hesi fundamentals exam remediation
secondary source
- NOT from asking client - ex medical records including ex-ray and blood work - ex asking the client's family caregiver
teamwork and collaboration
- QSEN competency - states that the nurse would function effectively within nursing and inter professional teams to provide quality care
preferred provider organization (PPO) plan
- a contractual agreement between a set of providers and self-insured employers - it offers comprehensive health services at a discount to companies under contract
potassium function in cells and body
- a decrease in serum potassium causes a decrease in the cell wall pressure gradient and results in water moving out of the cells - intracellular osmolarity regulation - potassium also regulates metabolic activities, transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, cardiac conduction, and smooth and skeletal muscle contraction
medicaid plan
- a federally funded, state-run program that provides health insurance for low-income families - in finances a large portion of care for poor children, and their parents, pregnant women, and disabled very poor adults
medicare
- a health insurance program for people 65 years or older - the payment for the plan is deducted from monthly individual social security checks
clinical health care informatics
- a subdomain of clinical informatics
clinical research informatics
- a subdomain of clinical informatics
concepts
- a theory consists of interrelated concepts - concepts help describe or label phenomena - concepts that affect the client system are physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, or spiritual - concepts can be simple or complex and relate to an object or event that come from individual perceptual experiences
assisted suicide
- according to the American Nurses Association (ANA), the nurse's participation in assisted suicide would violate their code of ethics - according to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) and the International Council of Nurses, nurses may listen to the client's expressions of fears an open attitude toward the client's end of life - according to the AANC and the International Council of Nurses, nurses may listen to the client's expressions of fear and to attempt to control the client's pain - according to the Oregon Death and Dignity Act (1994), the primary health care provider is the state of Oregon can participate in assisted suicide only if an individual with terminal disease makes an oral and written request to end life in a humane and dignified manner
open-ended questions
- allows the client to explain their health concerns in their own words
calcium function in cells and body
- an extracellular cation necessary for bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, hormone secretion, cardiac condition, transmission of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction
aspirin
- antipyretic - increases the risk of swelling in the brain and liver, which are the main symptoms of Reye syndrome in children - aspirin is not recommended in children
probing
- asking the client, "what else is bothering you?" - such open-ended questions help obtain more information until the client has nothing more to say
continuing care
- assisted living - psychiatric and older adult day care
neuman's theory
- based on stress and the client's reaction to stressor - grand theory
preventive care
- blood pressure and cancer screenings - immunizations - mental health counseling and crisis prevention - community legislation (ex seat belts, air bags, bike helmets, no texting while driving)
restorative care
- cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation - orthopedic rehabilitation - sports medicine - spinal corn injury programs - home care
the Nurse Practice Act
- describe and define the legal boundaries of nursing practice within each state - they help distinguish between nursing and medical practice and establish education and licensure requirements for nurses
descriptive theories
- do not direct specific nursing activities, instead they help explain client assessments - descriptive theories are the first level of theory development - descriptive theories explain, relate, and in some situations predict nursing phenomena - descriptive theories describe phenomena, speculate on why they occur, and describe their consequences
negligence
- doing something that a reasonable person under ordinary circumstances would not do - any conduct that falls below the standard of care
secondary acute care
- emergency care - acute medical-surgical care - radiological procedures for acute problems (ex x-rays, computer tomography [CT] scans)
henderson's theory
- focuses on assisting the individual in the performance of activities that he or she can perform unaided that will contribute to health, recover, or a peaceful death
peplau's theory
- focuses on interpersonal relationships between the nurse, the client, and the client's family by developing the nurse-client relationship
safety
- focuses on minimizing the risk for harm to clients and health care workers through improved professional performance
orem's theory
- focuses on the client's self-care needs - orem's self-care deficit theory focuses on the client's self-care needs
when can a warm compress be used fro pain?
- for mild pain or when awaiting medication for moderate to severe pain - warm compress promotes vasodilation which should help reduce pain from cellular clumping
hypothermia
- hypothermia occurs when the body temperature falls below 36.2C - mild hypothermia = 34-36C / 93.2-96.8F - moderate hypothermia = 30-34C / 86-93F - severe hypothermia = below 30C / 86F
collaborative problems
- identified by the nurse during this process - the nurse assess the client to gather information for reaching diagnostic conclusions - if the client's health problem requires treatment by other disciplines, such as medical or physical therapy, the client has a collaborative problem
false imprisonment
- if the nurse uses restraints without a legal warrant on a client or the approval of the primary health care provider - can be charged
palliative care
- in a palliative care setting, the health care team would comprise professionals of various disciplines to help achieve care outcomes - the nurse on the interprofessional team evaluates the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs of the client - the nurse also advocates for the client and provides referrals to other members of the team - a pharmacist supports the care of the client and the needs of the family regarding medications - music therapist help increase the comfort of the client - the primary health care provider assess the clinical manifestations of the client
tertiary care
- intensive care - subacute care
back-channeling
- involves the use of active listening prompts such as "go on...", "all right", and "uh-huh." - encourage the client to complete the full story
quality improvement
- involves using data to evaluate the outcomes of care processes and design methods to improve the health care delivery system
dantrolene
- medication - decreases calcium level during malignant hyperthermia conditions
public health informatics
- once of the major domains of informatics that uses computer science and technology to improve public health
causes of hyperthermia
- performing strenuous activities in high humidity - reduces heat loss from the body
external fixation device
- pin sites provide a direct avenue for organisms into the bone - pin site care is priority over easing pain - some scarring will occur at the pin insertion site regardless of pin site care - skin has a tendency to grow around the pin, rather than breakdown, as long as infection is prevented
primary care (health promotion)
- prenatal and well-baby care - nutrition counseling - family planning - exercise, yoga, and meditation classes
middle-range theories
- provide a basis to help nurses understand how clients cope with uncertainty and the illness response - misher's theory of uncertainty in illness is a middle range theory; it focuses o the client's experiences with center while living with continual uncertainty - middl-range theories tend to focus on a specific field of nursing (such as uncertainty, incotinence, social support, quality of life, and caring) rather than reflect on a wide variety of nursing care situations - middle-range theories are more limited in score and less abstract than grand theories - middle-range theories address a specific phenomenon and reflect practices such as administration, clinical, or teaching
leininger's theory
- recognizes the importance of culture and its influence on everything that involves the cline and the providers of nursing care - cultural diversity, with the goal of nursing care being to provide the client with culturally specific nursing care
Standards of Care
- reflect the knowledge os skills possessed by nurses who are active practitioners in their profession - are requirements that define the minimum acceptable nursing care
motivated to learn
- requesting information is indicating a readiness to learn - the nurse would encourage the expression of feelings, no engage in teaching - people in denial are not ready to learn because they do not admit they have a problem - many adolescents believe they are invincible - a person who is in pain is attempting to cope with a physiological need. this client is not a candidate for teaching until the pain can be lessened; pain can preoccupy the client and prevent focusing on the information being presented
quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN) definition of patient-centered care
- requires the nurse to understand that the client is the sourse of control when providing care - the nurse would respect the values, beliefs, and preferences of the client to provide quality care
normal nail
- slightly convex curve - angle from the skin to nail base of about 160 degrees
causes of hypothermia
- snowmobiling - skiing - hiking in the cold weather - they occur in cold temperatures and may lower the body temperature
sodium function in cells and body
- sodium is the most abundant extracellular cation that regulates serum osmolarity as well as nerve impulse transmission and acid-base balance
battery
- the application of force to the body of another - involves physical harm - intentionally touching without the client's consent - this action may cause injury or may be offensive to the client's personal dignity
descriptive study
- the characteristics of a person or a situation are measured - ex, a researcher may examine nurses' bias while caring for obese clients
entropion
- the eyelid margins turn in and sometimes can cause irritation of the conjunctiva and cornea - malposition resulting in an inversion of the eyelid margin
roy's theory
- the goal of nursing is to help the client adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness - the roy adaptive model views the client as an adaptive system - the need for nursing care occurs when a client cannot adapt to internal and external environmental demands - roy's model belies the goal of nursing is to help a client adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness - all individuals must adapt to the following demands: meeting basic physiological needs, developing a positive self-concept, performing social roles, and achieving a balance between dependence and independence
a medical diagnosis
- the identification of a disease condition - identified by the primary health care provider based on the results of diagnostic tests
experimental research
- the investigator gives variables randomly to the subject
benner and wruble's theory
- the model of primacy of caring - focuses on client's need for caring as a means of coping with stressors of illness
asking questions after first time surgery
- the nurse must assess the client's knowledge about the surgery to determine if the cline is aware of the outcome of the surgery - the nurse observes for nonverbal signs of discomfort because some clients may not state that they are in pain - the nurse observes the client's positioning the bed to determine any abnormal signs such as discomfort or pain - the nurse asks the client to rate the severity of pain to determine a nursing diagnosis of pain related to a surgical wound
primary source
- the primary source of information during an assessment is the client - ex asking about pain level
nursing informatics (NI)
- the subset of clinical health care informatics - a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice
watson's theory
- theory of transpersonal caring - defines the outcome of nursing activity in regard to the humanistic aspects of life - promotes health, restoring the client to health, and preventing illness
correlational research
- used to find out the relationship between different variables without the interference of a researcher - ex, determining the educational status of nurses and their satisfaction with their jobs
close-ended questions
- used to obtain a definite answer - "how would you rate your pain on a scale of 0-10?"
sustained pattern of fever
a constant body temperature continuously above 100.4F / 38C with little fluctuation
the State Children's Health Insurance Programs (SCHIP)
a federally funded, state-run program for children who are not poor enough for medicaid
bioethics
a field of study concerned with the ethics and philosophical implications of certain biological and medical procedures and treatments
a nursing center
a resident's temporary or permanent home, where the surroundings are made as homelike as possible
respite care
a service that provides short-term relief for people proving home care to an ill, disabled, or frail older adult
hospice care
a system of family-centered care that allows clients to remain at home in comfort while easing the pain of terminal illness
malpractice
a type of negligence that is regarded as professional negligence
crime
an illegality committed against the public and punishable by the law through the courts
tort
an individual is held legally responsible for action committed against another individual or an individual's property
evaluation research
an initial study that refines a hypothesis, such as testing a new exercise in older clients with dementia
nystagmus
an involuntary oscillation of the eyes, and usually occurs after an eye injury
stages of the nursing process
assessment stage - the nurse collects comprehensive data pertinent to the client's health and situation - the nurse will collect all the relevant medical data of the client to help the health care provider understand the client's history and make an accurate diagnosis - the documentation of the client's information is part of assessment diagnosis stage - the nurse analyzes the assessment data to determine the health care issues - the collected data is analyzed to find out the client's problems or issues planning stage - the nurse develops an individualized care plan for the client - the plan contains strategies and alternatives to achieve specific outcomes - plan is made to solve all the client's problems implementation stage - the nurse promotes a safe environment evaluation stage - the process to see if the expected outcomes of the treatment are achieved or not
interpretation
clarifying any data about which the nurse is uncertain
evaluation
contemplating the nurse's own behavior
degree of edema documentation
depth of 2mm = 1+ depth of 4mm = 2+ depth of 6mm = 3+ depth of 8mm = 4+
ptosis
dropping of the eyelids over the pupil
remittent pattern of fever
fever spikes and falls without returning to normal temperature levels
intermittent pattern of fever
fever spikes are interspersed with normal temperature levels
when to use television as an adequate detractor?
for mild pain only
nurse administrators
function is to prepare the budget, staffing, strategic planning of programs and services, employee evaluations, and employee development
the National Guidelines Clearinghouse database
includes a repository for structured abstracts about clinical guidelines and their development
EMBASE database
includes biomedical and pharmaceutical studies
the Cochrane Database
includes full test of regularly updates systematic reviews prepared by the Cochrane collaboration as well as completed reviews and protocols
MEDLINE database
includes studies in medicine, nursing, dentistry, psychiatry, veterinary medicine, and allied health
internal vs external variables
internal variables - emotional factors - spiritual factors - developmental issues - the perception of functioning external variables - cultural background - socioeconomic factors - family practices
critical thinking skills
interpretation - involved in the orderly collection of data analysis - when information about a client is collected with an open mind interference - when the data collected about the client helps in solving an existing problem evaluation - used when the results of nursing action are determined
accountability
nurses have an obligation to uphold the highest standards of practice, assume full responsibility for actions, and maintain quality in the knowledge base and skill of the profession
assisted living
offers an attractive long-term care setting with an environment that is like the clients home and offers the client greater autonomy
relapsing pattern of fever
periods of febrile episodes coupled with periods of acceptable temperature values
nursing diagnoses
problems that require treatment by the nurse
nurse educators
provide knowledge about current nursing practices, trends, theories, and necessary skills in laboratories and clinical settings
nurse practitioner
provides comprehensive care and directly manages the medical care of clients who are healthy or have chronic conditions
certified registered nurse anesthetist
provides surgical anesthesia under the guidance and supervision of the anesthesiologist
self-regulation
reflecting on the nurse's own experience
explanation
supporting findings and conclusions
koilonychia
the concave curves on the nail
ectropion
the eyelid margins turn out away from eyeball
paronychia
the inflammation of the skin at the base of the nail
libel
the written defamation of character
clubbing
there is a change in the angle between the nail and the nail base larger than 180 degrees
