HIS 102 Final Exam
When the Russian government launched rapid privatization in the 1990s, it provided each citizen with a voucher worth
10,000 rubles.
Europe's Muslim population, estimated in 2016 at 26 million, appears likely to grow by 2050 to which percentage of Europe's projected population?
11 to 14 percent
The deindustrialization of Europe meant that, by 2016, Europe's once-booming manufacturing sector employed only about
15 percent of workers.
The average number of children that families must have to maintain a stable population is
2.0 children.
Unemployment in the United States averaged only 5 percent in the 1920s but in 1933 rose to about
30 percent.
Which kind of world did Franz Kafka portray in fiction like The Trial (1925)?
A pessimistic world in which powerless individuals are destroyed by inexplicably hostile forces
Which best describes the policy of détente that Social Democrats in Europe pursued?
A progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions
In 1923, who attempted to overthrow the German government in the so-called Beer Hall Putsch?
Adolph Hitler
How did the Soviet Union's treatment of Czechoslovakia in 1948 demonstrate its intention to consolidate its hold on eastern Europe?
After winning significant electoral support, the Communists displaced their rivals and then established a Stalinist state.
The counterculture movement based its tactics, including sit-ins and boycotts, on the
American civil rights movement.
How did the European response to terrorism differ from the American response?
Americans emphasized the need for warfare, while Europeans emphasized that terrorism was best resolved through police and intelligence measures
Why was West Germany allowed to build an army after 1955?
An army would permit West Germany to assist in defending Europe from attack by the Soviet Union.
Which definition describes the Arab Spring that took place in 2011?
An unexpected series of revolts in the Middle East
How was the Tet Offensive, launched by the Vietcong in January 1968, perceived in the United States?
As a sign that the war was not close to ending
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Spain faced terrorist actions by an insurgent movement of
Basque separatists.
Which statement describes the outcome of the decolonization of the Belgian Congo?
Belgium hastily withdrew from the Congo, leaving the new government unprepared to rule effectively.
Who was the founder of the National Organization for Women?
Betty Friedan
Which characteristics did Communist and Fascist dictatorships share?
Both initiated social engineering projects to replace individualism with a collective will.
Why, at least partially, did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?
British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler and saw him as a buffer against the Soviets.
Which idea did the functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promote?
Buildings should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines
Which factor was important in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?
Buying on margin
With their center-right vision of reconciliation and recovery, which political parties came to be important power brokers in post-World War II Europe?
Christian Democrats
How did the role of Christian churches change in postwar Europe?
Church membership and attendance declined significantly.
Which statement best explains the revolutions in the East Bloc in 1989?
East Bloc economies never really recovered from the economic catastrophe of the 1970s.
After the failure of the Council of Europe to become a Europe-wide parliament, advocates of European unity embraced which kind of approach to bring about continental unity?
Economic
Which statement best describes the Paris Accord, signed in 1990 by twenty-two European countries, the United States, and the Soviet Union?
Essentially a general peace treaty that brought an end to both World War II and the Cold War
In 1954, Vietnam obtained independence from
France
Why was the Great Depression slow to affect France?
France was less industrialized than the other major continental powers in Europe and thus somewhat isolated from the world economy.
Which six western European countries formed the European Economic Community, or Common Market, in 1957?
France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, and West Germany
Which Western leader came to power in the 1970s and 1980s without embracing neoliberalism?
François Mitterrand
How did many Soviet citizens begin to create an active civil society in the 1980s?
From watching the Congress of People's Deputies, whose deputies had been chosen in free elections in 1989
Which country was most troubled by the idea of providing financial aid to nearly bankrupt Eurozone countries in 2012?
Germany
Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?
Germany and the Soviet Union
Which statement accurately describes the "Europe first" policy adopted by the Allied powers during World War II?
Germany would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan.
The nineteenth-century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that
God's existence could not be proven, but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the unknowable.
Which statement describes the consequence for European national governments in meeting the fiscal standards to join the monetary union?
Governments had to reduce health and social benefits for their citizens.
Which action did Richard Nixon take following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1968?
Gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam War
Serbian president Slobodan Miloševic's actions in 1990 hastened separatism and civil war in Yugoslavia. His ultimate goal was to establish
Greater Serbia.
In 1923, which German politician called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and agreed in principle to pay reparations?
Gustav Stresemann
How did the pieds-noirs complicate the experience of decolonization in Algeria?
Having lived in Algeria for several generations, these European Algerians threatened revolt against France if France did not oppose the Islamic independence movement.
Why did Stalin call for the mass murder of the kulaks?
He believed that as landowners they would eventually embrace capitalism and become a threat to socialist progress.
How did the West German chancellor Helmut Kohl build support for German reunification in East Germany?
He offered the East Germans an economically advantageous swap of East German currency for West German currency.
How did Mao Zedong gain the support of the peasantry in China?
He promised land reform, education, and health-care programs.
In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?
He toned down the party's anticapitalist elements and vowed to fight communism.
Why was Mussolini expelled from the Italian Socialist Party?
He urged Italian entry into World War I.
Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly 100 individuals, killed in 1934?
He wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army.
Which social group was part of the new elite class in the Stalinist state?
Highly regarded artists
The target of the first of two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 was
Hiroshima
Why did Europeans find postcolonial migration troublesome?
Intellectuals worried that immigrant workers would never adopt European values and customs.
How was the revolution in Romania in 1989 different from the revolutions in the rest of eastern Europe?
It became violent and bloody when Communist leaders ordered security forces to slaughter thousands.
How did the Soviet Union initially organize the eastern European nations as it overthrew pro-Nazi regimes?
It created coalition governments of leftist political parties but reserved key government posts for Russian Communists.
How did the United States respond to the decolonization movement in the first years after the Second World War?
It encouraged European nations to release their former colonies.
Which statement describes the Popular Front's actions after its 1936 victory in France?
It encouraged the union movement and initiated a wide-ranging social reform program.
Which statement describes the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?
It forced existing German social institutions to conform to National Socialist ideology.
How did the East German government respond to the nationwide demonstrations against poor wages and working conditions in 1953?
It permitted Soviet troops to put down the revolt with tanks and troops, but then instituted reforms to respond to the demonstrators' strongest demands.
Why did Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich create such a sensation when it was published in 1962?
It portrayed life in a Stalinist labor camp in order to criticize Stalinism.
Which statement describes an accomplishment of the Marshall Plan?
It prevented economic collapse in post-WWII western Europe.
Which statement describes the result of the Maastricht Treaty?
It provided the basis for the formation of the European Union (EU) and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union.
How did the Solidarity trade union in Poland understand its goals in the early 1980s?
It sought a self-limiting revolution to defend freedoms won in previous agreements with the Communist government.
The U.S.-led coup in the Congo against Patrice Lumumba and the subsequent U.S. support for the dictator Joseph Mobutu, who ruled for nearly thirty years, provide evidence for which trend in the United States' foreign policy during the Cold War?
Its prioritization of anticommunism over democracy
Who was the only Communist leader able to successfully resist Soviet domination?
Josip Broz Tito
Hitler ruled practically all of continental Europe by
July 1940.
Which British political party emerged during the 1920s as the main opposition to the Conservative Party?
Labour Party
Which result occurred in 1989 after the Hungarians tore down the barbed-wire curtain separating Hungary from Austria?
Large numbers of dissatisfied East German "vacationers" crossed from Hungary into Austria and from there on to West Germany.
Who was the founder and leader of the Polish trade union Solidarity in the 1980s?
Lech Walesa
Who was the director of Triumph of the Will, a piece of cinematic propaganda based on the 1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg?
Leni Riefenstahl
Which position did Christian Democrats across Europe endorse during the 1950s?
Liberalism
Why did Britain's abandonment of the gold standard not aid its recovery?
Many other wealthy countries abandoned the gold standard after Britain, blunting any advantage from it.
Why did the August 1991 attempted coup by the Communist old guard in the Soviet Union fail?
Massive popular resistance rallied around Boris Yeltsin.
Which statement describes the assertions of the theories of Albert Einstein?
Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the seemingly infinite universe with the subatomic world.
Which political group dominated the parliamentary coalition governments of Germany in the mid- to late 1920s?
Moderate businessmen
Which types of policies do the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization pursue?
Neoliberal economic policies promoting free markets and trade
Which statement describes the consequence of Franklin D. Roosevelt's agreement with Joseph Stalin at the Teheran Conference that the British-American armies would launch a frontal assault on France?
Only Soviet troops would be responsible for liberating eastern Europe.
In the former Soviet bloc, who were the winners and losers in economic reconstruction?
Ordinary citizens and the elderly were losers; the young and ex-Communists were winners.
Which city survived World War II relatively unscathed?
Paris
Which statement describes the main argument of logical positivism in the twentieth century?
Philosophy is nothing more than the logical clarification of thoughts.
Who is Vladimir Putin?
President of Russia beginning in 2000
Why did the rapid economic liberalization of Russia work poorly?
Production of many items was concentrated in one or two giant factories.
How did Big Science foster the green revolution?
Research into agriculture greatly increased the world food supply and productivity per acre while using fewer workers.
Which statement best interprets Jean-Paul Sartre's expression "existence precedes essence"?
Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle on their own to define their essence after they are born.
Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?
So that the German army could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well
The German Communist Party, noisy and active in the 1920s, reserved its greatest hatred and harshest criticisms for
Social Democrats.
Which battle was the decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet Union and Germany?
Stalingrad
Who began the wave of social unrest that almost toppled Charles de Gaulle's Fifth Republic?
Students
Who was Poland's first non-Communist prime minister in 1989?
Tadeusz Mazowiecki
Why was Britain more ready to conciliate with Germany than with France following the Versailles peace settlement?
The British had depended heavily on the German market for their exports before the war.
Which statement best describes the Holocaust?
The Nazi effort to systematically exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War
At the time of the Yalta Conference in 1945, why was the position of the Soviet Union much stronger in negotiations with the United States and Great Britain?
The Soviet army already occupied much of eastern Europe.
Which aspect of American foreign policy under President George W. Bush most troubled leaders of the European Union?
The United States increasingly ignored international opinion and pursued its own interests unilaterally.
In the Lateran Agreement, how did Mussolini resolve the status of the Catholic Church in Italy?
The Vatican was recognized as an independent state and received heavy support from the Italian state.
Which policy did the New Left advocate?
The establishment of socialism with a human face, which would avoid the worst excesses of capitalism or Soviet-style communism
Which statement best describes neocolonialism?
The idea of a system designed to preserve Western economic domination and destabilize political independence movements
Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?
The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war
How did Helmut Kohl's neoliberal policies in Germany in the 1980s affect the German economy?
The policies increased unemployment in heavy industry but led to solid economic growth.
Which of these did Rachel Carson seek to expose in her book, Silent Spring?
The rampant overuse of pesticides
Which definition best describes Socialist Realism?
The requirement that artists and writers idealize the working class and the Soviet Union in their work
Which event finally galvanized NATO action against the Bosnian Serbs in 1995?
The slaughter of thousands of citizens in Srebrenica
Which statement describes a characteristic of the multitiered society established by deindustrialization in the twenty-first century?
The top tier of society was a small, affluent group of highly paid experts, executives, and professionals.
Which statement best reflects a lesson from the era of stagflation in the 1970s about the social welfare states in western Europe?
The welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy.
Which statement describes the consequence of globalization for national economies?
They are much more vulnerable to worldwide economic panics.
Which statement accurately characterizes Great Britain and Scandinavia collectively between the end of World War II and the mid-1950s?
They created long-lasting "cradle-to-grave" welfare states.
How did the Nazi Party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft?
They created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers.
Which statement describes the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws?
They defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents.
How did the Nazis manage the northern European states that they conquered?
They established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule according to Germany's needs.
How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?
They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences to disguise prejudice as science.
Why did nationalists oppose greater European Union political integration?
They feared losing political sovereignty and cultural identity.
Which statement describes the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (Special Task Forces)?
They followed the German army into central Europe, systematically murdering "undesirables" as they moved from town to town.
Which statement characterizes the daily life of most immigrants to Europe in the twenty-first century?
They live in separate city districts marked by poor housing and crowded conditions.
How did Jean-Paul Sartre think that people could live authentically in the twentieth century?
They must choose their actions with full awareness of their responsibility for them.
Why were Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary the most successful eastern European nations at economic modernization?
They were flexible in the adoption of economic policies and had an enthusiastic entrepreneurial class.
How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian Empire in 1913?
They were lower.
Which problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis?
They were not well unified due to their differing political goals.
In the 1960s and 1970s, which purpose was served by eastern European economic policies such as Hungary's New Economic Mechanism and East Germany's New Economic System?
To introduce some economic liberalization and encourage the production of consumer products
Why did Russia invade Georgia in 2008?
To support a separatist movement in South Ossetia
Which action did the new, pro-Western Serbian government take regarding Slobodan Miloševic in July 2001?
Turned him over to a war crimes tribunal in the Netherlands to stand trial
In his public calls for jihad (struggle) against the United States and the West, which grievance(s) did Osama bin Laden emphasize?
U.S. support for Israel in the Israeli-Palestinian crisis and U.S. military bases in Saudi Arabia
In addition to the emergence of married career women, why else have European birthrates declined substantially?
Uninspiring economic conditions
Who were the kulaks in Stalin's Soviet Union?
Wealthier peasants who were deprived of their land and livestock
Which statement best describes East Bloc living standards in the 1970s?
Well below those in the West but well above those in the developing world
Christian Democrats in which country promoted a "social-market economy" based on a combination of free-market liberalism, some state intervention, and an extensive social benefits network?
West Germany
As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was
a British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to prevent war.
Khrushchev's "secret speech" at the Twentieth Party Congress in 1956 was
a condemnation of Stalin, his cult of personality, and his crimes.
A second global oil shock occurred in 1979 after
a fundamentalist Islamic revolution overthrew the shah of Iran.
The experience of women in the socialist systems of the East Bloc countries of the 1970s included
an extensive system of state-supported child care that freed women to work outside the home.
The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of
an imbalance between real investment and speculation.
In twentieth-century literature, the stream-of-consciousness technique uses
an internal monologue to explore the psyche.
James Joyce's Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses and
an ordinary man wandering through the city of Dublin.
Stalin's theory of "socialism in one country"
argued that the Soviet Union could build a socialist state on its own.
In the 1930s, orthodox economists believed that
balanced budgets were the key to economic growth.
Recent polls in which Europeans routinely overestimate the number of Muslims in Europe provide evidence of the
bigotry and widespread misconceptions that sustain far-right populists.
In contrast to Lenin's policies toward the various ethnic groups in the Soviet Union, Stalin
centralized each group politically but allowed for some cultural independence.
In the twentieth century, John Maynard Keynes was known for
criticizing the Treaty of Versailles for economic reasons.
In his novel Remembrance of Things Past, Marcel Proust attempted to
discover the inner meaning of his own memories of childhood and love.
In the twenty-first century, U.S.-European diplomatic relations have been particularly strained
during the Bush and Trump administrations.
Changes in the structure of European society after the Second World War were primarily the result of
economic and technological transformation.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the basic objective of all western European governments became
economic growth.
Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, tried to reform the Communist system through perestroika, or
economic restructuring.
For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, the purpose of art was to
expose the meaningless of modern life and society.
Advancements in military weaponry and the space race
fostered a revolution in computer technology.
The Allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in order to
further encourage mutual trust among the Allies.
Germany's goal in the 1940 Battle of Britain was to
gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain.
The U.S. and Scandinavian responses to the Great Depression after 1933 were similar in that in both countries,
government spending was increased to bring people back to work.
The Brezhnev Doctrine stated that the Soviet Union and its allies
had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country if necessary to preserve Communist rule.
The composer Arnold Schönberg is best known for
his creation of twelve-tone music that abandoned traditional harmony and tonality.
As the European Union has become increasingly politically and economically powerful in the twenty-first century, it has sought to use its clout to advocate for global
human rights.
The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to
hyperinflation.
The growth of the middle class in the postwar era has been attributed primarily to
increased demand for technologists and managers.
The European promotion of human rights led the European Union to
intervene militarily in the Balkan War.
A major reason for the decline in western European birthrates was
married women entering careers and the related drive for gender equality.
In the early twentieth century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns were overshadowed by
modern mass media such as cinema and radio.
The goal of the Muslim Brotherhood when it was founded in Egypt in 1928 was
national liberation from European control.
In the twentieth century, Werner Heisenberg established the "uncertainty principle," which postulates that
nature itself is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable and lacks any absolute objective reality.
Poland differed from the other East Bloc states in the 1970s and 1980s because
of its independent agriculture and vigorous church.
President Franklin Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration attempted to
plan and control the U.S. economy.
Appealing to the needs and virtues of ordinary people in opposition to a corrupt or exploitative elite is known as
populism
The primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches was to
preserve religious life in Germany.
The neoliberal policies of the 1980s promoted
privatization of state-owned businesses.
In 2015, German chancellor Angela Merkel responded to the migration crisis by
promising homes for 800,000 migrants.
Some liberal commentators conclude that because of European population declines, Europeans need to
recognize that Europe needs and should welcome talented newcomers.
The leaders of the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia hoped to
reconcile socialism with internal party democracy, in which local decisions by trade unions, managers, and consumers would replace rigid bureaucratic planning.
Immediately after the Second World War and until Stalin's death in 1953, the Soviet Union
reinstated a harsh dictatorship.
The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to
renounce war as an instrument of international policy.
Charter 77 was a manifesto signed by a small group of Czech citizens that called on Communist leaders to
respect civil and political liberties.
The Helsinki Accords of 1975 called for
respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries.
In art, music, architecture, and literature, modernists
shattered long-held assumptions about form and function.
Four years after the Velvet Revolution in 1989, Czechoslovakia
split into the Czech Republic and the Republic of Slovakia.
With the failure of the United States to ratify the Versailles treaty, many French leaders placed their hopes for future security on
strict enforcement of the treaty.
Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the broken postwar world in
the Catholic Church.
Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization campaign called for
the Communist Party to retain its monopoly on political power.
To receive Marshall Plan aid, European states were required to cooperate with one another. This cooperation resulted in the creation of
the Organization for European Economic Cooperation.
The "middle way" refers to
the Scandinavian response to the Great Depression.
Some Europeans believe that Europe's rapidly growing Muslim population not only is a security danger but also threatens
the West's tradition of freedoms, representative government, and toleration for difference.
In his philosophical writings, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that
the Western world's emphasis on rationality had repressed the true passions that drive human activity and creativity.
Breaking the Berlin blockade in 1948-1949 resulted in
the creation of West Germany and East Germany.
At the end of the twentieth century, international trade was deeply affected by the development of the Internet and
the deregulation of financial systems.
In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that
the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.
The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of
the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own militants.
With regards to recent Muslim immigration into Europe,
there is a sharp divide between liberals and conservatives about what to do.
The essence of Willy Brandt's policies toward the East Bloc was
to seek peace and reconciliation.
The regimes of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini in Italy, and Adolf Hitler in Germany were all
totalitarian
Following the failure of his program of nationalization and public investment in the early 1980s, French president François Mitterrand
was forced to introduce austerity measures.