HIS 101 - Western Civilization to 1689 - Final Exam

The Latins first migrated to central Italy around

1000 BCE.

Alexander the Great's career spanned the period between

336 BCE and 323 BCE.

What did Luther mean by his assertion that the true Christian church was made up of a "priesthood of all believers"?

All people, not just clerics, could establish a direct relationship with God.

Which early explorer was the first to proclaim that the lands across the Atlantic were previously unknown continents?

Amerigo Vespucci

Alfred the Great set a model for

Anglo-Saxon kingship.

Native Americans were the descendants of peoples who had migrated across the Bering Straits from

Asia

Why did Augustus succeed where Caesar had not?

Augustus engaged in a slow and sensitive reordering of the Roman world.

The ambassadors and clergymen from which empire made a lasting impression on Florence in 1439?

Byzantine

How did Byzantium's first great conflict with Islam shape the empire?

Byzantium was forced to militarize the state.

Why did people prefer Richard the Lionheart over his father, Henry II?

Richard was larger than life and every inch the ideal chivalrous king.

The first great pan-European style of architecture is called

Romanesque

In the third century, a rupture in the urban life of Mediterranean civilization occurred when

Romans left the city to work on estates or commune with God.

How did the city-state of Rome succeed where the Etruscan and Greek cities failed?

Rome became a city that dominated and incorporated surrounding lands and peoples.

Which ruler was admired for his devotion to the Christian cause?

Saint Louis

Some of Luther's earliest princely followers came from

Scandinavia

What made the Near East a hotbed of historical development?

The contact and competition among peoples.

Why did King John return to captivity in England after he was freed?

The duke of Anjou's escape and betrayal of the chivalric code shamed King John.

Which Roman emperor prohibited the practice of paganism and ordered all pagan temples closed?

Theodosius

How did the ecstatic visions of people such as Teresa of Ávila and John of the Cross further the Catholic Reformation?

They inspired a popular renewal of belief in the sanctity of monks and nuns and the holiness of the celibate life.

How was Cortés initially greeted by the Mexica?

They lavished him with gifts and believed he descended from a god.

Why were Egyptian queens more powerful than the royal women of Mesopotamia?

They shared in royal and divine blood.

The Portuguese explorer who finally sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and reached the Indian Ocean was

Vasco da Gama.

The first state in Europe to establish banks was

Venice

The three great Latin poets of the Augustan age were

Virgil, Horace, and Ovid.

The main religion of the Persian Empire at the time of its invasion of Greece was

a dualistic religion eventually systematized by the prophet Zoroaster.

Which of the following best describes Sulla?

a military ruler who radically subverted the Roman order

Traditionally the first fixed date of ancient Greece is 776 BCE, when

a pan-Hellenic festival was convened at Olympia.

The fourteenth-century plague was

a pandemic.

Charlemagne employed royal officials called missi dominici, whose job was to

administer justice in the name of the king.

During the Dark Age of Greece, the contraction of the eastern Mediterranean economy meant that

an economy based on aggressive sea trade was no longer sustainable.

Among the basic elements of Gothic architecture are

attached buttresses and pointed arches.

The Medici and Florence were at the forefront of the formative development of

banking

How did Rome gradually integrate Italy into a greater Roman cultural and historical entity?

by treating its allies as part of its expanding territory

As Lutheranism grew and gained a wider following, problems arose regarding the relationship between

church and state.

Çatal Hüyük was a

community of nearly a thousand rectangular houses in Anatolia.

Philip of Macedon's grand agenda after the conquest of Greece was to

conquer Persia.

Among the characteristics that mark Plato as an early Hellenistic thinker is his

cosmopolitan focus and his drive to achieve synthesis.

The Twelfth-Century Renaissance sought engagement with the world through

dialectic.

The Peace of God sought to extend the church's protection to society's defenseless by threatening to

excommunicate violators.

Sumer was at the mercy of its

great rivers.

Many Athenians thought Socrates was a dangerous nuisance in Athens because

he doubted the value of democracy and questioned all accepted truths.

In the late Republic, traditional Roman religion was under pressure from which of the following?

ideas encountered in the Mediterranean world

The devotio moderna emphasized

individual education, piety, and commitment to God.

A stone tower erected on an elevated site within a fortification is called a

keep

State power in Egypt flowed to officials, including viziers, from the

king, and through him from the gods.

Over the long run, the Merovingian wars of succession shifted power from kings to

nobles

From Herodotus's perspective, the fatal Persian mistake was

not securing control of Athenian silver mines early in the Persian Wars. <<<<

One of the first Athenians to find Philip of Macedon's aggression alarming and who penned a series of speeches called the Philippics was the

orator Demosthenes.

The Donation of Pepin cemented the alliance between the Carolingians and the

papacy

One of the most popular forms of good works in Catholic Europe was the purchase of indulgences, which Catholics considered to be a

penitential act of repentance and restitution for sins that also reduced a sinner's punishment in Purgatory.

In Mesopotamian society, writing was a tool that empowered

priests and rulers.

Rather than present himself as absolute ruler, Augustus preferred to represent himself as

primus inter pares.

When western Europe reached the point of its greatest disorganization in the sixth century, which of the following brought order to the chaos?

religion

What prevented the east Germans from becoming full members of the Roman world they occupied?

religious differences

Tiberius Gracchus's political reforms were aimed at

returning Rome to its ancient social contract.

The imperial government Augustus established truly took hold in the

second century CE.

The first imperial policy to manage the Germans was to

settle them on land and keep them away from the Mediterranean Sea.

What were Luther's critical starting points in securing secular support for his religious movement?

support from the elector of Saxony and deference to political authority

Rome promoted the economic and social integration of Italy through its

system of roads built for military purposes.

Most of the African slaves who entered the European economy through the hands of Portuguese traders ended their journey in

the Canary and Madeira Islands.

What finally ended the Social War?

the Senate's offer of citizenship to the Italians

What important clue strongly suggests that Homer's poems really culturally belonged to the Greek Dark Age rather than the Mycenaean era?

the cremation of Homer's heroes

What was the central issue in the conflict that emerged between the papacy and the empire after the death of emperor Henry III?

the election of popes

What motivated Charles V to convene the Diet of Speyer in 1526 and 1529?

the growing menace from the Ottoman Empire

To imperialize his preeminence, Charlemagne looked to

the papacy.

The failure of Athenian imperialism to dominate the many Greeces and the cost of the Peloponnesian War permanently weakened

the polis system and the great poleis.

What made the work of converting the native Americans to Catholic Christianity easier?

the tendency of native Americans to adopt the religious system of their conquerors and the willingness of Catholic missionaries to emphasize the similarities between cultures

The goal of Ionian Greek thinkers was to encourage Greeks to

think about the nature of the world and their place in it.

Why did burghers and merchants in many towns in France, the Netherlands, and Italy set out their rights in charters?

to insure their relative freedom from noble and church interference

Why did Romans divide power in their government between the two guardians of the Republic, each of whom could veto the actions of the other?

to introduce a system of checks to limit the power of a single ruler

In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, scholasticism turned toward nominalism, which holds that

universals are mere names and have no real existence.

Where were Renaissance artists trained?

urban workshops

The second imperial strategy to manage the Germans was to deflect the Germans away from the eastern empire and to

use them as a quasi-mercenary force to handle problems in the western empire.

The Roman government institutionalized

war

How did Luther intend to offer worshippers in his new church a greater sense of spiritual connection with God?

with a Bible that was in the common language

Prehistory is normally thought of as that period before the invention of

writing

As the immediate presence of the apostles and their designates faded away, what became increasingly important in Christianity?

written texts

Clovis was the ruler of the

Franks

The ruler who became known as the stupor mundi was

Frederick II.

The language of chivalry and courtly love was, for the most part,

French.

How did the trading strategy the Genoese pioneered differ from that of their Venetian rivals?

Genoa established small trading colonies in foreign ports that oversaw the procurement of raw materials rather than the production of finished luxury goods for trade.

Byzantine identity was thoroughly

Greek with little Latin influence.

The native people of the Canaries were called the

Guanches

What is the central question of Polybius's forty-book history?

How did a single city subdue an entire world?

What force reshaped the territorial outline of medieval Europe?

Islam

How did the Edict of Nantes end the French Wars of Religion by setting out the means by which Huguenots and Catholics could co-exist within France?

It differentiated between loyalty to the crown and religious faith, and restored certain civil rights to the French Protestants.

How did Hellenistic art depart from the earlier concerns of classical Greek art?

It embraced the particular and the realistic.

Why did Hellenistic Greeks venerate Greek literature of the Classical Age?

It reminded them of their connection to their Greek homeland and its golden past.

When Columbus made landfall in a cluster of islands on October 12, 1492, he thought he had reached

Japan

Renaissance humanism emphasized the study of what languages and literatures?

Latin and Greek

The artist of the High Renaissance who was interested in a wide range of scientific and technical questions as well as art was

Leonardo da Vinci.

Aristotle's school was known as the

Lyceum

Why did almost a third of the poleis decide not to resist the second Persian invasion?

Many smaller poleis realized that they had as much to fear from Sparta, Athens, and hostile neighboring poleis as they did from Persia.

The Greek ruler of Bactria who, according to Indian legend, converted to Buddhism, was

Menander

The Romanesque Central Middle Ages took place from

900 to 1100.

About what percentage of all human existence occurred during prehistoric times?

97.5 percent

Why did the manpower available to Rome to conduct wars increase with each conquest?

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While in hiding in the castle of Wartburg in Saxony, Luther worked on a new translation of the

New Testament.

The first German king to rule Italy was

Odovacar.

The next great consul general after Sulla was

Pompey