HGE Terms

Effective stress

The sum of the vertical components of the forces developed at the points of contract of the solid particles per unit cross sectional area of the soil mass

Liquid Limit

The water content to which the consistency of the soil reaches the boundary between the liquid state and plastic state

Plastic Limit

The water content to which the consistency of the soil reaches the boundary between the plastic state and the semi solid state

Shrinkage Limit

The water content to which the consistency of the soil reaches the boundary between the semi solid state and the solid state.

none because all of them affects the settlement

Which of the following does not affect the settlement of a footing: a. Location of GWT b. Depth of backfill c. Plasticity of the soil d. None of these ​

Practically Impermeable

Which of the following is not a characteristic of cohesive soil?

Gas

Which of the following is not a component of soil? a. minerals b. organic materials c. gas d. none of these

Primary Consolidation Settlement

caused by a volume change in saturated cohesive soils due to expulsion of water that occupies void spaces

Secondary Consolidation Settlement

caused by plastic readjustment of soil fabrics. It is an additional form of compression that occurs at constant effective stress

Terzaghi

first to present a comprehensive theory for evaluating the ultimate bearing capacity of rough shallow foundation.

Venturi Meter

flow measurement instruments which use a converging section of pipe to give an increase in the flow of velocity and a corresponding pressure drop from which the flow rate can be reduced

Pressure

force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface, with the force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in all directions.

Air bubble

gas surrounded by liquid

Hydraulic Grade Line

graphical presentation of total energy of flow, also known as the pressure gradient. It is also the line that connects water levels in successive piezometer tubes placed at intervals along the pipe

Energy Grade Line

horizontal when neglecting head loss, parallel to HGL if uniform cross-section. The drop of EGL between any two points is the head loss between those points

Stream Lines

imaginary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate direction of motion in various sections of flow

Compaction

instantaneous process of reducing the volume of voids due to expulsion of pore air

Degree of Consolidation

percentage of the amount of consolidation at a given time within a soil mass, to the amount of consolidation obtainable under a given stress condition

Which of the following is not a characteristic of cohesive soil?

possess low shear strength

Absolute Pressure

pressure above absolute zero

Gage Pressure

pressure above or below the atmosphere and can be measured by pressure gauges or manometers

Atmospheric pressure

pressure at any one point on the earth surface from the weight of the air above it.

Viscosity

property of fluid that quantifies the ratio of shear stress to rate of deformation (strain rate) of a fluid particle. It is a property of fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to shearing forces

Bulk Modulus of elasticity

ratio of the change in unit pressure to the corresponding volume change per unit of volume

Kinematic Viscosity

ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, to its mass density

Shear Strength

shear stress that a soil can sustain. It is a result of friction interlocking of particles

Coefficient of Compressibility

slope of the void ratio-pressure curve when both are plotted on an arithmetic scale

Archimedes' Principle

"The upward buoyant force exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces."

25-50 kPa FYI: Very Soft Clay - 0-25 Soft Clay - 25 to 50 kPa Medium Clay - 50 to 100 kPa Stiff Clay - 100 to 200 kPa Very Stiff Clay - 200 to 400 Hard Clay - Greater than 400

A cohesive soil deposit is considered soft if the UNCONFINED compression strength in kPa is between?

12-24 kPa FYI: 12-24kPa: Soft 24-48kPa: Medium 48-96kPa: Stiff 96-192kPa: Very Stiff

A cohesive soil deposit is considered soft if the UNDRAINED compression strength in kPa is between?

Steady Flow

A flow in which the velocity of the fluid at a particular fixed point does not change with time.

10 to 30

A granular soil is considered medium dense if the blow count of a standard penetration test is between?

Equipotential Line

A line along which the potential head at all points are equal.

Hydraulic Gradient

A line joining the points of highest elevation of water in a series of vertical, open pipes rising from a pipeline in which water flows under pressure.

Liquefaction

A phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.

Effective Stress

A pile of sand keeps from spreading out like a liquid because the weight of the sand keeps the grains stuck together in their current arrangement, mostly out of static friction. The weight and pressure is called?

Sieve analysis

A practice or procedure used to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material. The size distribution if often of critical importance to the way the material performs in use.

Sieve Analysis

A practice or procedure used to assess the particle size distribution of a granular material. The size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the material performs in use.

Water Hammer or Hydraulic Shock

A pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly (momentum change) is referred to in hydraulics as?

Gravel

According to USCS, what do you call a soil grain with grain size greater that 4.75 mm but less than 76.2 or 75 mm

Isobaric

Constant pressure

Isometric/Isocoric/Isovolumetric

Constant volume

Particle-Size Distribution Curve or Sieve Analysis

Can be used to define the relative amount of soil particle (by mass) according to size

Immediate Settlement

Caused by elastic deformation of dry, moist, and saturated soils, without any change in moisture content

Compaction is the application of the mechanical energy to a soil as ti rearrange its particles and _________ the void ratio

Reduce

Flow nets

Are constructed to calculate the groundwater flow in the media that combine flow line and equipotential lines

Real Fluids

Assumed to have no viscosity, incompressible.

3.98°C or 4 °C or (39.16°F)

At what Temperature (°C) at which liquid water has the highest density

3.98°C

At what temperature at which liquid water has the greatest density?

Water Content

Atterberg Limits are a measure of?

Ideal fluids

Exhibit infinite viscosities, Non uniform velocity distribution when flowing.

1 unit vertical in 10 units horizontal (10% slope)

Foundations for all buildings where the surface of the ground slopes more than _____ shall be level or shall be stepped so that both top and bottom of such foundation are level.

Soap Bubble

Gas-Liquid-Gas

Decrease

If the ground water table in a soil formation rises as a resulting of flooding, the bearing capacity of soil will?

10-30

In Standard Penetration Test, Medium Dense sand have number of blows of:

Sand

In accordance with the USCS, a soil grain having a size greater than No. 200 sieve opening (0.074 mm) but less than that of a No. 4 sieve (4.75 mm opening) is called:

Bernoulli

In any stream flowing steadily without friction, the total energy contained is the same at every point in its path of flow. This principle is attributed to?

Rupture Resistance

Is a field measure of the ability of the soil to withstand an applied stress or pressure as applied using thumb or forefinger

Flow line

Is a line along which water particle will travel from upstream to downstream side in the permeable soil medium

USCS (Unified Soil Classification System)

Is a soil classification system used in engineering and geology to describe the texture and grain size of a soil. The classification system can be applied to thw most unconsolidated materials, and is presented by a Two lettee symbol.

Bulk Unit weight

Is also known as total, wet, or moist unit weight. It is the total weight divided by the total volume

Adhesion

It involves the attraction of a water molecule to a non-water molecule (water-solid bond)

Vibroflotation

It is a technique for in situ densification of thick layers of loose granular soil particles

USDA (US Department of Agriculture)

It is also called a textural classification system

Soil Consistency

It is defined as a relative ease with which a soil can be deformed, used the terms of soft, firm, or hard.

Cohesion

It is the attraction of one water molecule to another resulting from hydrogen bonding ( Water-water bond)

Relative Density /Density Index

It is the ratio if the difference between the vois ratios of cohesionless soil ib its loosest state and existing natural state to the difference its void ratio in the loosest and densest stress

Liquefaction

It occurs in soils of saturated cohesionless particles such as sand and causes a sudden drop in shear strength and its bearing capacity. In effect, the soil turns into a liquid, allowing everything it previously supported, to sink.

D. Effect of load to foundations

One of the following foundation conditions does not affect foundation settlement A. Plasticity of the soil B. Depth of Foundation Footings C. Position of groundwater table D. Effect of load to the foundations

C. Load imposed onto the soil

One of the following foundation conditions does not affect the bearing capacity of the supporting soil: A. Unit Weight of the Soil B. Depth of founding of footings C. Load imposed onto the soil. D. Position of ground water table

Soil Consistence

Provides a means of describing the degree and kind of cohesion and adhesion between the soil particles as related to the resistance of the soil to deform or rupture.

Non-Newtonian Fluid

Pseudoplastic Fluids, Dilatant Fluids, Bingham Fluids are examples of?

1:2

Section 302.2.2 NSCP. Steepness of the cut shall not exceed:

1:2

Section 302.4.1 NSCP. Steepness of the fill (above natural ground) shall not exceed:

Hydrometer Analysis

Test used to determine the grain size distribution of the soils passing the No. 200 sieve. Based on Stoke's law which relates the terminal velocity of a free-falling sphere in a liquid to its diameter.

Critical

That flow in open channels at which the energy content of the fluid is at a minimum.

stickiness

The capacity of the soil to adhere to other objects. It is estimated at moisture content that displays maximum adherence between thumb and forefinger.

All of the above

The coefficient of permeability of soil depends on? a. fluid viscosity and pore size distribution b. Grain size distribution and degree of saturation c. roughness of soil particles and degree of saturation d. all of the above

Surface Tension

The elastic tendency of liquids what makes them acquire the least surface area possible. It is responsible, for example an object or insect such as mosquitoes that is denser than water is able to float or run along the water.

Optimum Moisture content

The moisture content at which the maximum dry unit weight is attained

Shrikage Limit

The moisture content to which no further change in the volume of the soil occurs as the water content is further decreased

Pascal's

The pressure exerted onto a liquid is transmitted equally and undiminished to all portions of the liquid. This principle in fluid mechanics is known as?

Porosity

The ratio between the volume of voids and the volume of soil mass.

Degree of Saturation

The ratio between the volume of water and the volume of voids.

Moisture Content/Water Content

The ratio between the weight of water and the weight of solid particles.

Moisture content

The ratio between the weight of water and thw weight of solid particles

10-15

The relative density of very loose sand is?

12.51 N/m3 FYI: At standard temperature and pressure (0°C and 100 kPa), dry air has a density of 1.2754 kg/m3

What is the unit weight of air at standard temperature and pressure?

Turbulent

When the path lines of the individual particles of a flowing liquid are irregular curves and continually cross each other and form a complicated network, the flow is called?

Cohesion

a component of shear strength of a rock or soil that is independent of interparticle friction

Tidal Gauge

a device for measuring the change in sea or water level relative to a certain vertical datum.

Current Meter

a device used to measure the velocity of flowing water in rivers or lakes.

Newtonian fluid

a fluid which the viscous stresses arising from its flow, at every point, are linearly proportional to the local strain rate or the rate of change of its deformation over time. (e.g. Water on air

intensive property

a property of matter that does not change as the amount of matter changes

Soil Friction Angle

a shear strength parameter derived from the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and used to describe friction shear resistance of soils together with normal effective stress.

Kinetic Energy

ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue of velocity

Discharge/Flow Rate

amount of fluid passing through a section per unit of time

Orifice

an opening having a closed perimeter in a wall or partition used for measuring flow of fluids

Weir

an overflow structure that is used to measure discharge in an open channel.

Buoyancy

an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object

Hydrodynamics

applied to the flow of liquids or to low velocity gas flows where the gas can be considered as being essentially incompressible

Isothermal

constant temperature

Unrestrained Slope

exposed ground surface that stands at an angle with the horizontal.

Hydraulics

deals with the application of fluid mechanics to engineering devices involving liquids, usually water or oil.

Settlement

deformation of soil due to vertical stress, vertical movement of the ground due to increased vertical stresses applied to the ground surface

coefficient of consolidation

describes the rate at which saturated clay or other soil undergoes consolidation, or compaction, when subjected to increase in pressure.

Specific Gravity

dimensionless ratio of a fluid's density to some standard reference density

Potential Energy

energy possessed by the fluid by virtue of its position or elevation with respect to the datum line or by virtue of the pressure experienced by the fluid at that point

Open-Channel Flow

is a type of liquid flow within a conduit known as a channel

Normal Depth

is the depth when the flow is steady and uniform

Specific energy

is the energy of the flow with the reference to the channel bed as the datum

Hydraulic Radius

is the term used to describe the shape of a channel. It is the ratio between the length of the wetted perimeter and cross-sectional area of flow

Droplet

liquid surrounded by gas

Continuous Flow

occurs when the discharge Q at every cross-section of the stream is the same

Boiling

occurs when the liquid temperature is increased to the point that the vapor pressure is equal to the local ambient pressure

General Shear

sudden failure in the dense sand or stiff cohesive soil supporting the foundation takes place and the failure extends to the ground surface

Mass Density

the density of a fluid is its mass per unit of volume

Gradation

the distribution in the size of the soil.

Compressibility

the fractional change in volume per unit increase in pressure

Pressure head

the height h of a column of homogenous liquid of unit weight that will produce an intensity pressure

Pascal

the pressure exerted onto a liquid a transmitted undiminished to all portions of the liquid

Unit Weight

the weight of a unit volume of a fluid

Consolidation

time dependent process of reducing the volume voids due to expulsion of pore water and plastic readjustment of soil solids

Time Factor

used to find the consolidation coefficient with time taken for consolidation settlement in soil. It is non-dimensional.

Pitot Tube

used to measure fluid flow velocity by converting kinetic energy in a fluid flow to potential energy.

Coefficient of Volume Compressibility

volume decrease of unit volume of soil per unit increase of effective pressure during compression

Specific Volume

volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid

AASHTO System - American association of state highway and transportation officials

was originally proposed by the highway research board's committee of materials for subgrades and granular type road. According to the present form of the system, soild can be classified according to eight major groups. A-1 through A-8, based on the grain sixe distribution, Liquid limit, and plasticity indices.

Capillary Rise

water in soil moves upwards through soil pores or the spaces between soil particles