HI 210 Exam 1

Flight to Varennes

1791 King Louis XVI and his families attempt to escape paris; made it only to Varennes where they were arrested and put on house arrest. End of French Monarchy

Ferdinand I

1835-1848. Habsburg emperor of Austria who allowed liberal constitutional reforms after peasant and students protested in Vienna.

Frederick William IV

A king and leader of Prussia who was unable to unify Germany "from above," he was replaced by William I

The Terror

A period in the French revolution after the first republic was established.

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Hundred Days

The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Otto von Bismarck

(1815-1898) German prime minister who intentionally provoked three wars to provide the people with a sense of nationalism.

Franco-Prussian War

(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Alexander I

(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

Atlantic Revolutions

1775-1825, many areas of the Atlantic world (North America, South America, Haiti and parts of Europe) had political revolutions - in the Americas, new states were created as colonists fought for independence from European colonial powers, and in Europe, the French Revolution initiated a decade of change in which France uses Enlightenment ideas.

Treaty of Plombieres

1858 secret treaty between Cavour and Napoleon III to set up a potential war with and defeat of Austria

Treaty of Turin

1860 The treaty by which Modena, Parma, and Tuscany were annexed to Piedmont. France was also gifted Nice and Savoy.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

June Days

A revolt during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. This event ended the liberal capitalist and the radical socialists tension ending in victory for liberalism and Capitalism.-Also with the June Days it led to having a new constitution demanding a strong executive, which led to the rise of Louis Napoleon.

Second Empire of France

was industrial, Napolean III, built roads, canals, habors, gave more the legislative corps more say in stuff but then a war with prussia turned them back into a republic

Ems Dispatch

A telegram edited by Bismark to insult the French people while making it sound as though they had insulted the Prussians. This led to the Franco-Prussian wars which Prussia won handily and violently. The French people never forgave the Prussians, setting the stage for World War I

Second Republic

After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoleon (later known as Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president, and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was later overthrown in yet another coup d'etat.

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

Legislative Assembly

Assembly that replaced the National Assembly in 1791

German Confederation

Association of German states established at the Congress of Vienna that replaced the Holy Roman Empire from 1815 to 1866

Louis XVIII (18)

Bourbon monarch restored to French throne by Quadruple Alliance (1814)

Hapsburg Empire

Central European empire that lasted from the 1400s to the 1900s and at its height included the lands of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

October Days

Demonstrations in Paris from bread shortage scare. March to Versailles, forcing royal family back to Paris. Signifies power of mob and will of the French people.

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

Parlements

French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobles. The Parlement of Paris claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law.

Danton

French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)

Herder

German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803)

Francis Joseph (r. 1848-1916)

Habsburg emperor of Austria, who was very traditional and pro-Habsburg rights. He disliked change, liberalism and progressivism. He was allied with Catholics and Vatican (which was not very conservative). He lived in pompous dream world surrounded by imperial court, high churchmen, and army leaders. Early in reign, he emphasized centralization and material progress. This was distasteful to the Magyars of Hungary since it was tantamount (i.e. the equivalent of ) Germanization.

Victor Emmanuel II

He was king of Sardinia, Piedmont and Savory until 1861 when he was crowned the first king of a united Italy

Louis Philippe

King of France following Charles X. Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (smelled his popularity was diminishing)

Robespierre

Leader of the Reign of Terror

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

Bastille

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

July Monarchy

Period in France (1830-1848) where the bourgeoisie class was dominant and King Louis-Philippe was at the head of a constitutional monarchy. The monarchy eventually became too rigid and unwilling to change and was overthrown.

Count Camillo Cavour

Prime minister of Sardinia (northern Italy) who vowed to drive out the Austrians and worked towards a united Italy.

Frederick William III

Prussian King during Napoleonic Era, instituted political and institutional reforms in response to Prussia's defeat by Napoleon. (reforms included abolition of serfdom, created self-government though town councils, expansion of schools, and establishment of a national army). However, Prussia remained an absolutist state with little intrest in unity.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Klemens Von Metternich

The Foreign Minister of Austria; he had the most influence at the Congress of Vienna.

William I

The Leader of Prussia who wanted military expansion, and hired Bismarck to further his goals

Congress System

The members of the Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet periodically to discuss their common interests and to consider appropriate measures for the maintenance of peace in Europe. This agreement was the beginning of the European "congress system." The congress system was established by the Holy Alliance which included the countries of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. (p.758)

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Waterloo

The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power

Francois Guizot

This man was an active player in the French Revolution of 1848 who helped in the overthrow of Charles X

Quadruple Alliance

This was the alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia after the Napoleonic era

Schleswig-Holstein

Two duchies located south of Denmark. In 1863 Schleswig was annexed by Denmark prompting Bismarck's Danish War.

Austro-Prussian War

War between Austrian and Prussian resulting in the unification of the northern german states along with Austria out of German affairs

Prussian Rhineland

Westernmost province of Prussia

Romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Great Fear of 1789

a period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumours of an "aristocratic conspiracy" by the king and the privileged to overthrow the Third Estate.

National Convention of 1792

abolished the monarchy and established a republic

Louis Napoleon

nephew of napoleon bonaparte, won the french presidential election in 1848, and named himself emperor Napoleon II in 1852

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

"Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law.

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

queen and king during the French Revolution, Marie was Austrian (French hate Austrians) lived a spoiled, lavish lifestyle when the rest of France was starving

Coup d'etat of 1851

self-coup staged by Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It ended in the successful dissolution of the French National Assembly and the subsequent re-establishment of the French Empire the next year.

French Empire

the dominant power in much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

Secularization

the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred

Assembly of Notables (1787)

the king Louis XVI called a meeting with his first and second estates to seek support for a plan to tax the nobles and the Church

Old Regime (Ancien Regime)

the period of time in France under the rule of the monarchy when society was sharply divided into three estates and the majority of the people lived with few rights in poverty.