defined and can be empirically tested. encompass either one or more of four types of theory: descriptive, explanatory, predictive, and prescriptive
Descriptive theory: identifies properties and components of a discipline. Predictive theory: conjectures the relationships between components of a phenomenon and predicts when the phenomena will occur.
clustering level "grouping data"
Errors at the clustering level include... - insufficient cluster of cues - premature or early closure - incorrect clustering
Evaluation research
Evaluation research is a study that tests how well a program, practice, or policy is working.
EBP
Evidence-based practice simply refers to combining research, clinical knowledge, and patient preferences to reach a health care decision. It emphasizes the use of the highest-quality information to make a clinical judgment. The goal of evidence-based practice is simple: provide care that is safe, effective, and compassionate.
Which type of theory is the Neuman systems model?
Grand theory Neuman systems model is an example of a grand theory that provides a comprehensive foundation for scientific nursing practice, education, and research. -- provides a conceptual framework under which the key concepts and principles of the discipline can be identified. These look at nursing from a broad perspective and are applicable to all areas of the profession. They can provide useful insights into nursing practice, but are not designed for empirical testing. Theories related to growth and development are descriptive theories. Prescriptive theories address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, describe the condition under which the prescription occurs, and predict the consequences. Mishel's theory of uncertainty is a prescriptive theory. Middle-range theories tend to focus on a specific field of nursing. Mishel's theory of uncertainty in illness is a middle-range theory.
Henderson's theory
Henderson's theory focuses on assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of activities that will contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful death.
Hispanics
Hispanics use a combination of prayers, herbs, and other rituals to treat traditional illnesses.
Immunization is an example of
Immunization is an example of preventive care. The focus is on reducing and controlling risk factors for disease.
A nurse finds that there is an inaccurate match between clinical cues and the nursing diagnosis. What is the category of the diagnostic error?
Interpreting --> inaccurately interpreted the S/Sx and incorrectly formulated a diagnosis An inaccurate match between clinical cues and the nursing diagnosis is an interpreting error. Interpreting errors include... - inaccurate interpretation of cues - failing to consider conflicting cues - using an insufficient number of cues - using unreliable or invalid cues - failure to consider cltural influences or developmental stage
Which feature distinguishes an associate degree program from a baccalaureate program for a registered nurse (RN) in the United States?
It includes two years of study in a college or university. The baccalaureate program includes four years of study in a college or a university. Both the programs focus on basic sciences and theoretical and clinical courses. In addition, the baccalaureate program also includes courses in social sciences, arts, and humanities. The BSN in the United States is equivalent to the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BScN) in Canada. Graduates of both associate degree and baccalaureate programs are eligible to take the NCLEX for RNs.
What is exploratory research?
It is a study designed to develop a hypothesis about the relationships among phenomena. Initial study designed to develop or refine the dimensions of phenomena or to develop or refine a hypothesis about the relationships among phenomena. Exploratory research is research conducted for a problem that has not been studied more clearly, intended to establish priorities, develop operational definitions and improve the final research design. Helps determine the best research design, data-collection method and selection of subjects.
What makes a crisis access hospital (CAH) different from an intensive care unit (ICU)?
It provides temporary care for 96 hours or less. CAH is a RURAL hospital that provides temporary care for 96 hours or less to stabilize clients before they are transferred to a larger hospital.
The nurse provides seaweed soup as a first meal to a Korean client who just gave birth and requested a meal. Which nursing theory is the nurse following?
Leininger's theory The major concept of Leininger's theory is cultural diversity, where the goal is to provide a client with culturally specific nursing care. Some Korean clients believe that seaweed soup cleanses the blood and promotes healing and lactation. Therefore, by giving seaweed soup to a postpartum client, the nurse is providing culturally specific care. "transcultural nursing" provide care that are in harmancy with an individual or group's cultural beliefs, practices, and values
Managed care organizations (MCO)
MCO provide comprehensive preventive and treatment services to a specific group of voluntarily enrolled people.
Medicaid
Medicaid is a state-operated program that provides long-term care to low-income families and disabled older clients. The nurse may suggest this program in case of disabilities, but Medicare is the preferred choice.
Native Americans
Native Americans rely on a combination of prayers, chanting, and herbs to treat illnesses caused by supernatural, psychological, and physical factors.
Neuman's theory
Neuman's theory is based on stress and the client's REACTION TO THE STRESSOR. As per Betty Neuman's theory, the role of nursing is to stabilize the client when stressors are present. The nurse should assess the stressors, the client's response to the stressors, identify the nursing diagnosis, plan patient-centered care, implement interventions, and determine if the stressor is resolved.
Nightingale's theory
Nightingale's theory focuses on caring through the environment and helping the client deal with symptoms and changes in function related to an illness.
While teaching a diabetic client about self-care management, the nurse asks the client to inspect his or her feet daily and to wear well-fitted shoes to prevent foot ulcers. Which nursing theory is applicable in this situation?
Orem's self-care theory The goal of Orem's theory is to help the client perform self-care and manage his or her health problems. Because the nurse is helping the client to self-manage the risk of foot ulcers, Orem's theory is applicable in this situation. determine the self care deficits + then to define the roles of the nurse to meet the self care demands
Preferred care organizations (PCO)
PC) narrow down the list of hospitals, physicians, and healthcare providers preferred by the member. PCO and MCO members need to pay from his or her own pocket in order to afford these facilities.
Peplau's theory
Peplau's theory focuses on interpersonal relationships between the nurse, client and the client's family.
Which of these is a part of health belief model?
Perception of susceptibility to an illness The health belief model is divided into 3 components. The 1st is an individual's perception of susceptibility to an illness. The 2nd is an individual's perception of seriousness of an illness. The 3rd is the preventive actions taken by a person. The health promotion model focuses on behavioral outcomes, behavior-specific knowledge and affect, and individual characteristics and experience. The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors. This is done by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals.
Registered nurses must take the
Registered nurses must take the NCLEX. both associates degree + BSN are eligible to take the NCLEX
A client who is recovering from a motor vehicle accident is discharged from the health care agency and transferred to an extended care facility for rehabilitation. What kind of health care service does this client receive?
Restorative care The client receives restorative care during rehabilitation. This care helps to restore the client to the fullest physical, mental, social, vocational, and economic potential.
Piaget's four stages of cognitive development are:
Sensorimotor = Birth through ages 18-24 months. --> direct sensory + motor contact + object permanence + separation anxiety Preoperational = Toddler (18-24 months) through early childhood (age 7) --> play; child can use symbols, imaginary play + pretend; ego-centrism Concrete operational = Ages 7 to 12. --> concrete thinking allows for math such as add/subtract + conservation Formal operational = Adolescence through adulthood.; abstract thinking + hypothetical thinking + moral reasoning *** Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed *** conservation is the awareness that a quantity remains the same despite a change in its appearance
Tertiary health care
Tertiary health care is provided to acutely ill hospitalized clients who need comprehensive and specialized health care.
A nurse is teaching a parent about the different temperaments that a child may display. What characteristics does a slow-to-warm up child display? Select all that apply.
The child adapts slowly with frequent communication. The child reacts with mild but passive resistance to novelty. The child reacts negatively and with mild intensity to new stimuli. A slow-to-warm up child adapts slowly with frequent communication and reacts to novelty with mild but passive resistance. A slow-to-warm up child also reacts negatively and with mild intensity to new stimuli. An easy child is regular and predictable in his or her habits. A difficult child is highly active, irritable, and irregular in his or her habits.
difficult child
The child is highly active, irritable, and irregular in his or her habits.
Which characteristic indicates that nursing is a profession?
The nurse is required to follow a code of ethics. Nursing is a profession because it follows a code of ethics, which are the philosophical ideals of right + wrong that define the principles the nurse uses to care for the clients. Nursing is NOT just a collection of specific skills performed by a trained individual. The nurse is expected to act professionally by administering quality client-centered care in a safe, conscientious, and knowledgeable manner. Nursing is a profession because nurses have autonomy in decision making and practice in accordance with the state/federal laws and regulations. Nursing is a profession because its members must not only possess basic nursing education but extended education to explore new methods of health care.
Which example indicates that the nurse is following evidence-based practice?
The nurse reads current nursing journals and uses the latest scientific methods. Evidence-based practice requires the nurse to read current nursing journals and use the latest scientific methods. It also requires the integration of best current evidence with clinical expertise and client preferences while providing health care. The nurse uses informatics to document client care in an electronic health record. The nurse uses flowcharts and diagrams to record the client's progress and monitor the outcomes of client care. This helps the nurse to improve the quality of care. The nurse provides client-centered care by encouraging the hospitalized client's family to bring home-cooked food.
What is the duty of a nurse while caring for a client?
The nurse should determine the client's care preferences. The nurse must determine the client's care preferences. The nurse should incorporate the client's beliefs, needs, and understanding into care. The nurse should be honest with the family of the client. The nurse should seek permission from the family before taking any necessary steps for the client rather than inform them after taking steps. The nurse should instruct the family to motivate the client to do as much for himself or herself as possible.
A 70-year-old client needs to undergo heart surgery but cannot afford it. The client seeks the assistance of a nurse. Which is the preferred program that the nurse may suggest?
The nurse should discuss the Medicare program to this client. This health insurance program is designed for clients 65 years of age and older. There are four parts of Medicare; part A takes care of the medical, surgical, and psychiatric costs.
descriptive theories
Theories related to growth and development Descriptive theory: identifies properties and components of a discipline.
easy child
This child is regular and predictable in his or her habits.
What is the primary purpose of evidence-informed nursing practice (EIP)?
Using results from research to improve the outcome of nursing care In EIP nurses must search continually for scientific evidence to validate care that is provided to clients. Adhering to procedural guidelines does not relate specifically to EIP; however, it is inherent in all nursing care. Procedural guidelines should be evidence based. EIP is the result of an increasing demand for high-quality, cost-effective care. Assessing clients systematically before implementing care does not relate specifically to EIP; however, it is part of all nursing care.
Watson's theory
Watson's theory of transpersonal caring defines the OUTCOME of nursing activity in regard to the humanistic aspects of life. This theory promotes health, restoring the client to health, and preventing illness. According to Watson's theory, the goal of nursing is promoting and restoring health and preventing illness. interrelationship of health, illness, and human behavior
Neuman systems model
a nursing theory based on the individual's relationship to stress, the reaction to it, and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature. The purpose of the nurse is to retain this system's stability through the three levels of prevention: 1. Primary prevention to protect the normal line and strengthen the flexible line of defense. 2. Secondary prevention to strengthen internal lines of resistance, reducing the reaction, and increasing resistance factors. 3. Tertiary prevention to readapt and stabilize and protect reconstitution or return to wellness following treatment.
Prescriptive theories
address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, describe the condition under which the prescription occurs, and predict the consequences. Mishel's theory of uncertainty is a prescriptive theory. Predictive theory: conjectures the relationships between components of a phenomenon and predicts when the phenomena will occur.
A doctor asks a nurse to collect the medical history of a client. What nursing process should the nurse undertake?
assessment The documentation of the client's information is part of an assessment. The nurse will collect all the relevant medical data of the client to help the doctor understand the client's history a make an accurate diagnosis. During diagnosis, the collected data is analyzed to find out the client's problems or issues. Evaluation is the process to see if the expected outcomes of the treatment are achieved or not. Before an evaluation, a plan is made to solve all the client's problems and then the plan is implemented.
A registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about Piaget's theory of cognitive development that includes four periods, which are related to age. Which age group corresponds with concrete operations? a) 2 to 7 years -->preoperational b) 7 to 11 years --> concrete operational c) Birth to 2 years --> sensorimotor d) 11 years to adulthood --> formal operational
b) 7 to 11 years --> concrete operational According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the concrete operations period applies to the age group of 7 to 11 years of age. The preoperational period is during the age group of 2 to 7 years. The sensorimotor period applies to the age group of birth to 2 years. The formal operations period applies to the age group of 11 years to adulthood.
The nurse is caring for a client who requires an intravenous infusion. The nurse explains the reason for the procedure while assembling the kit for the infusion. What is the role of the nurse in this situation?
educator The nurse assumes the role of educator when explaining to the client the need for an intravenous infusion. The nurse as a manager oversees the budget of a specific nursing unit or agency and is also responsible for coordinating the activities of the staff providing nursing care. As an advocate, the nurse protects the human and legal rights of the client. The nurse empowers the client with information required to make important health care decisions. The nurse is a caregiver when helping the client maintain and regain health, manage disease symptoms, and achieve a maximum level of functioning.
cues
significant data clinical sings + symptoms
Middle-range theories
tend to focus on a specific field of nursing. Mishel's theory of uncertainty in illness is a middle-range theory. -- is more precise and only analyses a particular situation with a limited number of variables. more narrow, less broad focus on specific aspects of the profession.
