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If a college's admission policy to reserve twenty seats in its incoming class for applicants belonging to racial minority groups is challenged in the courts, a judge is likely to * 1/1 (A) uphold the policy because it provides additional opportunities for minority applicants (B) strike down the policy because reserving seats amounts to a quota system (C) strike down the policy because the percentage of seats reserved is less than the percentage of minority citizens in the general population (D) uphold the policy because only a small percentage of the total seats for incoming students are affected (E) strike down the policy because it did not apply to women as well as racial minorities
B
Which of the following is most likely responsible for the increase in the number of southern African American state legislators between 1960 and 1992 as shown in the graph? (A) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (B) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) (C) The Voting Rights Act of 1965 (D) The Nineteenth Amendment
C
The clause of the United States Constitution that was used in the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) was * 1/1 (A) The due process clause (B) The necessary and proper clause (C) The free exercise clause (D) The equal protection clause
D
Which clause is the case based on: Engel v. Vitale 1/1 Establishment Free exercise No abridgement Bear arms Legal counsel Petition Equal protection Citizenship clause Habeus Corpus Commerce Search and seizure
E
Which of the following form an "iron triangle"? * 1/1 (A) President, Congress, Supreme Court (B) President, House majority leader, Senate majority leader (C) Interest group, Senate majority leader, House majority leader (D) Executive department, House majority leader, President (E) Executive department, Congressional committee, interest group
E
A challenge to the constitutionality of drunk driving checkpoints would most likely involve which amendment? 1/1 a. 4th Amendment b. 5th Amendment c. 6th Amendment d. 10th Amendment
A
In which of the following situations would the Supreme Court be most likely to utilize the doctrine of selective incorporation? 1/1 A When an individual claims that a right protected by the Bill of Rights is infringed upon by a state B When there is a conflict among the branches of the national government C When a federal policy shifting oversight authority from a national agency to a state agency is challenged D When a former employee files a wrongful termination claim against a company headquartered in another state E None of these
A
The animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) urges its members to take action in support of what they term "animal friendly" legislation through their website. In addition to providing information about important issues that legislators may vote on, the nonprofit organization also describes the best ways to contact a legislator and tips on how best to interact with lawmakers. Which of the following is being illustrated in the scenario? * 1/1 (A) Interest groups sometimes form around a narrow set of issues with the goal of impacting policy making. (B) Interest groups lacking funding can overcome the free-rider problem by proposing legislation on their website (C) Interest groups work to mobilize citizens and members of Congress to form an iron triangle. (D) Interest groups post messages on social media to request donations from members.
A
Which of the following activities by interest groups best illustrates attempts to educate members of Congress on public policy? * 0/1 (A) A green energy group sending a research report to congressional offices (B) A law-reform group sending alerts to its members encouraging them to contact their representatives (C) A single-issue group holding a rally in Washington to show support for their cause (D) A PAC giving contributions to the reelection campaigns of members of Congress
A
Which of the following is true of amicus curiae briefs? (A) They are used by interest groups to lobby courts. (B) They are used exclusively by liberal interest groups. (C) They are used exclusively by conservative interest groups. (D) They are now unconstitutional. (E) They are the means by which a litigant seeks Supreme Court review of a lower court decision.
A
t ought to be possible, in short, for every American to enjoy the privileges of being American without regard to his race or his color. In short, every American ought to have the right to be treated as he would wish to be treated, as one would wish his children to be treated. But this is not the case. The N---- baby born in America today, regardless of the section of the Nation in which he is born, has about one-half as much chance of completing a high school as a white baby born in the same place on the same day, one-third as much chance of completing college, one-third as much chance of becoming a professional man, twice as much chance of becoming unemployed, about one-seventh as much chance of earning $10,000 a year, a life expectancy which is 7 years shorter, and the prospects of earning only half as much. This is not a sectional issue. Difficulties over segregation and discrimination exist in every city, in every State of the Union, producing in many cities a rising tide of discontent that threatens the public safety. Nor is this a partisan issue. In a time of domestic crisis men of good will and generosity should be able to unite regardless of party or politics. President John F. Kennedy, Report to the American People on Civil Rights, June 11, 1963 --------------------- Which of the following pieces of legislation was most likely a result of the passage?* 1/1 (A) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (B) The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (C) The Voting Rights Act of 1965 (D) Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972
A
The Supreme Court ruled in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) that a citizen's right to keep and bear arms at home for self-defense is protected from state and federal infringement. Which of the following is most relevant to that decision? 1/1 A Full faith and credit B Selective incorporation C Equal protection D Eminent domain E Stare Decisis
B
The free rider problem occurs when * 1/1 (A) interest groups seek public funding to advance their special interests (B) people benefit from an interest group's efforts without making any contribution (C) elected officials provide government services for those who have helped their campaigns (D) political campaigns manipulate the news media in order to obtain free advertising (E) congressional candidates win elections because they belong to the party of a popular president
B
The three points of an iron triangle include * 1/1 (A) an independent agency, a state, and a member of Congress (B) an administrative agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee (C) a cabinet department, an interest group, and the House majority leader (D) a regulatory commission, a corporation, and the White House Office (E) the Executive Office of the President, an interest group, and a Senate committee
B
To which level of government did the Bill of Rights originally apply? * 1/1 (A) State governments only (B) Federal government only (C) State and federal governments only (D) Local and federal governments only (E) Local, state, and federal governments
B
Which of the following amendments to the Constitution most likely provides the basis for a driver to challenge the constitutionality of police use of sobriety checkpoints in enforcing drunk driving laws? 1/1 A The First Amendment right to petition the government for a redress of grievances B The Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure C The Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination D The Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment E The Tenth Amendment right of states to powers not given to the national government
B
In 1980, a small group of parents personally affected by drunk driving formed the group Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). Over the past four decades, they have grown in number and have lobbied on state and local levels promoting legislation such as stricter limits on blood alcohol levels for drivers. MADD is an example of which of the following? * 1/1 (A) Political party with the goal of influencing public opinion (B) Social movement with the goal of influencing the federal budget (C) Single-issue group with the goal of impacting policy making (D) Bureaucratic agency implementing policy
C
In 1987 the cooperation among the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the National Organization for Women (NOW), and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) to defeat Robert Bork's nomination to the United States Supreme Court was an example of * 0/1 (A) impeachment (B) litigation (C) coalition building (D) the recall process (E) the initiative process
C
It ought to be possible, in short, for every American to enjoy the privileges of being American without regard to his race or his color. In short, every American ought to have the right to be treated as he would wish to be treated, as one would wish his children to be treated. But this is not the case. The N---- baby born in America today, regardless of the section of the Nation in which he is born, has about one-half as much chance of completing a high school as a white baby born in the same place on the same day, one-third as much chance of completing college, one-third as much chance of becoming a professional man, twice as much chance of becoming unemployed, about one-seventh as much chance of earning $10,000 a year, a life expectancy which is 7 years shorter, and the prospects of earning only half as much. This is not a sectional issue. Difficulties over segregation and discrimination exist in every city, in every State of the Union, producing in many cities a rising tide of discontent that threatens the public safety. Nor is this a partisan issue. In a time of domestic crisis men of good will and generosity should be able to unite regardless of party or politics. President John F. Kennedy, Report to the American People on Civil Rights, June 11, 1963 ------------ Which of the following expresses the most significant political concern in the passage?* 1/1 (A) Improved understanding of the flaws of the legal system (B) Greater funding for education in urban areas (C) Increased awareness of citizen inequalities that need to be addressed (D) Decreased partisanship in congressional policy making
C
The vice of the groupist theory is that it conceals the most significant aspects of the system. The flaw in the pluralist heaven is that the heavenly chorus sings with a strong upper-class accent. Probably about 90 percent of the people cannot get into the pressure system. The notion that the pressure system is automatically representative of the whole community is a myth fostered by the universalizing tendency of modern group theories. Pressure politics is a selective process ill designed to serve diffuse interests. The system is skewed, loaded, and unbalanced in favor of a fraction of a minority. ----- Which of the following statements about interest groups would the author most likely agree with?* 1/1 (A) Interest groups play the important function of including more people in elections. (B) Interest groups undermine stability by creating too much conflict and polarization in politics. (C) Interest groups tend to over-represent elite interests. (D) Interest groups have less power in American government than political parties have
C
Which of the following exemplifies the free-rider problem for interest groups? * 1/1 (A) A supporter of the Second Amendment who is a member of the National Rifle Association (NRA) (B) A bird enthusiast who contributes to the Sierra Club to receive a free bird-watching guide (C) A teacher who does not join the local teachers union but receives a salary negotiated by the union (D) A 50-year-old woman who joins the AARP to get a discount card
C
A corporate lobbyist would be LEAST likely to have an informal discussion about a pending policy matter with which of the following? * 1/1 (A) A member of the House in whose district the corporation has a plant (B) A member of the White House staff concerned about the issue (C) A member of the staff of the Senate committee handling a matter of concern to the corporation (D) A federal judge in whose court a case important to the corporation is being heard (E) A journalist for a major newspaper concerned about the issue
D
In Gideon v. Wainwright, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the 1/1 A Bible could be distributed at public schools under the free exercise clause of the First Amendment exclusionary rule prevented the introduction of evidence seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment from being introduced in court eminent domain clause of the Fifth Amendment prevents government from taking religious property for public purposes Sixth Amendment right-to-counsel provision applies to those accused of major crimes under state laws Eighth Amendment cruel-and-unusual-punishment provision cannot be applied in a discriminatory manner
D
In the process and structure of public policymaking, "iron triangles" refer to the * 1/1 (A) bargaining and negotiating process between the President and Congress about the direction of domestic policy (B) dominance of corporate power in setting the national policy agenda for economic expansion (C) interrelationship among federal, state, and local levels of government in the policy process (D) networks of congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, and interest groups that strongly influence the policy process (E) group of presidential advisers who formulate the President's foreign policy agenda
D
It ought to be possible, in short, for every American to enjoy the privileges of being American without regard to his race or his color. In short, every American ought to have the right to be treated as he would wish to be treated, as one would wish his children to be treated. But this is not the case. The N---- baby born in America today, regardless of the section of the Nation in which he is born, has about one-half as much chance of completing a high school as a white baby born in the same place on the same day, one-third as much chance of completing college, one-third as much chance of becoming a professional man, twice as much chance of becoming unemployed, about one-seventh as much chance of earning $10,000 a year, a life expectancy which is 7 years shorter, and the prospects of earning only half as much. This is not a sectional issue. Difficulties over segregation and discrimination exist in every city, in every State of the Union, producing in many cities a rising tide of discontent that threatens the public safety. Nor is this a partisan issue. In a time of domestic crisis men of good will and generosity should be able to unite regardless of party or politics. President John F. Kennedy, Report to the American People on Civil Rights, June 11, 1963 ----------------- The issues identified in the passage reflect a failure to uphold which of the following constitutional principles?* 1/1 (A) One person, one vote (B) Equal representation in Congress (C) States' rights (D) Equal protection
D
The vice of the groupist theory is that it conceals the most significant aspects of the system. The flaw in the pluralist heaven is that the heavenly chorus sings with a strong upper-class accent. Probably about 90 percent of the people cannot get into the pressure system. The notion that the pressure system is automatically representative of the whole community is a myth fostered by the universalizing tendency of modern group theories. Pressure politics is a selective process ill designed to serve diffuse interests. The system is skewed, loaded, and unbalanced in favor of a fraction of a minority. ----- Which of the following activities would the author most likely be concerned about interest groups engaging in?* 1/1 (A) Educating and mobilizing citizens around their cause (B) Introducing legislation that limits the power of others (C) Representing broad segments of society and sparking emotional political debates (D) Forming iron triangles with bureaucratic agencies and congressional committees
D
What is prior restraint where did it first get tested by the Supreme Court? 1/1 Being arrested before you commit a crime which violates due process Stopping someone from hiring an attorney for a trial Denying someone due process and the right to hear the charges against them Denying the right to Habeus Corpus None of these
D
In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the United States Supreme Court stated, "that the [Constitution] protects the right to possess a handgun in the home for the purpose of self-defense" and that the Second Amendment applied to the states through which of the following constitutional clauses? 1/1 A The due process clause of the Fifth Amendment B The privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment C The equal protection clause of the Fifth Amendment D The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment E None of these
E
Lobbyists try to influence legislators mainly through * 1/1 (A) "wining and dining" legislators (B) orchestrating petition drives and letter-writing campaigns (C) placing persuasive advertisements in the media (D) threatening to help the legislator's opponent in the next election (E) providing legislators with information on technical issues
E
Most of the individual protections of the Bill of Rights now apply to the states because of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Constitution's 1/1 A Preamble B 5th Amendment Due Process Clause C Supremacy Clause D Tenth Amendment Reservation of Rights to the States E Fourteenth Amendment and Selective Incorporation
E
