High Renaissance and Mannerism

Pope Paul III

Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism. He sought to improve church disciple through existing doctrine, rather than making new ones. Continued renaissance practices, choosing nephews, involving himself in politics, patronized arts and letters lavishly, appointed a reform commission, recognized the jesuits, summoned the council of trent, re-established the roman inquisition

Creation of Adam

One of Michelangelo's only paintings, but considered as part of one of his greatest works of art (ceiling of Sistine Chapel in 1508-1512). Classically inspired like all works by Michelangelo and bares classical qualities such a realistic anatomy (realistic, anatomically correct human with lifelike details), idealized proportions (proportions of figures, such as size of God and Adam sending a "God made us in his likeness and imagine" message), and heroic nudity. One of nine main frescoes of the Sistine Chapel ceiling that depict scenes in Genesis. Sizes and plane of Adam and God, as well as their almost touching fingers highlight the Renaissance view that humans and the human person are (HUMANISM), a view shared with Christian Neo-Platonists.

Sack of Rome

a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States in 1527.

Reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Renaissance Man

a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics

Allegory

a small woodcut print used by protestants.

Conquest of Constantinople

a. Ottomans promised wealth and glory to recruit followers/army b. Mehmed the Conquerer vowed to capture Constantinople (Capital of Byzantine Empire) c. Knew that Constantinople very well fortified and well protected + would need big army d. Mehmed's steps to capturing Constantinople: i. Prevented European vessels from reaching city by building fortress ii. Amassed a huge army by making lucrative promises iii. Troops bombarded city's walls with massive artillery for 40 days and overwhelmed the opposing soldiers e. Finally captured capital Constantinople and renamed it to Istanbul

Palazzo

an impressive public building or private residence; palace

Pendant

an object that balances a painting. (the dog in Venus of Urbino)

Pope Leo X

began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

Parmigianino

"Madonna with the Long Neck" distorted, doesn't make sense. Mannerism, with little or no logic or structure

Pope Julius II

"Warrior pope." He suppressed the Borgias and took Romagna from them to be put under papal jurisdiction. He formed 2nd Holy league with Ferdinand, Venice, Max I and Swiss. They defeated french w/ help of Swiss but were defeated later. Famous for his military prowess and diplomatic intrigue; commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel and secured the Papal States

Bramante

(1444-1514) High Renaissance architect who worked on the dome of St. Peter's Basilica(with Michelangelo) as well as the "Tempietto." St. Peter's Basilica is in the Vatican City, Rome; dome is 138ft in diameter; most perfect dome; greatest example of the High Renaissance.

Raphael

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens. Short but productive life. Worked in Florence and Rome. Well-known for Madonnas, humanized portrayals of the Virgin Mary with the baby Jesus. Painted frescoes in Vatican Palace - Athens & The Triumph of Religion - reflect artist's strong interest in classical antiquity and Christian religion.

Ignatius Loyola

(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

Antonio da Sangalio

(April 12, 1484 - August 3, 1546), born Antonio Cordiani, was an Italian architect active during the Renaissance.Palazzo Baldassini in Rome. Churches of Santa Maria di Loreto and San Giovanni dei Fiorentini in Rome. Villa Madama in Rome (started 1518). St. Peter's Basilica in Rome (chief architect from 1520 on). Palazzo Farnese in Rome (1534-46), designed for Cardinal Alessandro Farnese. Cappella Paolina in the Vatican Apostolic Palace, Vatican City.

Giorgione da Castelfranco

(or Titian), The Adoration of The Shepherds (1505-1510)? , Pastoral Symphony,The Tempest

Meeting of Bacchus and Ariadne

-1520-1523. Oil on canvas, By Titian. Ariadne has been left on the island of Naxos, deserted by her lover, whose ship sails away to the far left. She is discovered on shore by the god Bacchus, leading a procession of revelers in a chariot drawn by two cheetahs. Bacchus is depicted in mid-air as he leaps out of the chariot to protect Ariadne from beasts. In the sky above the figure of Ariadne is her crown, which Bacchus has thrown into the sky and becomes the constellation Corona. Shows her initial fear of Bacchus, but he raised her to heaven and turned her into a constellation, represented by the stars above her head. (pg. 645)

Last Supper

1495, Leonardo da Vinci

Bound Slave

1513-1516, Michelangelo, Early 16th, marble, Paris, depicts a soul trying to escape, supposed to be unfinished, the unfinished part is whats holding the slave down, supposed to be for the tomb of pope julius the second "warrior pope"

Sofonisba Anguissola

1532-1625 First great woman artist of Renaissance. From newly artistocratic Cremona family. Well-educated (unusual for time - other notable exceptions - Thomas More's daughters). Was court painter to K. Philip II of Spain. Married to nobleman who died then remarried to merchant sea capt. Rich, celebrated & long lived. Sponsored other artists. Painted mostly portraits and a few religious paintings. Achieved much but had advantages not available to most. Noteworthy: ONLY RECENTLY has her work been examined and life studied. There is still a tendency to think of Renaissance artists as all having been men. Was not even given consideration as a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle!

Georgio Vasari

16th century painter, architect, writer who called era in which he lived "rinacita", rebirth, or rather the Renaissance.

Madonna of the Pesaro Family

A boldly innovative painting, finished in 1526 by the Italian Renaissance master Titian, in which he moved the Modonna away from the center of the painting.

Asymmetrical composition

A form of balance attained when the visual units on either side of a vertical axis are not identical, but are placed within the pictorial field so as to create a "felt" equilibrium. This creates a more dynamic composition.

David

A large marble statue made by Michelangelo of the biblical king of the same name. Michelangelo porrays him as a youth just about to do battle with the giant Goliath. (1501-1504)

Mona Lisa

A painting by Leonardo da Vinci of a woman with a mysterious smile. It is now of the most readily recognized paintings in the world. (1503-1505)

Sfumato

A smokelike haziness that subtly softens outlines in painting; particularly applied to the painting of Leonardo and Correggio.

Poesia

A term describing "poetic" art, notably Venetian Renaissance paintings, which emphasizes the lyrical and sensual.

Michelangelo

An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, Michelangelo sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time.

Mannerism

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symmetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted pose and compression of space.

Palladio

Born 1508 Specialized in domestic architecture (Villas) centrally planed and based on Roman villas Most famous is Villa Rotonda Churches San Giorgio Maggiore and Il Redentore In Venetian republic Published "Four Books on Architecture" "I Quattro Libri dell' Architectura Died 1580 Simplicity was replicated in rural England and in plantations in US colonies

Tempietto

Bramante, For the King and Queen of Spain. Centrally planned. Supposed to be larger. Commemorates the martyrdom of St. Peter. 1st Renaissance building created in imitation of a Roman temple & in vaulted by a dome and encircled by classical columns. (Andrea Palladio)

Portrait of a Young Man

By Bronzino; he recorded the rank and station but no the personality of this young man. the depiction of a young intellectual with calculated attitude of nonchalance is typical of Mannerist portraiture.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Columbus' Voyage

Columbus believed it was possible to circumnavigate the globe, so he sailed west to get to Asia.Columbus encountered the Americas in October 1492, This became a turning point in history as Europeans began to settle, trade, search for gold, and spread Christianity

Ferdinand & Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Martin Luther

German theologian and leader of the Reformation. His opposition to the wealth and corruption of the papacy and his belief that salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather than by works caused his excommunication from the Catholic Church (1521). Luther confirmed the Augsburg Confession in 1530, effectively establishing the Lutheran Church.

Titian

Greatest Renaissance painter in Venice, used vivid color and movement, which was the opposite of the subtle colors and static figures in Florentine paintings.

Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and the Infant Saint John

High Renaissance, Early 1500s, Leonardo da Vinci, Cartoon (like Phidian goddess statues at Parthenon) Robust, monumental figures. (pg.615)

Figura Serpentinata

In Renaissance art, a contortion or twisting of the body in contrary directions, especially characteristic of the sculpture and paintings of Michelangelo and the Mannerists., In Renaissance art, a contortion or twisting of the body in contrary directions, especially characteristic of the sculpture and paintings of Michelangelo and the Mannerists.

Chiaroscuro

In drawing or painting, the treatment and use of light and dark, especially the gradations of light that produce the effect of modeling

Interior of the Sistine Chapel

Interior of the Sistine Chapel (view facing east), Vatican City, Rome, Italy, built 1475-81. Iconographic program. Center panels: Scenes of Genesis.Lateral panels: Prophets and Sibyls. Corner lunettes: Old Testament scenes. Lateral lunettes: Old Testament, ancestors of Christ. 15th-century frescoes: Lives of Moses and Christ; portraits of early Christian popes flanking windows. Michelangelo

Pyramidal shape

It was supposed to be more aesthetically appeasing then other forms. It was also sometimes used to make connections between the father son and the holy spirit or to show the level of importance in an art object. If you look at Michelangelo's Doni Tondo, Joseph, Mary and Jesus are in a pyramid shape, but it is inverted to show the power of Mary and how she held things together.

Disegno

Italian for "drawing" and "design." Renaissance artists considered drawing to be the external physical manifestation (disegno esterno) of an internal intellectual idea of a design (disegno interno). [ Virgin and Child with St. Anne and the Infant Saint John the Baptist ]

Antonio Allegri da Correggio

Italian painter noted for his use of chiaroscuro and perspective (1494-1534). Common painting subjects include religion and mythology. Paintings: Madonna and Saint Jerome. Leda and Swan. Jupiter and Io.

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Colorito

Italian, "colored" or "painted." A term used to describe the application of paint. Characteristic of the work of 16th-century Venetian artists who emphasized the application of paint as an important element of the creative process. Central Italian artists, in contrast, largely emphasized disegno the careful design preparation based on preliminary drawing.

Sacra Conversazione

Italian, "holy conversation"; a style of altarpiece painting popular after the middle of the 15th century, in which saints from different epochs are joined in a unified space and seem to be conversing either with each other or with the audience.

Terribilità

Italians spoke of Michelangelo with this term, meaning the sublime shadowed by the awesome and the fearful. He was awe-inspiring, he also had this jealous irascible bitter nature--> this commanded respect, talent was so unexplainable, god given. Michelangelo, High Renaissance

Bronzino

Mannerism, not connected characters, allegory-tells story, meaning is ambiguous. his work: Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (The Exposure of Luxury). Portrait of a Young Man

Tintoretto

Mannerist, Perspective lines converge on darkness. Conflation of time periods in clothing. Christ difficult to locate in scene. Uses classical techniques for non-classical ends.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

Last Judgement Fresco

Michelangelo, Italy, Late Renaissance, 1536-41

Moses

Michelangelo, the Tablets of the Law under one arm and his hands gathering his beard. The horns that appear on Moses's head were a sculptural convention in Christian art and helped Renaissance viewers identify Moses. Turned head, concentrates expression of the eyes, muscles bulge, veins swell. Pent up energy-emotional and physical.

Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (The Exposure of Luxury)

Painted by Bronzino, it displays the cheif features of Mannerist painting. Cosmo I commissioned it for King Francis I of France as a gift. He demonstrates a fondness for learned allegories with lascivious undertones.

Madonna in the Meadow

Painted in 1504 by Raphael, painting greatly exhibits the use of perspective, oil, shows, high renaissance, pyramidal composition.chirascurro. madonnas dress imitates background. simple gold line for halo instead of big gold one that was found in byzantine etc. a lot brighter, more interested in color.

Villa Rotonda

Palladio's most famous villa. It has four facades, each one resembling a Roman temple with a columnar porch. In the center is a great dome-covered rotunda modeled on the Pantheon. (1566-1570)

Madonna with the Long Neck

Parmigianino's painting; displays the stylish elegance that was a principal aim of mannerism. Mary has a small oval head, a long slender neck, attenuated hands, and a sinuous body.

Virgin of the Rocks

Period: High Renaissance Artist: Leonardo Da Vinci Notes: Use of stumato, a fine haze that delicately veils the figures, subject of the infant St. John adorning the Christ Child in the presence of the Virgin Mary

Descent from the Cross

Pontormo, 1525-1528. Oil on wood. Handkerchief is centered. Elongated bodies, bright paint, strange posturing. MANNERIST.

Galatea Raphael

Raphael 1513, from the story Pygmalion and Galatea; she was a statue that Pygmalion loved very much and then was given life by the goddess Aphrodite

Marriage of the Virgin

Raphael painted this for the Chapel of St. Joseph, in the church of San Francesso. This painting is based off a legend that Joseph competed with many other suitors for Mary's hand in marriage and the high priest was to give the virgin to whichever suitor presented him with a rod that had miraculously bloomed.

Baldassare Castiglione Raphael

Raphael, 1514 oil on wood transferred to canvas. The Book of The Courtier. Described the ideal of a Renaissance man who was well versed in the Greek and Roman classics, and accomplished warrior, could play music, dance, and had a modest but confident personal demeanor. It outlined the qualities of a true gentleman.

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p. 446)

Ovid

Roman poet exiled by Augustus for sensual poetry considered out of touch with the imperial policies stressing family virtues

Isabella d'Este

She used her wealth, intelligence, and power to support artists and scholars in Florence, Italy. Her palace was one of the most brilliant of the Renaissance. First lady of the Renaissance, she was an example for women to break away from traditional roles, and even founded a school for young women. She ruled Mantua, was well educated and a big patron of the arts.

Baldassare Castiglione

The Book of The Courtier. Described the ideal of a Renaissance man who was well versed in the Greek and Roman classics, and accomplished warrior, could play music, dance, and had a modest but confident personal demeanor. It outlined the qualities of a true gentleman.

Jacopo da Pontormo

The Entombment 1530 oil on panel Italy Mannerist, very different than Raphael, no structure or stability

Stanze della Segnatura

The four Stanze di Raffaello ("Raphael's rooms") in the Palace of the Vatican form a suite of reception rooms, the public part of the papal apartments. They are famous for their frescoes, painted by Raphael and his workshop. Together with Michelangelo's ceiling frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, they are the grand fresco sequences that mark the High Renaissance in Rome.

Veronese

The painter, often called a mannerist of flame like elongated figures depicted in cold blue eerie tones; tones that express intense religious feeling; influenced notably by Tintoretto. • 1528 - 1588 • Venice • Feast at the House of Levi, The Wedding at Cana, The History of Esther, The Family of Darius before Alexander

Last Supper

Tintoretto, 1594. Spiritual, swirling clouds. Single light from upper left of the image. Dramatic, Mannerist, imbalanced composition and visual complexity.

Venus of Urbino

Titian painted it for Guidobaldo II the duke of Urbino. No evidence suggests that he bought this as anything more then a female nude for his private enjoyment. Titian set the standard for representation of the female nude, whether divine or mortal.

The Tempest

VENETIAN- Giorgione Da Castelfranco. oil; ambiguous symbolism, lightning flash of a tempest, deserted town and broken pillars, mysterious woman nursing a child, unusual dominating landscape, poetic. (pg.642)

Pastoral Symphony

VENETIAN- Giorgione/ and or Titian Oil; Arcadian pastoral mood, Leonardo's influence, emphasis on warm flesh tones, poetically inspired, no true meaning, thick oil, painterly, sumotto-hazy look. Women are muses, symbolize Shepard- poetic and muse- musical inspiration.

The Feast of the Gods

Venetian Renaissance, Early 1500s, Bellini and Titian, Pentamenti. Note trees, color, pagan beings.

Bellini

Venetian artist: abandoned fresco and tempera for oil. Adopted the technique of oil glazing and revolutionized Venetian painting. His most famous students, Giorgione and Titian adopted his glazing technique and which permitted beautiful color and rich tone which was has been unsurpassed

Christ in the House of Levi

Veronese. Realism. Originally the last supper but he got in trouble for painting Germans and other people they didn't like. Story of Matthew who was a tax collector before he was a disciple.

Il Gesu

Vignola & della Porta, Rome, 1570. Italian Baroque. Theatricality, muscularity, integration of painting, sculpture, art. Integration of elements, nave very wide compared to Renaissance, exteriors=doubling of elements, dynamic composition, concentration of energy

Medici family

Wealthy Florentine family which dominated city during most of 15th century. Extensive interest in industry, trade, and banking. Active in politics starting with Giovanni, Cosimo, Piero and finally, Lorenzo the Magnificent. Lorenzo was great patron of arts and learning. Artists such as Leonardo, Michelangelo & Raphael all flourished under his patronage. Many see Florence(city of flowers) in particular as birthplace of Ren.

Fresco

a durable method of painting on a wall by using watercolors on wet plaster

School of Athens

a fresco by the artist, Raphael. It is a grandly conceived portrayal of the masters of Western philosophy. It is virtually a perfect example of Renaissance technique. It depicts Plato and Aristotle surrounded by the great scientists and philosopher of antiquity, who are portrayed with features of Raphael's famous contemporaries, including da Vinci and Michelangelo.

facade of Il Gesu

centrality-moved lower level orders forward, door is crowned with a double pediment, large central window, verticality- second level pediment, repetition. Giacomo Della Porta, 1575-1584.

ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512, at the commission of Pope Julius II, is one of the most renowned artworks of the High Renaissance.

Arcadian setting

peaceful natural setting

Cartoons

prelminary drawing sketch for painting. (Leonardo)

Counter-Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

Counter-Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected). Catholic church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to Strengthen the Catholic Church

Piazza

town square or open market, esp. in Italy