HIS 102 Final
In 1992, Francis Fukuyama declared that the world had arrived at
"the end of history."
When the Russian government launched rapid privatization in the 1990s, it provided each citizen with a voucher worth
10,000 rubles.
What is the average number of children families must have to maintain a stable population?
2.1 children
According to the best estimates, about how many people died in the Second World War?
50 million
The following is an excerpt from Joseph Stalin's address to the First Conference of Soviet Industrial Managers (Evaluating the Evidence 27.1): In Stalin's view, how far behind the advanced countries was the Soviet Union in the early 1930s?
50-100 years
In 1990, what percentage of the French population believed that there were "too many Arabs"?
70 percent
Lateran Agreement
A 1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as an independent state, with Benito Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support in return for public support from the pope.
New Left
A 1960s counterculture movement that embraced updated forms of Marxism to challenge both Western capitalism and Soviet-style communism.
Why was West Germany allowed to build an army after 1955?
A German army would permit Germany to assist in the defense of Europe from attack by the Soviet Union
five-year plan
A plan launched by Joseph Stalin in 1928 and termed the "revolution from above," aimed at modernizing the Soviet Union and creating a new Communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
A powerful supranational financial institution that sets trade and tariff agreements for more than 150 member countries and so helps manage a large percentage of the world's import-export policies. Like the IMF and the World Bank, it promotes neoliberal policies around the world.
What was the policy of détente that Social Democrats in Europe pursued?
A progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions
eugenics
A pseudoscientific doctrine that maintains that the selective breeding of human beings can improve the general characteristics of a national population, which helped inspire Nazi ideas about "race and space" and ultimately contributed to the Holocaust.
When did Jews in Palestine proclaim the state of Israel?
After the British withdrew from Palestine in 1948
The following is an excerpt from Fedor Belov's account of life on a collective farm in the Soviet Ukraine in the early 1930s (Evaluating the Evidence 27.2): Which of the following best characterizes the events of 1933 to 1941?
After the Soviet-induced famine, the entire leadership of the kolkhoz was purged and conditions were allowed to gradually improve.
Truman Doctrine
America's policy geared to containing communism to those countries already under Soviet control.
Enabling Act
An act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years.
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)
An economic organization of Communist states meant to help rebuild eastern Europe under Soviet auspices.
What was the Arab Spring event that took place in 2011?
An unexpected series of revolts in the Middle East
How was the Tet Offensive, launched by the Vietcong in January 1968, perceived in the United States?
As a sign that the war was not close to ending
How did the Soviet Union and eastern European Communist regimes treat displaced persons returning home after the war?
As politically unreliable because of their exposure to western European society
On Map 27.4: The Holocaust, 1941-1945, which of the following groups of camps are only extermination camps (as opposed to concentration camps)?
Auschwitz, Chelmno, Belzec, and Majdandek
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Spain faced terrorist actions by an insurgent movement of
Basque separatists
What was the outcome of the decolonization of the Belgian Congo?
Belgium quickly withdrew from the Congo, granting it independence with irresponsible haste.
Who was the founder of the National Organization for Women?
Betty Friedan
What characteristics did Communist and Fascist dictatorships share?
Both engaged in state-controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified "people."
Which of the following characterizes the support in Great Britain for the war with Iraq that began in 2003?
British Prime Minister Tony Blair supported the war, but the majority of the population was opposed
Christian Democrats
Center-right political parties that rose to power in western Europe after the Second World War.
climate change
Changes in longstanding weather patterns caused primarily by carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.
On Map 30.1: Russia and the Successor States, 1991-2015, including the inset map, which area declared its independence in 1991 and fought with the Russian Republic to try to maintain independence?
Chechnya
Who wrote Divided Heaven (1963), a classic example of a novel that provided a critical view of life in East Germany but did not directly oppose communism?
Christa Wolf
How did the role of Christian churches change in postwar Europe?
Church membership and attendance declined significantly.
Brezhnev Doctrine
Doctrine that held that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country whenever it saw the need.
Which of the following helps explain the revolutions in the East Bloc in 1989?
East Bloc economies never really recovered from the economic catastrophe of the 1970s.
On Map 28.2: Cold War Europe in the 1950s, the "iron curtain" forms the western boundary of which countries?
East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria
In the 1950s and 1960s, what became the basic objective of all western European governments?
Economic growth
perestroika
Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in 1985
What was the Paris Accord, signed in 1990 by twenty-two European countries, the United States, and the Soviet Union?
Essentially a general peace treaty that brought an end to both World War II and the Cold War
On Map 30.1: Russia and the Successor States, 1991-2015, which of the republics of the former Soviet Union did not join the Commonwealth of Independent States in 1991?
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
Europe's Muslim population, estimated in 2010 at 20 million, appears likely to grow by 2025 to 35 million, which would be what percentage of Europe's projected population?
Europe's Muslim population, estimated in 2010 at 20 million, appears likely to grow by 2025 to 35 million, which would be what percentage of Europe's projected population?
How did the Soviet Union's treatment of Czechoslovakia in 1948 demonstrate its intention to consolidate its hold on eastern Europe?
Even though the Czech Communist Party had won significant electoral support, Stalin still orchestrated the overthrow of the government and establishment of a one-party Communist dictatorship
In 1954, Vietnam obtained independence from
France
What was the consequence for European national governments in meeting the fiscal standards to join the monetary union?
Governments had to reduce health and social benefits for their citizens.
What did Richard Nixon do following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1968?
Gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam War
Why did the Council of Europe fail to evolve into a European parliament with sovereign rights?
Great Britain consistently opposed conceding any real political power and sovereignty to the council.
Serbian president Slobodan Miloševiæ's actions in 1990 hastened separatism and civil war in Yugoslavia. His ultimate goal was to establish
Greater Serbia.
How did the pieds-noirs complicate the experience of decolonization in Algeria?
Having lived in Algeria for several generations, these European Algerians threatened revolt against France if France did not oppose the Islamic independence movement.
Why did Stalin call for the mass murder of the kulaks?
He believed that as landowners they would eventually embrace conservative capitalism and become great enemies of socialist progress
How did Stalin use the murder of Sergei Kirov to his own advantage?
He blamed the murder on "fascist agents" within the Communist Party and launched a purge of the party itself that solidified his own control.
In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?
He deemphasized the anticapitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism.
What did the West German minister of the economy do in 1957 to foster economic growth?
He emphasized free-market capitalism
How did Mussolini build support from big business in Italy?
He left big business to regulate itself and never purged it members.
How did the West German chancellor Helmut Kohl build support for German reunification in East Germany?
He offered the East Germans an economically advantageous swap of East German currency for West German currency.
How did Mao Zedong gain the support of the peasantry in China?
He promised to expropriate land from the large landowners.
Which of the following characterizes the presidency of Vladimir Putin in Russia?
He reasserted anti-Western Russian nationalism and centralized political authority in the Kremlin.
Why was Mussolini expelled from the Italian Socialist Party?
He urged Italian entry into World War I.
Why did Charles de Gaulle withdraw France from NATO?
He viewed the United States as the main threat to French independence.
Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly one hundred individuals, killed in 1934?
He wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army.
What was the "Europe First" policy adopted by the Allied Powers during World War II?
Hitler would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan
New Order
Hitler's program, based on racial imperialism, giving preferential treatment to the Nordic peoples; the French, an "inferior" Latin people, occupied a middle position, and Slavs and Jews were treated harshly as "subhumans."
The following is an excerpt from the exchange in the Nixon-Khrushchev "Kitchen Debate" (Evaluating the Evidence 28.2). In it, Khrushchev responds to Nixon's description of consumer goods in the United States: Khrushchev: According to Khrushchev, which of the following was an important difference between the Soviet Union and the United States?
In the Soviet Union, housing was a basic right
Solidarity
Independent Polish trade union that worked for workers' rights and political reform throughout the 1980s
Why did Europeans find postcolonial migration troublesome?
Intellectuals worried that immigrant workers would never adopt European values and customs.
Muslim Brotherhood
Islamic social and political reform group founded in Egypt in 1928 that called for national liberation from European control and a return to shari'a law (based on Muslim legal codes), and demanded land reform, extensive social welfare programs, and economic independence.
The following is an excerpt from West German chancellor Ludwig Erhard's reflections on the expansion of consumption in postwar Europe (Evaluating the Evidence 28.1): According to Erhard, why is consumer credit a good thing?
It allows for an expansion of production, which creates new income and purchasing power.
How was the revolution in Romania in 1989 different from the revolutions in the rest of eastern Europe?
It became violent and bloody when Communist leaders ordered security forces to slaughter thousands.
What was the result of Margaret Thatcher's effort to encourage low- and moderate-income renters to buy their apartments?
It created a new class of property owners.
What was the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws?
It defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents.
How did the United States respond to the decolonization movement in the first years after the Second World War?
It encouraged European nations to let go of their former colonies
What was the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP)?
It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and allowed private traders and small manufacturers to do business again
What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933?
It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years
How did the East German government respond to the nationwide demonstrations against poor wages and working conditions in 1953?
It permitted Soviet troops to put down the revolt and jailed demonstrators, but then instituted reforms to respond to the demonstrators' strongest demands.
Why did Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich create such a sensation when it was published in 1962?
It portrayed in grim detail life in a Stalinist concentration camp.
What was a major reason for the decline of western European birthrates?
Married women entering careers and the related drive for gender equality
Why did the August 1991 attempted coup by the Communist old guard in the Soviet Union fail?
Massive popular resistance rallied around Boris Yeltsin
Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)
Military organization formed in 1998 by militants who sought independence from Serbia
The following is an excerpt from Fedor Belov's account of life on a collective farm in the Soviet Ukraine in the early 1930s (Evaluating the Evidence 27.2): Which of the following most accurately describes peasant life on a kolkhoz?
Most of the land was owned by the state, but each peasant family had a small amount of land of their own.
Black Shirts
Mussolini's private militia that destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist Party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of northern Italy.
What was the goal of the Muslim Brotherhood when it was founded in Egypt in 1928?
National liberation from European control and a return to shari'a law
In the twenty-first century, which resource could Russia use to assert political influence?
Natural Gas
What type of policies do the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization pursue?
Neoliberal economic policies promoting free markets and trade
What was the consequence of Franklin D. Roosevelt's agreement with Joseph Stalin at the Teheran Conference that the British-American armies would launch a frontal assault on France?
Only Soviet troops would liberate eastern Europe.
Which of the following cities survived World War II relatively unscathed?
Paris
neoliberalism
Philosophy of 1980s conservatives who argued for decreased government spending on social
According to Map 29.2: Democratic Movements in Eastern Europe, 1989, which country was the first to display a democratic movement?
Poland
Map 28.1: The Aftermath of World War II in Europe, ca. 1945-1950, shows Germany losing territory to which states?
Poland and the Soviet Union
nonalignment
Policy of postcolonial governments to remain neutral in the Cold War and play both the United States and the Soviet Union for what they could get.
displaced persons
Postwar refugees, including 13 million Germans, former Nazi prisoners and forced laborers, and orphaned children.
Who is Vladimir Putin?
President of Russia beginning in 2000
The neoliberal policies of the 1980s promoted which of the following?
Privatization of state-owned businesses
Why did the rapid economic liberalization of Russia work poorly?
Production of many items was concentrated in one or two giant factories.
How did Big Science foster the Green Revolution?
Research into agriculture greatly increased the world food supply, using fewer workers and resulting in more productivity per acre.
As shown on Map 30.3: The European Union, 2016, which new members joined in 2007?
Romania and Bulgaria
Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with
Russian peasants.
Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?
So that the German army could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well
postindustrial society
Society that relies on high-tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than heavy industry and manufacturing jobs.
glasnost
Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev's popular campaign for openness in government and the media.
Based on Map 28.2: Cold War Europe in the 1950s, which unaligned countries did not participate in the Marshall Plan?
Spain and Finland
Which battle was the decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet Union and Germany?
Stalingrad
Who was Poland's first non-Communist prime minister in 1989?
Tadeusz Mazowiecki
stagflation
Term coined in the early 1980s to describe the combination of low growth and high inflation that led to a worldwide recession.
The following is an excerpt from William Pfaff's analysis of the 2005 French riots (Evaluating the Evidence 30.2): In Pfaff's view, how were the 2005 riots different than the 1968 riots?
The 2005 riots had nothing to do with power.
Common Market
The European Economic Community, created by six western European nations in 1957 as part of a larger search for European unity.
Delegates to the annual United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2012 voted to extend which protocol on climate change?
The Kyoto Protocol
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments.
To receive Marshall Plan aid, European states were required to cooperate with one another. What was the result of this cooperation?
The Organization for European Economic Cooperation
According to Map 27.2: The Growth of Nazi Germany, 1933-1939, by the end of 1938, Nazi diplomatic activities had changed the status of or added to Germany which of the following areas?
The Rhineland, the Sudetenland, and Austria
According to Hitler's New Order, which European race was considered subhuman along with the Jews?
The Slavic race
At the time of the Yalta Conference in 1945, why was the position of the Soviet Union much stronger in negotiations with the United States and Great Britain?
The Soviet army already occupied much of eastern Europe.
Why did OPEC declare an oil embargo on the United States in 1973?
The United States had aided Israel in its war with Egypt and Syria in 1973.
What aspect of American foreign policy under President George W. Bush most troubled leaders of the European Union?
The United States increasingly ignored international opinion and pursued its own interests unilaterally.
ethnic cleansing
The attempt to establish ethnically homogeneous territories by intimidation, forced deportation, and killing
Maastricht Treaty
The basis for the formation of the European Union, which set financial and cultural standards for potential member states and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union.
kulaks
The better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms; many starved or were deported to forced-labor camps for "reeducation."
Which of the following was true of World War II?
The death toll far exceeded that of World War I.
European Union (EU)
The economic, cultural, and political alliance of twenty-seven European nations.
globalization
The emergence of a freer, more technologically connected global economy, accompanied by a worldwide exchange of cultural, political, and religious ideas.
What did the New Left advocate?
The establishment of socialism with a human face that would avoid the worst excesses of capitalism or Soviet-style communism
collectivization of agriculture
The forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large, state-controlled enterprises in the Soviet Union under Stalin.
The following is an excerpt from Fedor Belov's account of life on a collective farm in the Soviet Ukraine in the early 1930s (Evaluating the Evidence 27.2): According to Belov, how did the government justify taking almost all of the peasants' harvest?
The grain was needed to help keep up the pace of industrialization.
de-Stalinization
The liberalization of the post-Stalin Soviet Union led by reformer Nikita Khrushchev.
multiculturalism
The mixing of ethnic styles in daily life and in cultural works such as film, music, art, and literature.
Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?
The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war
How did Helmut Kohl's neoliberal policies in Germany in the 1980s affect the Germany economy?
The policies increased unemployment in heavy industry but led to solid economic growth
decolonization
The postwar reversal of Europe's overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of the colonized peoples themselves, the declining power of European nations, and the freedoms promised by U.S. and Soviet ideals.
détente
The progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions that emerged in the early 1970s
What did Rachel Carson seek to expose in her book Silent Spring?
The rampant overuse of pesticides
What was socialist realism?
The requirement that artists and writers idealize the working class and the Soviet Union in their work
What event finally galvanized NATO action against the Bosnian Serbs?
The slaughter of thousands of citizens in Srebrenica
Holocaust
The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews and other groups deemed racially inferior during the Second World War.
What was the Holocaust?
The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War
Velvet Revolution
The term given to the relatively peaceful overthrow of communism in Czechoslovakia; the label came to signify the collapse of the East Bloc in general in 1989 to 1990
What was a characteristic of the multitiered society established by deindustrialization in the twenty-first century?
The top tier of society was a small, affluent group of highly paid experts, executives, and professionals.
What did the era of stagflation in the 1970s demonstrate about the social welfare states in western Europe?
The welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy.
What is the consequence of globalization for national economies?
They are much more vulnerable to worldwide economic panics
How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?
They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science.
Why did Stalin and his supporters sponsor the first five-year plan?
They feared a gradual restoration of capitalism and, more importantly, wanted to catch up with the West and overcome traditional Russian "backwardness."
Why did nationalists oppose the proposed European Union Constitution?
They feared losing political sovereignty and cultural identity.
What were the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (Special Task Forces)?
They followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering "undesirables" as they moved from town to town.
Which of the following characterizes the daily life of most immigrants to Europe in the twenty-first century?
They live in separate city districts marked by poor housing and crowded conditions.
Why were Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary the most successful eastern European nations at economic modernization?
They were flexible in the adoption of economic policies and had an enthusiastic entrepreneurial class.
What problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis?
They were not well unified, for they had differing political goals.
What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain?
To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain
What was the primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches?
To preserve religious life in Germany
What did the leaders of the Prague Spring hope to accomplish in Czechoslovakia?
To reconcile socialism with internal party democracy, in which local decision by trade unions, managers, and consumers would replace rigid bureaucratic planning
What was Mikhail Gorbachev's goal in bringing reforms to Russia?
To revitalize the Soviet system in order to save it
Why did Russia invade Georgia in 2008?
To support a separatist movement in South Ossetia
In his public calls for jihad (struggle) against the United States and the West, what grievances did Osama bin Laden list?
U.S. support for Israel in the Israeli-Palestinian crisis and U.S. military bases in Saudi Arabia
In addition to the emergence of married career women, why else have European birthrates declined substantially?
Uninspiring economic conditions
After the war, why did national governments quickly establish authority over questions of guilt and punishment for those who had collaborated with the Nazi regime?
Unofficial groups were seizing and executing alleged collaborators on their own.
New Economic Policy (NEP)
Vladimir Lenin's 1921 policy to reestablish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration.
Map 27.3: World War II in Europe and Africa, 1939-1945 shows important sieges in which three cities?
Warsaw, Leningrad, and Stalingrad
Which of the following describes Eastern Bloc living standards in the 1970s?
Well below those in the West but well above those in the developing world
Christian Democrats in which country promoted a "social-market economy" based on a combination of free-market liberalism, some state intervention, and an extensive social benefits network?
West germany
The following is an excerpt from the Manifesto of the Czechoslovak dissident group Charter 77 (Evaluating the Evidence 29.3): The authors of Charter 77 were inspired by
a sense of their own responsibility for the maintenance of human rights.
The Marshall Plan in 1947 was a response to
a western Europe on the verge of economic collapse.
The following is an excerpt from "Some Preconditions for Resolving the Ecology Crisis" (Thinking Like a Historian) by Rudolf Bahro, a founding member of the West German Green Party: In this excerpt, Bahrosuggests that a solution to the ecology crisis will require
an easing of hostility between countries.
The experience of women in the socialist systems of the East Bloc countries of the 1970s included
an extensive system of state-supported childcare that freed women to work outside the home.
Stalin's theory of socialism in one country
argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own.
The ultimate goal of the plan for an international organization to coordinate coal and steel production in Europe in the 1950s was to
bind the six members of the European Coal and Steel Community so closely that war would be impossible
The following is an excerpt from Joseph Stalin's address to the First Conference of Soviet Industrial Managers (Evaluating the Evidence 27.1): In Stalin's view, if the people of the Soviet Union wanted to maintain their independence, they needed to
catch up with and surpass the West in terms of technology and industry as quickly as possible
The following is an excerpt from Joseph Stalin's address to the First Conference of Soviet Industrial Managers (Evaluating the Evidence 27.1): In Stalin's view, if the people of the Soviet Union wanted to maintain their independence, they needed to
catch up with and surpass the West in terms of technology and industry as quickly as possible.
The following is an excerpt from an interview with the German politician Thilo Sarrazin, an outspoken critic of immigration into Germany (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, he explains what he would do to stop further immigration: As part of a strategy to limit the flow of immigrants into Germany, Sarrazin advocated
changing the benefit system.
In Stalin's Soviet Union, women
could enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science
The target of the first of two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 was
hiroshima
The growth of the middle class in the postwar era has been attributed primarily to
increased demand for technologists and managers
The following is an excerpt from Franz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth (Evaluating the Evidence 28.3). In it, he discusses the role of violence in decolonization: According to Fanon, decolonization
is always violent.
The Bretton Woods agreement of 1944
linked western European currencies to the U.S. dollar.
The following is an excerpt from a 2007 speech in which Vladimir Putin outlined his views on global security, emphasizing the undesirability of a "unipolar world" (Evaluating the Evidence 30.1): In Putin's view, a unipolar world was incompatible with
modern civilization.
Poland differed from the other Eastern Bloc states in the 1970s and 1980s because
of its independent agriculture and vigorous church.
The deindustrialization of Europe meant that by 2005, the once-booming manufacturing sector employed only about
one in three workers.
In response to the growing power of Solidarity in Poland, Wojciech Jaruzelski, a general and head of the Polish government, suddenly
proclaimed martial law and arrested Solidarity's leaders.
Samizdat literature referred to books, periodicals, pamphlets, and newspapers that were
published secretly and passed from hand to hand.
Some scholars conclude that owing to European population declines, Europeans need to
recognize that Europe needs and should welcome talented newcomers.
After the Second World War, the Soviet Union
reestablished a harsh dictatorship
The postindustrial society that emerged at the end of the 1970s
relied on high-tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than on heavy industry and manufacturing jobs.
The Helsinki Accords of 1975 called for
respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries.
It is estimated that between 1993 and 2003, illegal immigration into the European Union
rose from 50,000 to about 500,000 persons per year.
Who began the wave of social unrest that almost toppled Charles de Gaulle's Fifth Republic?
students
Some Europeans warned that Europe's rapidly growing Muslim population was not only a security danger but also threatened
the West's tradition of freedoms, representative government, and toleration for difference.
At the end of the twentieth century, international trade was deeply affected by the development of the Internet and
the deregulation of financial systems.
The Persian Gulf War in 1991 clearly demonstrated
the effort of the United States and western Europe to promote international consensus under U.S. guidance.
The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of
the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants.
How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian Empire in 1913?
they were lower
In the 1960s and 1970s, what was the purpose of eastern European economic policies such as Hungary's New Economic Mechanism and East Germany's New Economic System?
to introduce some economic liberalization and encourage the production of consumer products
In the following excerpt from The Second Sex (Evaluating the Evidence 29.2), Simone de Beauvoir offers her views on traditional marriage: In Beauvoir's view,
traditional marriage is a kind of death for women.
The following is an excerpt from William Pfaff's analysis of the 2005 French riots (Evaluating the Evidence 30.2): In this passage, Pfaff suggested that ____________ was a key underlying cause of the riots.
unemployment
Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he
used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland
Following the failure of his program of nationalization and public investment in the early 1980s, French president François Mitterrand
was forced to introduce austerity measures.
The United States invaded Iraq because American leaders asserted that Iraq
was still developing weapons of mass destruction despite a 1991 promise to end all such programs.
totalitarianism
A radical dictatorship that exercises "total claims" over the beliefs and behavior of its citizens by taking control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society.
Color Revolutions
A series of popular revolts and insurrections that challenged regional politicians and Russian interests in the former Soviet republics during the first decade of the twenty-first century.
Arab Spring
A series of popular revolts in several countries in the Middle East and North Africa that bought an end to authoritarian, often Western-supported regimes.
developed socialism
A term used by Communist leaders to describe the socialist accomplishments of their societies, such as nationalized industry, collective agriculture, and extensive social welfare programs.
As shown on Map 30.3: The European Union, 2016, which states are the original members?
France, Italy, Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands
Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?
Germany and the Soviet Union
What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?
It forced existing German social institutions to conform to National Socialist ideology.
What did the Marshall Plan accomplish?
It prevented economic collapse in western Europe.
What was the result of the Maastricht Treaty?
It provided the basis for the formation of the European Union (EU) and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union
How did the Solidarity trade union in Poland understand its goals in the early 1980s?
It sought a self-limiting revolution to defend freedoms won in previous agreements with the Communist government.
What happened to Czechoslovakia four years after the Velvet Revolution in 1989?
It split into the Czech Republic and the Republic of Slovakia.
Who was the only Communist leader able to successfully resist Soviet domination?
Josip Broz Tito
By ______________, Hitler ruled practically all of continental Europe.
July 1940
Who was the director of Triumph of the Will, a brilliant piece of cinematic propaganda based on the 1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg?
Leni Riefenstahl
appeasement
The British policy toward Germany prior to the Second World War that aimed at granting Hitler whatever he wanted, including western Czechoslovakia, in order to avoid war.
Which position did Christian Democrats across Europe endorse during the 1950s?
The Cold War against the Soviet Union
What did Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization campaign call for?
The Communist Party to retain its monopoly on political power
According to Map 29.2: Democratic Movements in Eastern Europe, 1989, which country had the most popular demonstrations?
Yugoslavia
As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was
a British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war.
The "cult of the Duce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as
a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people.
Changes in the structure of European society after the Second World War were primarily the result of
economic and technological transformation.
Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, tried to reform the Communist system through perestroika, or
economic restructuring
Boris Yeltsin's role in the disintegration of the Soviet Union included
emerging as a radical reform Communist who embraced the democratic movement and led Russia to declare independence from the Soviet Union.
The advancement in military weaponry and the space race
fostered a revolution in computer technology.
The Allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in order to
further encourage mutual trust among the Allies.
The following is an excerpt from an interview with the German politician Thilo Sarrazin, an outspoken critic of immigration into Germany (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, he explains what he would do to stop further immigration: Sarrazin believed that a majority of Turks in Germany
had a poor command of the German language.
The following is an excerpt from the exchange in the Nixon-Khrushchev "Kitchen Debate" (Evaluating the Evidence 28.2). In it, Khrushchev responds to Nixon's description of consumer goods in the United States: Khrushchev: Khrushchev claimed that Russians
had all the same consumer goods as Americans.
The Brezhnev Doctrine stated that the Soviet Union and its allies
had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country if necessary to preserve Communist rule