Hesi HESI AP V1/V2 STUDY GUIDE

Gametes are?

- Mature haploid male or female germ cell which are able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote - Male or female reproductive cell that contains half the genetic material of the organism. - Are an organism's reproductive cells. They are also referred to as sex cells. Female gametes are called ova or egg cells, and male gametes are called sperm. - Gametes are HAPLOID cells (Meiosis), & each cell carries ONLY ONE copy of each chromosome.

What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

- Packaging proteins for secretion & transports lipids around the cell - Synthesize carbs & glycoproteins

Lymphocytes are?

- White blood cells that are also one of the body's main types of immune cells - They are made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue - Defend the body against foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, & cancer cells that can threaten its functioning

How many carbs per gram do carbs contain?

4

Neutrophils are?

A WBC (White blood cell) that Phagocytize microorganisms

Ovum can be described as?

A mature female reproductive cell & can divide to give rise to an embryo usually only after fertilization by male cell

Which term is used to describe movement of the arms & legs away from midline of the body?

Abduction (AB = Away from)

Increase in rate of breathing results in what blood PH change?

Alkalosis

A person who has damage to their ulnar nerve will have decreased sensation in?

Arm, inability to adduct arms & fingers

What is the result of carbon dioxide in the body?

Body becomes more acidic.

Diet is important because bone are storage places for?

Calcium & Phosphorus

What occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated / increased?

Cardiac output

Structure that provides a pulse reading in the neck?

Carotid artery

. When assessing a female client who describes herself as a vegetarian in the nurse notes that she has unusual skin color. The nurse should ask the client if she has eaten a large amount of?

Carrot & squash

What do capillaries do?

Carry blood AWAY from body in order to exchange nutrients, oxygen & waste

What internal structure of the ear is concerned with hearing?

Cochlea

The most abundant tissue is?

Connective tissue

Which tissues serves as the framework by providing support & structure for organs?

Connective tissue

In order for inhalation to occur?

Contraction of diaphragm, which enlarges chest cavity and draws in air

The malleus, incus & stapes are located in which part of the body?

Ear

Ceruminous (Apocrine) glands secrete?

Earwax

What are the glands of the skin that produce a thin, watery secretion?

Eccrine Glands (aka Sweat glands or Merocrine glands)

What epidermal derivative is involved in temperature homeostasis?

Eccrine gland (Merocrine / sweat gland)

The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the distal region of the humerus. What area is he describing?

Epiphysis

Sweat on the skin's surface cool's the body through which process?

Evaporation

An overproduction of cerumen (earwax) can accumulate in which area?

External ear & canals

What is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere & blood through the alveoli called?

External respiration (exhaling)

Aqueous humor is watery fluid in which part of the body?

Eye (in front of eye, between lens & cornea)

Where does fertilization occur?

Fallopian tubes

Fertilization of an ovum occurs in which anatomical structure?

Fallopian tubes (also called uterine tubes)

Dorsiflexion & plantarflexion are types that of joint movement that are associated with which part of the body?

Foot

What is the response of cells in the collecting tubules in nephrons when Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)is secreted?

H20 is re-absorbed from urinary filtrate

. The occipital region is located in which part of the body?

Head / Skull

Which bone does not articulate with any other bone?

Hyoid bone

The exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells is?

Internal respiration (inhaling)

What is the effect of Serotonin, a neurotransmitter?

Involved with mood, anxiety, sleep, happiness, appetite

Most of carbon dioxide in the blood does which of the following?

It is converted to bicarbonate ions by carbonic anhydrase within RBC (red blood cells)

. Anaerobic respiration can lead to a burning sensation cause by which molecule?

Lactic acid

The mitral valve is located between which two structures?

Left ventricle & left atrium

Aspirin occurs when there is a tear in which structures?

Ligament

Where is the tibialis anterior muscle located?

Lower leg

Which of the following organelles would you expect to find an abundance of in leukocytes?

Lysosomes

Monocytes become?

Macrophages

When drawing blood from antecubital region, which blood vessel is used to obtain blood?

Median cubital

Part of the brain that attaches to the spinal cord?

Medulla oblongata

Which condition causes a client to say "I can't see far away"?

Nearsightedness (Think opposite, Far is near, near is far)

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

All actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of nerve impulses over which of the following?

Neurons

Where does digestion begin in the alimentary canal?

Oral cavity

Where does digestion begin in the digestive system?

Oral cavity

When water molecules move across the cell membrane from high to low concentration, this process is called?

Osmosis

Which statement are true about bone?

Osteoblast (build up of bone), Epiphyseal (end of bone) , Diaphysis (shaft of bone

. As part of the negative feedback system, which type of cell is stimulated to re-absorb bone matrx in response to a decrease in Calcium in the blood?

Osteoclasts (break down bone so it can release Ca+ into interstitial fluid)

Which hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

Oxytocin & ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) (ADH is also known as Vasopressin)

Two divisions that make up the nervous system?

PNS & CNS (Peripheral & Central)

Which hand position describes anatomical position of a person who is standing erect with feet forward?

Palms facing anterior

3. Which of the following is a structure found in the upper respiratory?

Pharynx

Which gland is commonly known as the "Master Gland"

Pituitary gland

Which cell structure regulates the transport of substances in & out of a cell?

Plasma membrane

The Pulse Point located behind the knee is Palpated over which artery?

Popliteal

What are the two functions of the male & female sex organs?

Production of gametes & production of hormones

Within which vessel does blood return from the lungs?

Pulmonary vein (Remember pulmonary is heart, veins take deoxygenated blood back to heart. Arteries carry oxygen & nutrients away from heart)

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Regulates balance & thermoregulation

Which of the following lists the correct pathway of blood through the circulatory system?

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, body tissues, vena cava, right atrium

Afferent neurons are?

Sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the CNS & brain

Which structure is a ball & socket joint?

Shoulder

Which anatomical structure houses the malleus, incus & stapes?

Skull / Ear

The olfactory nerve is associated in which sense?

Smell

Which of the following best describes the anatomical position?

Standing upright, facing the observer, upper extremities at the body's sides, feet flat and directed forward, and the palms facing anteriorly

. Which part of the brain is involved in auditory functioning?

Temporal lobe

What hormone induces growth of pubic & axillary hair at puberty?

Testosterone & Estrogen

What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur?

The formation of red blood cells; Red bone marrow Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells. In the early development of a fetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the yolk sac, spleen, and liver. However, after birth, all erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow.

Which of the following statements best describes endocrine glands?

They secrete chemicals into the blood, growth, metabolism, sexual development & function

What is the purpose of gastric mucous?

To protect the stomach lining from acid and digestive enzymes.

Which structure conducts urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?

Ureter

Which organ is part of both the male reproductive system & the urinary system?

Urethra

Which muscle of the quad femoris group lies on the outer side surface of lower extremity?

Vastus lateralis

Vessel carries blood from the body to the heart?

Vena cava

What does the presence of antidiuretic hormone stimulate?

Water reabsorption from the urinary filtrate

Cellular contact is important for?

Wound healing

Mitochondria

are organelles that are the site of cellular respiration and provide energy for the cell.

Lysosomes

are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. Lysosomes are found in all animal cells but are most numerous in infection-fighting cells, such as white blood cells (leukocytes). This is because white blood cells must digest more material than most other types of cells as their main job is to attack bacteria, viruses, and other foreign intruders.

Where is the popliteal artery located?

behind the knee

What is the Function of thrombocytes (Platelets)?

blood clotting

Ligaments provide which connection?

bone to bone

What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

carry oxygen

Hormones produced by the ovaries?

estrogen and progesterone

A patient with a lower than normal amount of thrombocytes could be at risk of ____________.

extensive bleeding (A patient with a lower than normal amount of thrombocytes will experience difficulty with blood clotting, which would lead to extensive bleeding.)

. Which structure carries Oxygen to the cells?

hemoglobin

What type of synovial joint is the elbow?

hinge joint

What part of the body is the lower back?

lumbar

Fertilization occurs in the?

oviduct

What organ produces insulin?

pancreas

Plane divides the body into left & right sides?

sagittal plane

What is a characteristic of viral herpes?

skin eruption

The mediastinum is located within which cavity?

thoracic cavity

What are like cells grouped together called?

tissue

When a boxer gets hit & has a deviated septum?

vomer (in nose)

Which structure is located on the sternum?

xiphoid process

What stimulates chemoreceptors to function?

↑ in CO2 & ↓ in O2