HHD U3 AOS2
E
Create supportive environment - assist people to make healthy decisions by providing - healthy PHYSICAL environment eg: shaded areas in schools - healthy SOCIAL CULTURAL environment - environment will always be AVAILABLE for future generations (sustainable)
healthy eating advisory service
(initiate from nutritional Australia) seeks to promote consumption of healthy foods in organisations - schools - early childhood centres - hospitals - workplaces - train staff in how to modify menues - assist in the alteration of: - menus assessments - vending machines - canteen foods - looks at healthier recipes and food ideas
~ Smoking as a health promotion ~
(quit campaigns is overall branch that controls other quitsomething campaigns)
work Nutrition Australia has done
- healthy eating food pyramid - healthy eating advisory services - national nutritional week - develop education tools - nutritional seminar workshops - webinars for health professionals - publications of websites
disadvantages of Australian guide to healthy eating
- ignores importance of exercise - based only on no 2 & 3 of guidelines - only looks at % daily intake, not servings of food that should be consumed - doesn't cater for different ages and genders - doesn't take into account composite food
build healthy public policies
- increase price of tobacco - banning smoking in pubs and clubs - banning smoking at all Victorian patrolled beaches - can't smoke in car if someone with you is under 18
Why smoking targeted
- kills 15,000 Aussies each year - cost Australia $31.5 billion annually, due to health services - half of long-term smokers die premature as result of smoking - low SES twice likely to smoke - smoking is preventable so unnecessarily causes illness and stress on health system
Sustainability (pbs)
- makes medicines affordable - only adds medicines that are most efficient, reliable, trialed, tested on
Sustainability (medicare)
- medicare levy increased .5% in july 2014, to address current needs - only covers essential healthcare services, not elective treatment
strengthen community action
- my QuitBuddy - app tracking how many ciggies you haven't smoked, amount money saved, days you've been smoke free - Quitnow - provides links to quit organisations in each state, so users can access resources based on location
Disadvantages (medicare)
- no choice of doctor for in-hospital treatment - waiting lists for treatment - doesn't cover alternative therapies - often doesn't cover full amount of doctor visits (co-payment)
social model disadvantages
- not every condition can be prevented - doesn't promote development of technology & medical advances - doesn't address concerns of individuals - messages can be ignored
Sustainability (phs)
- places less burden on public system - incentive schemes to make it affordable/sustainable to keep - less waiting periods, means treated sooner means better health outcomes
social model advtantages
- promotes good health and wellbeing, prevents disease - focuses on vulnerable populations - cheap (er than treating conditions that arised) - responsibility for health is shared - education can be passed through generations
create supportive environment
- quit for you, quit for two - for preggos wanting to quite - showing update of baby development as incentive to quite
Accessibility (phs)
- rebate scheme making it more affordable - shorter waiting periods for those with it - shorter waiting period for those without it (less people in public system) - financial access to a wider range of services - choice/access to certain doctor
Sustainability (ndis)
- roll out in stages over 3 year period to ensure successful and sustainable - medicare levy will increase by 0.5%, this extra money being used to support with funding
Equitable (medicare)
- safety net to support those with high healthcare costs - reciprocal agreement allow free healthcare in other countries
Equitable
- safety provides support for those with high medical costs - available to all Australians
healthy eating pyramid
- simple visual guide to types of food to be eaten, from the five food groups - first 2 layers are foundations levels, making up largest part of an ideal diet
Equability (phs)
- those earning more pay more for it (rebate) - medicare levy surcharge protects those on lower income (income dependent)
Accessibility (pbs)
- timely - local pharmacies - financial affordable
advantages of Australian guide to healthy eating
- visually appealing - different option in each food group - looks at proportion of the types of food you should eat, of % daily intake
what medicare covers
- x-rays - doctor consultations - eye tests - most surgeries (in public hospitals) - pathology (urine, blood tests)
P
Develop personal skills - education is key aspect - how you educate and enhance skills of a population eg: community cooking classes for those moving out
Eat for health
Developed for good health & well-being, using latest evidence to educate individuals - relates to people of all ages & backgrouns - promotes better eating habits with: - Australians dietary guideline (more of an academic source) - Australian guide to health eating - updates in 2013 to create simple accurate messages (lots of miss-information around) poor diet is associated with poor health - impacts Australians burden of disease - associated diseases can be prevented with good nutrition - associated diseases can be costly for both individuals and communities
Bulk billing
Doctors charge only the schedule fee - no patient co-payment
SMH principle E
Empowers individual/community - people more likely to make positive decisions about health, if they feel empowered/can participate in decision eg: walk to school
SMH principle H
Enable access to healthcare - reduces barriers to enable people to access health care & healthcare programs - barriers include: language, education, culture, location eg: bulk billing, medicare, multiple language forms, able to see male/female doc
Food marketing and media
can influence the food you eat - advertising - supermarket display/product placement - magazines - celebrity endorsements - sponsorship
Guideline 5
care for your food; prepare and store it SAFELY - prevents food poisoning
Public Health
concerned with organisation and efforts to improve health status of entire population - government monitors, regulates & promotes health status & prevent disease - eg: medicare
New public health
lifestyle disease had become the leading cause of death/disability - people knew this but didn't change - habit - pleassure - social norms/preassure - resources/lifestyle/income - 1970's (social model implemented here)
Guideline 3
limit intake of food containing SATURATED FAT, added SALT, SUGAR, ALCOHOL - limit high intake in saturated fat - replace with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats - limit food containing salt - choose lower sodium options - don't add salt to food (while cooking or serving) - limit food containing added sugar - limit alcahol - these foods are energy dense (putting on weight) - salt increases risk of cardiovascular disease
Old public health
looked at bacteria being major cause of disease - in 1900 - improved water and sewage systems - improved nutrition - improved housing - improved working conditions - laws like quarantines - improved life expectancy & infant mortality (biomedical model implemented here)
General tax
medicare is funded by general tax - financial charge that must be payed by law, to fund various public expenditures - based on income, more you earn more you pay
THE PHARMACEUTICAL BENEFITS SCHEME (PBTS)
medicines are subsidized by federal government - allow greater access to reduce cost for consumers - over 5,000 brands of prescription medicines on the list - consumers need to pay a co-payment, if med cost more than 39.50/6.40 (the price PBTS is willing to pay)
Private health insurance rebate
those with phs receive a rebate (refund) of the total cost of their total cost of their insurance - income testes, the more you make the less of a refund you get
Guideline 1
to achieve and MAINTAIN a health WEIGHT, by physically ACTIVE and choose amounts of nutritious food/drink to meet your ENERGY NEEDS - children/adolescents eat nutritious food to grow, exercise and check growth - older people eat nutritious food and keep active to maintain strength and weight
Delivering deadly services
trains the health service in being culturally aware - employs people from local community (indigenous Australian too) - creates a supportive environment for indigenous people to access healthcare (usually associate this service with death) - help to develop personal skills, health workers are educated to work appropriately with clients
The aboriginal road to good health program
type 2 diabetes prevention program - develop personal skill, by supplying information so people can make sustainable lifestyle changes - creates a supportive environment by being free - reorient health services
PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE
type of insurance where members pay a fee (premium) in return for payment towards health - health costs that aren't covered by medicare - allows individual in type of care & provide significant funding to the health system
Food security
when all people, at all times, have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs for an active and healthy life - includes money to buy nutrients dense food & means to access nutrient dense food
Effectiveness of health promotions
- 44% males 33% females decline in 1979 to 16.9% males 12.1% females in 2014/15
Eligible for NDIS if
- Australian citizen - under 65 - live in area where NDIS is available - Impairments/disabilities expected to be permanent - Impairment reduce ability to participate in activity/perform task
develop personal skills
- Quitline - telephone service - educates on how to quit and why
Assists participants to
- access mainstream services and support - access community services and support - maintain informal support arrangements - receive reasonable and necessary support
Advantages (phs)
- access to private hospital care - choice of doctor - shorter waiting times - depending on service purchased, certain services are covered - cost of operating medicare is kept under control - don't need to pay medicare levy surcharge - government rebate - lifetime health cover insurance
Evaluating programs
- address significant HEALTH ISSUE for indigenous Australians - looks at the IMPROVEMENT in health and well-being - large number of people can ACCESS the program - FEEDBACK from participants - ACTION AREAS are evident in regards to Ottawa charter - CULTURE appropriateness - FUNDING is provided to implement the program
Biomedical model advantages
- advances in technology for medical purposes - common problems can be fixed - extends life expectancy - improves quality of life
reorient health services
- anti-smoking media campaigns - prevent people from starting to smoke
Accessibility (medicare)
- available to all Australian citizens - Treats on basis needs - can select their doctor for out of hospital services
Advantages (medicare)
- choice of doctors (for out of hospital services) - available to all Australian citizens - access to free healthcare in some other countries, due to reciprocal agreements between Australia and other countries - Covers test, exams, doctor visits and some procedures - safety net provide extra support on family/individual reaches certain co-payment level
What medicare doesn't cover
- cosmetic procedures - treatment in private hospitals (medicare pay 75% of scheduled fee) - general dental exams & treatment - home nursing care - ambulance service - health related aids (glasses, hearing aids, artificial limbs)
Disadvantages (phs)
- costly in terms of premium - 'gap' where insurance doesn't cover all costs - qualifying periods apply for some conditions (need it for certain period of time before getting services, to stop it being sketchy) - policies can be complex to understand & create confusion for some
Biomedical model disadvantages
- expensive - quick fixes, doesn't promote healthy lifestyle - not all conditions can be treated - not affordable for everyone
Health and well-being factors
- food can be a coping mechanism - some foods are avoided due to peoples allergies
Funding for PBTS
- general taxes - co-payment (up to 39.50 or 6.40 for concession)
publications of recipes
100's recipes provided for free on national Australian website - has cookbook available for purchase, containing meals and snacks
SMH principle F
Address the broader factors of health - refer to sociaolcultrual & environmental factors and how they impact health - looks at SES, gendre, education, location - eg: must do school till year 10
MEDICARE
Australias universal health insurance scheme, allows access to healthcare that's subsidized by the government - pay for (or proportion of) in/out hospital health expenses
P
Build healthy public policies - laws and policies that affect health & wellbeing eg: seatbelts, banning smoking in public places, removing GST on fresh food
SMH principle I
Intersectoral collaboration - involving all stakeholders who influence the socialcultrual & physical environment, to influence how factors can be addressed
SMH principle S
Reduces social inequities - socialcultural factors that contribute to inequalities must be addressed - socioeconomic status - social exclusion - physical environment
H
Reorient health services - promote health rather than focus on diagnosis and intervention - recognize must encompass whole community (not just doctors/hospitals) eg: healthy eating programs (not just heart surgery)
C
Strengthen community action - center around community working together to achieve a goal - gives community sense of ownership eg: immunization, health care for indigenous Aussies ran by indigenous Aussies
Three strategies
advocate - refers to action to seek support from government and societies - support enabling - achieving equity in healthcare and well being by working with population groups experiencing poorer health to empower people - equity mediating - ensuring the coordination of health services across and within sectors that all sectors are working together in harmony - coordination
BIOMEDICAL MODEL
aims at getting individual/population to return to pre-ilness state - 'band aid' or 'quick fix' - focuses on physical/biological aspect of disease - leads to medical/technological advancements - reduces death rates & improves mortality - discovered antibiotics
Scheduled fee
amount medicare will contribute to selected procedures - if cost more than this, co-payment is needed
Co-payment
amount you have to pay towards service, that medicare won't cover
SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH
approach that recognizes improvements in health and well-being, by addressing physical, sociocultural & political environment of health that have impact on health - community based - include promotion messages/programs - focuses on education - aims to improve health of community/maintain their health - lifestyle behaviors that can prevent conditions (not treat it)
Medicare levy
as part of your general tax 2% of it goes towards medicare - for those paying tax ofc
Guideline 4
encourage, support and promote BREASTFEEDING - those breastfed first six months less at risk of - infections - asthma - obesity - hypertension - some chronic diseases
Learn Earn Legend!
encourages & supports indigenous Australians to stay in school - encourages them to develop personal skills, for employment - young people are paired with mentors to provide guidance, strengthening community action
Guideline 2
enjoy a variety of nutritious foods from these FIVE FOOD GROUPS, everyday 1) fruit 2) vegetables (colours) - low in fat and calories - fiber (digestive system & feel full fore longer = not overeating) 3) grains - low in fat - good source of carbohydrates (body's preferred energy source) - fiber 4) lean meat, poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts/seeds, legumes/beans - vitamins - minerals - essential fatty acids - to help maintain healthy cells/tissues/systems 5) milk yogurt, cheese - calcium (bones, prevent osteoporosis) - and water - digestions - waste removal
Family, culture, society and religion
food is central to survival and is shaped by out first food experiences - food choices are influenced by family and culture
AUSTRALIAN GUIDE TO HEALTHY EATING
food selection guide and primary promotional tool - based upon dietary guideline of 2 &3 - visual pie chart, representing types and amounts of food that should be eating in an ideal diet - based off the 5 food groups
Accessibility (ndis)
for the people to: - live an ordinary life - achieve their goals - promote all aspects of health and wellbeing
~ Ottawa characters for health promotion ~
framework for the development of health promotions - defines health promotion as: the process of enabling people to increase control over, and improve their health - established during conferance in 1986, in Ottawa, Canada - by WHO
NDIS funding
general taxes (shared among levels of government in Australia)
AUSTRALIAN DIETARY GUIDLINES
helps us to choose wisely from a range of food/drink
Attitudes and beliefs
ideas about consuming certain foods eg: - healthy food is bland and tasteless - i won't get sick from eating unhealthy food - philosophical beliefs around food (organic foods, veganism diet) - diets for weight-lose (sugar free, low carb) - this leads to an unbalanced diet
medicare levy surcharge
if don't have phs need to pay extra tax to medicare - income dependent, 1-1.5%
Medicare levy surcharge
if you do not have private health insurance you need to pay additional tax - income dependent, between 1-1.5% - incentive to get private health insurance
Lifetime health cover
if you don't have phs then after you 31st bday you need to pay extra 2% loading on top of your premium for each year, until you get phs - maximum loading is 70% at age 65 (then it goes away) - once you've paid the loading for ten consecutive years, it ends - incentive to get health insurance when you are young
The 2 spirits program
improves the sexual health and well-being of Indigenous gay men and sistergirls - education in treatment of HIV, how to stay safe etc, develop personal skills - reorients health service - strengthen community action by supplying education to friends/family of people living with HIV/gay men/sistergirls
Time constraints and convenience
increases likelihood of eating convenience food which is most likely more energy dense - lower SES have more fast food outlets, so very convenient
Education, nutrition knowledge and cooking skills
lack of nutritious knowledge and cooking skills can predispose people to consume unhealthy food - lack of education means people consume food they think is healthy but is not
~ Nutrition Australia ~
mission: to promote optimal health for all Australians by encouraging food variety & physical activity objectives - provides latest info on nutrition research, current food & health trends - information is dispersed via media campaigns, websites, health professionals, and general public - promotes the dissemination of nutritional knowledge by helping with policies, food industries and consumers make good decision - provide range of resources/services to help individuals/groups implement their own healthy eating plan
Equitable (ndis)
more resources to support those most in need (this program)
Feedin the mob
nutritional, physical activity and healthy lifestyle program - funded by federal government and supported by Whittlesea council - commitment to funding, build public policies - strengthens community action by encouraging involvement in local culture - develops personal skills by teaching the benefits of healthy eating and lifestyle
why we need private health insurance
otherwise demand on public health system (medicare) would be too high and: - longer waiting lists so there are incentives for individuals to get private health insurance instead of using just medicare and public health system...
Logo
outer line: government holding it together (one of the action areas - policies) circle: three strategies leaves: remaining four action areas
Closing the gap
overarching policy/campaign aiming to close the gap between the health status of indigenous and non-indigenous Australians - Council of Australian government established it in 2008 - involves both the government and indigenous leaders (through programs) - most of their goals are set for 2030 - 'work together to achieve equity in health status and life expectancy between aboriginal and Torres strait islanders people and non-indigenous Australians for the year 2030' - areas to look at: education, health, employment
Personal preference
people prefer certain food to others - taste preference (developed over period of time, hard to change) - past experience - flavour enhancers (salt/sugar/fat), leading to dopamine being released (reward response)
Safety net
people who require frequent services from medicare, receive additional financial support - once family/individual has reached certain level of co-payment, services cost less
The be deadly, get healthy program
provides weekly sessions where they can participate in regular activity sessions - promotes health body weight and decreases risk of diseases that are linked to high BMI, reorients health services - children and parents are encouraged to participate together, to develop personal skills - WGHG in partner with RDAC support the pogram, strengthen community action
The gap
refers to amount a person has to pay out of pocket, if total of a medical bill exceeds what's covered by private health insurance - like 'co-payment' in medicare - amount you pay that insurance wont cover
Pharmaceutical benefits advisory commitee (PBAC)
review and consider new medication to be put on the PBTS - look and benefit and price, in comparisons to meds already existing
NATION DISABILITY INSURANCE SCHEME (NDIS)
support people with abilities, their families and careers - their vision: a community that values people with disabilities by ensuring full access to support their needs - develops plans for people to achieve their goals, then covers expenses related to achieving these goals - covers reasonable services people with disabilities need to live a normal life
Aboriginal quitline
telephone counselling service to support indigenous Australians to quit smoking - creates supportive environment by helping them to quit in culturally appropriate ways - develops personal skills through education about quiting methods and products - creates a plan for each individual to quite, based on their needs
Willpower
the ability to resist a short-term temptations in order to meet long-term goals - giving into temptation can be part of a balanced diet but harmful if occurring often/daily
