HIS 102 Midterm
How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century? a) Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages. b) Family members increasingly scattered to diverse places of employment, rarely working together. c) Husbands became more involved in managing the household. d) Family members increasingly adopted new machines that reduced the time of household labor significantly.
a) Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.
The examples of Christopher Columbus, John Cabot, and Ferdinand Magellan all exemplify which trait of European overseas exploration in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries? a) Land prevented one from sailing around the world. b) Royal patronage was important in funding such voyages. c) The Portuguese settlements in the Indian Ocean were weak. d) Circumnavigation of the globe was easy and safe.
b) Royal patronage was important in funding such voyages.
Charles Fourier, a utopian socialist, envisioned mathematically precise communities called "phalanxes" and also argued for a) universal voting rights. b)the abolition of marriage, free unions based on love, and sexual freedom. c) the formation of labor unions. d) government-funded workshops and factories to guarantee full employment.
b)the abolition of marriage, free unions based on love, and sexual freedom.
In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. In terms of political practice, this meant that a)the clergy would not be eligible to vote. b)voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property. c)all adult males would be eligible to vote for representatives. d)only members of the hereditary nobility would be eligible to vote for representatives.
b)voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property.
Which statement accurately relates how Europeans engaged with the slave trade in the fifteenth century? a)Europeans engaged in the slave trade but only bought and sold fellow Christians. b) Europeans actively fought against the slave trade, citing its incompatibility with Christian morals. c) Europeans bought and sold only Africans who had previously been enslaved. d) European slave traders bought and sold both Christian Europeans and Africans as slaves.
c) Europeans bought and sold only Africans who had previously been enslaved.
Which statement best explains the marked changes in child-rearing practices observed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a) The number of illegitimate children abandoned at foundling hospitals increased. b) Women increasingly hired wet nurses to free them to care for their other children. c) Women had fewer children, allowing for more attention to be placed on each child. d) Mothers depended less on advice from their mothers and grandmothers because of an increasing amount of literature on child rearing.
c) Women had fewer children, allowing for more attention to be placed on each child.
In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent a) generally followed the British pattern. b) was generally the work of private entrepreneurs. c) featured varying degrees of government involvement. d) was much cheaper than it had been in Britain.
c) featured varying degrees of government involvement.
Why did the French commissioners sent by the newly elected National Convention to Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793? a)They were required by the Committee of Public Safety to apply the principles of liberty and equality to all French lands. b)The British and Spanish had already outlawed slavery; the French commissioners feared a rebellion if they did not do the same. c)They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island. d)They were captured by slave armies and forced to issue the edict abolishing slavery.
c)They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island.
Which effect did France's Constitutional Charter have in the post-Napoleonic period? a) It outlined the responsibilities of the Catholic Church as it was re-established in France after the Revolution. b) It was a reaction against the Napoleonic regime, which had attempted to establish a military police state. c) It marked an effort to re-establish the prerevolutionary society, with the nobility and the Catholic Church reclaiming their authority. d) It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the French Revolution.
d) It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the French Revolution.
Which statement describes the core concept of the Enlightenment? a) Human beings are inherently corrupt. b) Understanding nature requires an equal balance of science and faith. c) All of reality can be reduced to mind and matter. d) The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
d) The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
Which statement describes a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system? a) The workers purchased the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capitalist money. b) Production in the countryside could be carefully supervised by merchant capitalists. c) Rural workers were highly skilled in a number of crafts. d)The rural poor worked for low wages.
d)The rural poor worked for low wages.
The underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850 was a)decreasing availability of birth control in the countryside. b)the sexual exploitation of poor girls by wealthy men. c)the decline of traditional moral standards owing to the Enlightenment. d)social and economic transformations that made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior.
d)social and economic transformations that made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior.
Which statement describes a consequence of Prince Francis Rákóczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule? a) Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state. b) The Habsburgs lost control over most of their lands in northern Italy. c) The Bohemian nobility was crushed and replaced with new nobles loyal to the Habsburgs. d) The German nobility established itself as dominant within the Habsburg lands.
a) Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state.
The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 was a striking indication of the a)power of the state over the church. b)resurgent power of the papacy. c)decline of religious feeling in the eighteenth century. d)vitality of the Protestant revival.
a)power of the state over the church.
The Mongol emperors of China... a) did everything they could to end contact with Europe. b) encouraged trade with Europe. c) saw themselves as Chinese. d) hoped to visit the Americas someday.
b) encouraged trade with Europe.
How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne? a) The monarchy was abolished and Spain was declared a republic. b) The leader of the Spanish House of Alva was placed on the throne by the nobility after offering guarantees that he would protect noble rights. c) Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united. d) The German Habsburg Duke of Austria was placed on the throne after the death of his cousin, the Spanish Habsburg Charles II.
c) Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.
The British Mines Act of 1842 and the various Factory Acts between 1802 and 1833 provide evidence that in the early and mid-nineteenth century a) factory owners effectively controlled lawmakers in Britain. b) Britain was becoming an increasingly agricultural nation. c) Parliament was sympathetic to the new industrial working class. d) the Luddite movement was immediately successful.
c) Parliament was sympathetic to the new industrial working class.
In most European countries, how was emigration related to population growth in the late nineteenth century? a)Emigration decreased as population growth increased, providing evidence of stable, growing economies. b) Emigration encouraged population growth as employment and land became more available. c) Emigration occurred as population growth occurred, maintaining a rather constant balance. d) Emigration increased about twenty years after a rapid growth in population, as land became scarce.
d) Emigration increased about twenty years after a rapid growth in population, as land became scarce.
The United States between 1815 and 1932 a) did not attract as many emigrants as Brazil. b) took in virtually all European emigrants. c) attracted more than half of all European emigrants. d) absorbed the plurality of European emigrants.
d) absorbed the plurality of European emigrants.
After the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Ouverture, how was the war of Haitian independence resolved? a)Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence. b)A rival to L'Ouverture, André Rigaud, defeated the French forces and declared Haitian independence. c)The British invaded Saint-Domingue and, after defeating the French, allowed the Haitians to form the sovereign nation of Haiti. d)The Spanish invaded from their colony of Santo Domingo, defeated the French, and allowed the formation of the sovereign nation of Haiti.
a)Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence.
Why did the English government arrive at a crisis by 1640? a) James I frequently lectured the House of Commons about his divine authority. b) Charles I sought to impose the Scottish religion on England. c) Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country. d) Charles I married a Presbyterian princess.
c) Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country.
Which factor was crucial to the success of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour's plan to unify northern Italy in the nineteenth century? a) The support of Pope Pius IX b) An agreement with Giuseppe Garibaldi to invade southern Italy c) The backing of Great Britain, Sardinia's ally in the Crimean War d) A secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria
d) A secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria
Realist writers fit within the late-nineteenth-century glorification of science because they a) attempted to observe and record life in an objective manner. b) turned toward science fiction. c) denied the importance of emotion in determining human action. d) generally made the heroes of their novels scientists.
a) attempted to observe and record life in an objective manner.
After the development of the idea of "race," Europeans increasingly defined themselves in relation to other peoples as a) biologically superior as well as culturally superior. b) culturally superior as well as religiously superior. c) culturally superior rather than religiously superior. d) religiously superior rather than biologically superior.
a) biologically superior as well as culturally superior.
Unlike other political parties, Marxist socialists a) organized themselves into an international organization. b) refused to seek electoral office. c) rejected all forms of patriotism. d) consistently sought to overthrow national governments.
a) organized themselves into an international organization.
Which statement best describes the events at Fashoda in 1898? a) The Germans began the construction of a colonial empire in Africa. b) British and French troops encountered one another in Africa, triggering a diplomatic crisis. c) The French completed the expansion of their holdings in West and Central Africa. d) The British met and annihilated poorly armed Sudanese Muslim troops.
b) British and French troops encountered one another in Africa, triggering a diplomatic crisis.
How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment? a) Cities abandoned efforts to control urban growth as their boundaries expanded. b) Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing. c) Urban dwellers adopted the practice of returning home for lunch, diminishing the sense of attachment one felt to the workplace environment. d) The wealthy and middle classes could isolate themselves, since the streetcar was too expensive for the poor.
b) Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.
Which factor was a major motivation for European exploration? a) Desire to escape from the Black Death b) Desire for material profit c) Fear of invasion from China d) Fear of invasion from the Americas
b) Desire for material profit
Which change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement? a) The Jewish community sought to create an independent state that would not be subject to Christian laws. b) Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished. c) The Jewish community isolated itself from the Christian community as racial thinking emerged. d) Jews increasingly converted to Christianity as Judaism demanded faith over reason.
b) Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished.
How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed? a) More industrialists emerged from the working classes, as creditors recognized the vast profits in new enterprises and were willing to assume more risk in new ventures. b) It became harder to form new firms, and instead, industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth. c) Industrialists increasingly emerged from the migrant communities, who carried new technologies across borders. d) More industrialists emerged from the working classes as they became familiar with the new machine technology.
b) It became harder to form new firms, and instead, industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.
Why did many late-nineteenth-century feminists advocate for property, educational, and voting rights? a) Blacks had already received these rights, and women felt further marginalized. b) Many women wanted or needed to work outside the home and lacked the legal protections to do so. c) New nation-states were asking more of them without offering them attendant rights. d) Without these rights, women could not accomplish their goals in the private sphere in an increasingly competitive world.
b) Many women wanted or needed to work outside the home and lacked the legal protections to do so.
The First and Second Internationals both provide evidence for a) the radicalization of Marxism in the late nineteenth century. b) Marxist attempts to transcend national boundaries. c) the increasing Marxist focus on unionization and wages. d) the infiltration of Marxist parties by middle-class liberals.
b) Marxist attempts to transcend national boundaries.
Folklorists like Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm employed Romantic ideas in service of which other concept from the middle of the nineteenth century? a) Socialism b) Nationalism c) Liberalism d) Capitalism
b) Nationalism
Which statement best describes the goal the Western world hoped to achieve through the global economic system? a) Which statement best describes the goal the Western world hoped to achieve through the global economic system? b) The greatest benefits from increased trade, technology, and migration would flow to the West. c) It would control and determine the national economic policies of nations across the globe. d) Non-Western merchants could connect with the global economy and develop their own nation's wealth.
b) The greatest benefits from increased trade, technology, and migration would flow to the West.
How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century? a) Large segments of the population immigrated to the American colonies. b) The population was significantly reduced due to malnutrition and starvation. c) The population remained relatively stable throughout the period. d) The population continued to grow despite widespread malnutrition.
b) The population was significantly reduced due to malnutrition and starvation.
During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve? a) Middle-class liberals instituted high property requirements for voting rights. b) Workers demanded several democratic and socialist reforms. c) Workers demanded property redistribution. d) Middle-class liberals reinforced free-trade economic policies that would harm the working class.
b) Workers demanded several democratic and socialist reforms.
Between 1890 and 1925, over 20 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island Immigration Station in New York Harbor. A majority of them were from a) northern Europe. b) southern and eastern Europe. c) Asia, especially China and Japan. d) Latin America.
b) southern and eastern Europe.
Why did middle-class families spend considerable portions of their income on food? a) They had to feed not only their families but also their large staff of servants and assistants. b) They gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity. c) They developed a habit of purchasing expensive and exotic colonial products. d) The price of food skyrocketed as farm labor became more scarce.
b)They gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity.
In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by a)promising to re-establish the control on bread prices. b)abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges. c)reducing taxes on agricultural products. d)calling up army and militia units to suppress the rebellious peasants.
b)abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges.
Which statement best characterizes early-nineteenth-century British cities? a) New laws limiting capacity in buildings eased overcrowding. b) Overcrowding in cities inhibited population growth. c) Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant that parks or other open spaces were almost nonexistent. d) City officials demolished row houses to build more efficient apartment complexes.
c) Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant that parks or other open spaces were almost nonexistent.
How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century? a) Breakthroughs in Russian iron production dramatically lowered the price of iron early in the nineteenth century. b) British capitalists used new techniques developed in American iron foundries to increase the manufacture of inexpensive iron products. c) The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products. d)
c) The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products.
By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion? a) It completely adopted Western forms and traditions, imposing them on the poor and uneducated. b) It united East Asia under its leadership to repel Western military activity. c) It isolated itself from the Western world, banning most foreign travel and foreign visitors. d) It selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition.
d) It selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition.
How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy? a) The industrialists building railroads in Italy, who needed unified states to manage the railroad system, financed and provided logistical support to the nationalists. b) Count Cavour gained the support of the papacy and used the pro-Catholic French to pressure Louis Napoleon to withdraw his support of Austrian claims in northern Italy. c) Count Cavour publicly exposed the betrayal by the French, and French public opinion forced Louis Napoleon to re-establish his support of Italian unification. d) Nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia, despite the displeasure of the Great Powers.
d) Nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia, despite the displeasure of the Great Powers.
How did the expanding right to vote in the late nineteenth century affect national politics across Europe? a) Radical parties lost nearly all support as the working classes followed their middle-class employers into liberal parties. b) Nearly all political parties sought to establish international parties that moved across borders to unite people of similar wealth and status. c) The number of political parties decreased as a few major parties gained dominating positions in the political system. d) Politicians and parties became more responsive to the needs of the people they represented.
d) Politicians and parties became more responsive to the needs of the people they represented.
Which statement is an accurate characterization of a socialist party in Europe prior to 1914? a) Russian socialists tended to be the most moderate of all the parties. b) Powerful French labor unions controlled the French socialist party. c) The British socialists, although not Marxist in orientation, were formally committed to revolution. d) The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism.
d) The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism.
Which statement best describes the core concept of Social Darwinism? a) Genetics provided the mechanism by which favorable characteristics are passed on to future generations. b) Darwin's evolutionary theory could best be proven by a careful examination of the vast amount of numerical data collected by governments in recent decades. c) Gustav Le Bon was correct in asserting that strong, charismatic leaders could easily manipulate mass crowds. d) The human race was driven by unending economic competition that would determine the survival of the fittest.
d) The human race was driven by unending economic competition that would determine the survival of the fittest.
How were governments able to use empires to ease social tensions and domestic political conflicts in the nineteenth century? a) They emphasized that imperialism would bring civilization and Christianity to native peoples. b) They presented imperialism as part of a Social Darwinist competition with other nations. c) They turned the empires into dumping grounds for Europeans who were misfits or failures. d) They presented imperialism as a necessity and foreign victories as examples of national glory and prestige.
d) They presented imperialism as a necessity and foreign victories as examples of national glory and prestige.
Which characteristic set white-collar workers apart from other elements of the lower middle class? a) They were not only relatively well educated, but they also possessed complex technical skills. b) They earned far more than skilled or semiskilled workers. c) They were almost all deeply religious, which they saw as the foundation of their work ethic. d) They were dedicated to the middle-class ideal of upward social mobility.
d) They were dedicated to the middle-class ideal of upward social mobility.
How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the nineteenth century? a) They called for an end to opium production in India because of its negative consequences for Indian families. b) They demanded that the British government limit the number of hours that Indians could be required to work. c) They insisted that British welfare benefits be extended to British India to support the population during economic downturns. d) They worked to improve the lives of Indian women through education and legislation.
d) They worked to improve the lives of Indian women through education and legislation.
The trivial rituals performed at the court of Versailles were important because they gave nobles a) an income. b) rights to their lands. c) a sense of belonging. d) access to Louis XIV.
d) access to Louis XIV.
Socialist political parties affected working-class attendance at established churches in the late nineteenth century by a) threatening to identify or murder any laborer seen going to Sunday service. b) forcing pastors to reorient their sermons to workers' concerns. c) encouraging laborers to attend to spread the message of unionism and socialism. d) discouraging attendance, as religion was a pillar of bourgeois society.
d) discouraging attendance, as religion was a pillar of bourgeois society.
The national unification processes of Germany, Italy, and the United States in the middle of the nineteenth century were similar in that they all a) were catalyzed by the slavery issue. b) somehow involved the French. c) were led by middle-class liberals. d) involved violence and warfare.
d) involved violence and warfare.
Middle-class fathers in the late nineteenth century, as opposed to their fathers and grandfathers, were expected to a) stay at home to raise the children. b) marry for economic gain. c) go out and earn a living. d) spend some time playing with their children.
d) spend some time playing with their children.
The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that... a) mankind was inherently good and required no formal government. b) kings ruled by divine right. c) a constitutional monarchy was possible only in England. d) the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war.
d) the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war.
Which statement characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe? a) Spanish landowners in the colonies instituted slavery among all the Indian populations to force them to work on their estates. b) It became insignificant to the French after the loss of their colonies in New France (Canada). c) The Spanish Empire collapsed, for Spain lacked the resources to sustain its military presence in the colonies. d)Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.
d)Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.
How did Napoleon consolidate his rule? a)He expanded certain civil rights, such as freedom of speech and freedom of the press. b)He presented himself as a true son of the Revolution in contrast to the corruption of the Directory. c)He imposed harsh martial law that permitted no expression of dissent. d)He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state.
d)He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state.
How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to eighteenth century? a) Arguments supporting slavery drew increasingly on the need to civilize the savage Africans and less on ideas of race. b) Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion. c)Arguments supporting slavery emphasized the political needs of empires rather than cultural or religious issues. d) Arguments supporting slavery increasingly relied on economic justifications of the superiority of slave labor.
b) Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion.
Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments? a)The Directory gave in to demands of the nationalistic populace. b)The Directory feared that without French intervention, Russia would dominate the continent. c)The Directory had an ideological commitment to liberate all of Europe from aristocratic domination. d)The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed.
d)The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed.
In which way did Louis Pasteur's and Joseph Lister's discoveries aid European imperialism? a) The two men created a theoretical framework for imperialism known as Social Darwinism. b) They allowed Europeans to enter into new areas of Latin America without getting sick. c) Their discoveries, when applied, helped Christian missionaries to win over natives. d) Their writings encouraged Europeans to engage in a civilizing mission.
c) Their discoveries, when applied, helped Christian missionaries to win over natives.
The goal of the New Imperialism of the late nineteenth century was... a) to support large migrations of Europeans to new imperial lands. b) to convert native populations of new imperial lands to Christianity. c) to create large political empires in the new imperial lands. d) to achieve economic exploitation without direct political control.
c) to create large political empires in the new imperial lands.
During the Enlightenment, most thinkers believed that a) only non-Europeans, not European women, were inferior to European men. b) only European women, not non-Europeans, were inferior to European men. c) neither European women nor non-Europeans were inferior to European men. d) both European women and non-Europeans were inferior to European men.
d) both European women and non-Europeans were inferior to European men.
Which commonality could one find in both 1695 England and the Netherlands? a) A Roman Catholic political administration b) A tolerant environment for Jews c) A highly democratic system of governance d) A constitutional monarch
b) A tolerant environment for Jews
In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company... a) handled the shipment of gold and silver bullion from Spanish America to Spain. b) took over much of the East Indies from Portugal. c) established bases in the Caribbean. d) established outposts in New York (New Amsterdam) and elsewhere in the Americas.
b) took over much of the East Indies from Portugal.
Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade? a) To enter the world economy b)As a response to U.S. military pressure c) As a result of the Meiji Restoration d) To reduce its dependence on China
b)As a response to U.S. military pressure
Europeans believed that grain and bread should be available at a)a price average people could pay, even if it meant that producers took a loss. b)whatever price the government chose to impose. c)a just price—one that was fair to both consumers and producers. d)whatever price the church recommended.
c)a just price—one that was fair to both consumers and producers.
How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization? a) The great distances of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead. b) The possibility of Asian trade led the Spanish to focus on developing their western colonies in the Americas so that it would be easy to travel on to Asia. c) The difficult waters of the Strait of Magellan led Spain to focus on developing its colonies in the eastern parts of the Americas. d) The greater wealth in Asian trade led the Spanish to give little attention to the Americas until after Asian trade collapsed in the 1580s.
a) The great distances of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.
Which statement best describes what Heinrich von Treitschke believed was the significance of colonies? a) They were essential to great nations. b) They sapped the resources and strength of nations for meager gains. c) They violated the spirit of liberty that had led to progress in Europe. d) They did not guarantee a nation's greatness.
a) They were essential to great nations.
During the sixteenth century, the Portuguese a) dominated but did not fundamentally alter the pattern of Indian Ocean trade. b) were minor, but not insignificant, players in the Indian Ocean trade. c) struggled with the French over control of the Indian Ocean trade. d)vied with Venice for control of the Indian Ocean trade.
a) dominated but did not fundamentally alter the pattern of Indian Ocean trade.
How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government? a) By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people b) By parliaments freely elected by universal male suffrage c) By special interest groups that presented the ideas and views of people to government officials d) By special citizens' committees that would watch over the work of political officials
a) By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people
The rise of plantation agriculture is associated with a) expansion of the transatlantic slave trade. b) a black African majority in British North America. c) a white European majority in Brazil. d)mass conversion of indigenous populations to Christianity.
a) expansion of the transatlantic slave trade.
In the eighteenth century, European public health measures a) improved water supply and sewage systems. b) blocked off roads and canals to prevent the spread of disease. c) completely eradicated famine owing to increased supply lines. d)banned foreign soldiers from entering towns.
a) improved water supply and sewage systems.
Both Frederick William of Prussia and Peter the Great of Russia exploited the peasants for their own gain by forcing them a) into their respective armies. b) off their land and into the cities. c) to immigrate to the New World. d) to adopt a particular religious faith.
a) into their respective armies.
Improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century resulted in which societal change for middle-class families? a) Married women were not expected to work outside the home. b) More women remained single. c) The vote was extended to women in much of Europe. d) There were more job opportunities for women outside the home.
a) Married women were not expected to work outside the home.
Which statement best describes the concerns of the early socialist thinkers about the emerging industrial society? a) They believed that industrial society separated humans from the rhythms of nature through which the human spirit was continually restored. b) They believed that industrial society promoted a meaningless consumerism that was corrosive to human values. c) They believed that industrial society encouraged selfish individualism and fragmented communities. d) They believed that machine technology dehumanized industrial workers.
c) They believed that industrial society encouraged selfish individualism and fragmented communities.
Which factor caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe? a)The prevalence of the extended family structure b)The availability of premarital sex c)The tendency of waiting to marry until after economic independence d)The fear of overpopulation
c)The tendency of waiting to marry until after economic independence
Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century agricultural experimentalist, advocated a) government intervention as a means of lessening rural poverty. b) the retention of open-field farming with the addition of crop rotation and other innovations. c) the development of a primary education system as a means of lessening rural poverty. d)large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress.
d)large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress.
How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture? a)Governments sought to use the critical perspectives of the Enlightenment to control and manage popular culture. b)As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar. c)Enlightened authors approached popular culture from an anthropological perspective that permitted them to analyze it without condemning it. d)Enlightened authors embraced popular culture as an authentic expression of the human condition unaffected by Christian theology.
b)As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.
How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century? a) By letters of transit that were given to ships' captains before leaving, which directed their routes and activities b) By letters sent between merchants and captains as ships waited in ports c) By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port d) By networks of carrier pigeons that carried directions for ships across the seas
c) By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port
Which statement best describes Hernán Cortés's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Aztec Empire? a) Cortés had a large, well-trained Spanish army against the untrained and poorly organized Mexica forces. b) The Aztecs mistakenly believed that Cortés was a god. c) Cortés was able to exploit internal dissention within the Aztec Empire. d) The Aztecs were awed by the Spanish technology and submitted to Cortés's will.
c) Cortés was able to exploit internal dissention within the Aztec Empire.
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe to the French Revolution change over the Revolution's first two years? a)Initially confused by the claims of the revolutionaries, they came to embrace most of their ideas as representing solid Enlightenment thought. b)Initially pleased by the Revolution's embrace of Enlightenment ideas, they came to fear the idea of nationalism spread by the Revolution. c)Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message. d)Initially fearful of the Revolution's chaos, they came to support the effort to implement needed reforms in France.
c)Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.
How did industry grow in continental Europe? a) Russia industrialized very rapidly once the serfs were emancipated in 1861. b) Austria-Hungary made almost no progress in industrialization in the nineteenth century. c) Following the Napoleonic Wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production. d) Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.
d) Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.
Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864? a) Denmark sought to form a political alliance among the Scandinavian nations as a counter to growing Prussian power. b) Denmark established a series of laws that limited the civil rights of German-speaking people in Danish territory. c) Denmark sought to establish trade tolls along the narrow passage that linked the Baltic Sea with the North Sea. d) Denmark was attempting to bring two disputed provinces into a more centralized Danish state.
d) Denmark was attempting to bring two disputed provinces into a more centralized Danish state.
The industrious revolution was a result of a) efforts by Protestant and Catholic churches to combat sin by promoting a gospel of prosperity and industry that would keep workers productively at their labors. b) merchant capitalists gaining greater authority over workers and forcing them into factories, where their work activity could be more closely monitored and controlled. c) the reduction of holidays and festivals by the state to create more workdays during the year, combined with laws requiring the closing of taverns two hours past sunset. d)poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.
d)poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.
How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and antislavery delegates? a)It decided that slavery would not be permitted in new states formed after the Constitution's ratification. b)It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives. c)It decided that a new state would make the decision whether to permit slavery itself before seeking admission to the Union. d)It took no action because many delegates believed slavery would end in the near future as it became less and less profitable.
b)It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.
Which important criticism did Karl Marx levy against the French utopian socialists? a) They underestimated the intelligence of the working classes. b) Their schemes for social improvement were unrealistic. c) Several of them were of noble birth. d) Central economic planning was inefficient.
b)Their schemes for social improvement were unrealistic.
In 1848, which reform did the French government refuse to implement, thereby creating a sense of class injustice? a) A minimum wage b) Land redistribution c) Electoral reform d) Repeal of high tariffs on imported food
c) Electoral reform
In the 1890s, how did Sergei Witte seek to transform Russia? a) He believed that Russia had lost its roots in Slavic culture and sought to re-establish those roots so that Russia would return to greatness. b) He believed that Russia needed to forge a new path to economic success and adopt the radical land redistribution proposed by the socialists. c) He believed that Russian agriculture was the key to its future success and collectivized land in order to apply modern, rational farming methods. d) He believed that Russia's industrial backwardness was limiting its power and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.
d) He believed that Russia's industrial backwardness was limiting its power and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.
Which statement best describes the result of the Mexican-American War? a) It provided a crucial stimulus to the development of cotton culture in the southwestern territories acquired from Mexico. b) It reduced tensions between the northern and southern halves of the United States by generating an atmosphere of renewed patriotic unity. c) It triggered changes in military strategy in response to the advanced weaponry that had been used for the first time during the war. d) It exacerbated tensions between the northern and southern halves of the United States as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico.
d) It exacerbated tensions between the northern and southern halves of the United States as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico.
Which factor at least partially accounted for political and commercial stability in the Middle East during the Abbasid caliphate (750-1258)? a) A common language and culture b) European control of its internal trade routes c) Lack of an external threat d) The caliphate's capture of Constantinople
a) A common language and culture
Which statement correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis? a) The Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century, when Galileo popularized it. b) The Catholic Church declared Copernicus a heretic, while Protestant faiths believed that the hypothesis had no bearing on Christian teaching. c) Lutheran and Catholic officials rejected Copernicus's hypothesis as heretical compared to a literal interpretation of Scripture, while Protestants recognized a more modern approach to truth and adopted it. d) Protestant clerics rejected Copernicus, while Catholics embraced the interpretation as a new foundation for the heavens.
a) The Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century, when Galileo popularized it.
Which statement characterizes the condition of peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century? a) They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children. b) They were bound to a lord's feudal manor and worked the lord's land as part of a long series of feudal obligations. c) They were technically free but suffered under a system of debt obligation to feudal lords who prevented them from owning their own land. d)They were free to own small plots of land but never enough to fully support themselves, requiring them to continue to work the land of the local lord, who owned a vast majority of the land.
a) They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.
The seventeenth-century financial revolution entailed the a) promotion of banks, stock exchanges, credit, and paper money. b) creation of guilds and their enhancement in power. c) unionization of workers and the construction of credit unions. d)exchange in commodity futures and state-backed savings bonds.
a) promotion of banks, stock exchanges, credit, and paper money.
Victor Hugo's political evolution was the opposite of Wordsworth's, whose a) youthful radicalism turned into restraint and caution. b) aggressive nationalism changed to a pacific universalism. c) immature nihilism evolved into an optimistic acceptance of things as they were. d) utopian socialism transmuted into a convinced anarchism.
a) youthful radicalism turned into restraint and caution.
Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages? a) In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo. b) Cottage workers liked the paternalistic relationship they had with the merchant capitalist. c) Working in a factory meant getting up very early every day. d) Cottage workers wanted to remain close to their local parish church.
a)In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo.
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history? a)Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end. b) Central Europe emerged as an economic powerhouse. c) German lands were finally unified under the German emperor. d) Religious toleration was adopted throughout the Holy Roman Empire.
a)Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.
Why did Scotland, outside of France, become a major center of Enlightenment thought, as exemplified by the contributions of Adam Smith and David Hume? a) Religious sectarianism was nonexistent in atheist Scotland. b) After the Act of Union, Scotland was freed from political crisis. c) The wool trade made Scots wealthy and gave thinkers time to ponder. d) The leading universities were located in Glasgow.
b) After the Act of Union, Scotland was freed from political crisis.
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution? a) Forward-thinking radicals educated the laboring classes in the Marxist doctrine. b) As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling. c) The government acted to protect the position and wealth of the new industrialists. d) Industrial workers were forced into ever-larger factories that provided the opportunity for them to recognize their common plight.
b) As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.
Why did Leopold II cancel his brother Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790s? a) Leopold was negotiating a second partition of Poland. b) Leopold was attempting to restore order in Austria. c) Leopold was preparing Austria for war. d) Leopold was responding to criticism from Catherine the Great.
b) Leopold was attempting to restore order in Austria.
The Romantic movement was characterized by... a) the application of the scientific method to the study of nature. b) an emphasis on emotion, imagination, and spontaneity. c) an emphasis on reason as a guiding principle. d) the belief that one should be restrained and orderly.
b) an emphasis on emotion, imagination, and spontaneity.
The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to a) punish France for its role in the recent wars. b) avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France. c) create a number of new nation-states. d) extract war reparations from France.
b) avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France.
Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor a) deteriorated throughout the nineteenth century. b) improved only after 1840. c) changed little during the nineteenth century. d) stagnated or even deteriorated until around 1850.
b) improved only after 1840.
The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included a) censoring the publications of scholars. b) simplifying Prussia's laws. c) curtailing the privileges of the nobility. d) freeing the Prussian serfs.
b) simplifying Prussia's laws.
Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution? a)It was a brilliant summation of the ideas in Thomas Paine's Common Sense. b)It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind. c)It emphasized the unyielding response of the British government to American protests. d)It was a stirring indictment of the Loyalists and their failure to support the revolution.
b)It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind.
Which statement best describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries? a)Children were largely undisciplined until they reached the age of education, around seven years of age. b)The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will. c)Children were seen as beloved by God and not to be harshly rebuked. d)Both Protestant and Catholic law forbade striking a child for any cause.
b)The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will.
Which two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code? a)The rejection of monarchy and the adoption of republicanism b)The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property c)The abolition of slavery and the recognition of freedom of religion d)The ideal of nationalism and the guarantee of civil rights to all people
b)The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
How did the evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism? a)They sought to have Methodism outlawed and its practitioners arrested. b)They copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people. c)They hired a new collection of younger priests to attract more youth. d)They required that all parishes must instruct the young in literacy and church doctrine.
b)They copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people.
Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for a)introducing inoculation against smallpox to western Asia. b)discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox. c)introducing inoculation against smallpox to colonial North America. d)discovering the first effective method of inoculation against smallpox.
b)discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox.
Which statement correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era? a) The large pools of urban laborers were forced to work in the countryside because the growing agricultural innovations required more workers for the land. b) While enclosure affected some land usage, most land remained deeply tied to traditional feudal structures. c) The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners. d)Forced to sell their land following enclosures, most of the nobility left the countryside and moved to the cities.
c) The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.
Which aspect of society during the Enlightenment enabled elites in the Western world to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century? a) The bureaucratic reforms of practitioners of enlightened absolutism b) The defense of social inequalities between men and women by certain philosophes c) The emergence of scientific racism d) The philosophical belief that the masses were like children in need of firm guidance
c) The emergence of scientific racism
Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"? a) Men, as breadwinners for their families, demanded the best and highest-paying jobs. b) Most religions condemned work outside the home for women. c) The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality. d) Governments, concerned that factory work would interfere with the growth of the national population, increasingly regulated what women could do.
c) The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality.
Which of these was the result of the "June Days" in France in 1848? a) The invitation to Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, to become emperor of France b) The invasion of France by Prussia, which led to the restoration of Louis Philippe c) The triumph of the republican army after street fighting and the death or injury of more than 10,000 working-class people d) The decision to abandon universal male suffrage and elect a new Constituent Assembly based on a limited electorate
c) The triumph of the republican army after street fighting and the death or injury of more than 10,000 working-class people
How did European governments respond to the new science? a) They rejected the new science as a threat to their religious foundations. b) They viewed new scientific communities as a threat to their control of knowledge. c) They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research. d) They supported and defended the complete freedom of the scientist against religious officials.
c) They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
The primary cause of the 1688-1689 Glorious Revolution in England was... a) the defeat suffered in the War of the Spanish Succession. b) the 1640 uprising in Ireland. c) a fear that James II would establish Catholic absolutism. d) conflict between Charles II and Parliament over taxation.
c) a fear that James II would establish Catholic absolutism.
By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition? a)It bribed local officials by placing them into high government offices. b)It used its control over bread supplies to starve the provinces into obedience. c)It harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort. d)It negotiated peace arrangements with all of the provinces, offering them control over conquered foreign territories.
c)It harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort.
Why did surgeons in the eighteenth century face incredible difficulties? a)All operations were performed with anesthesia, but it was difficult to use and caused many deaths. b)They were reluctant to improve their knowledge of anatomy. c)Surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest wound could become infected and lead to death. d)They had only limited opportunities to practice surgical techniques.
c)Surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest wound could become infected and lead to death.
The religious revival movement known as Pietism a)praised a stern moralism that imposed guilt on the believer. b)promoted a strict legal code for Christian obedience. c)called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience. d)focused on an intensely intellectual approach to faith and belief.
c)called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience.
Many mothers in small towns and mid-sized cities sent their foundlings to hospitals in major cities like London and Paris because a)hospitals in large cities offered more cultural opportunities. b)rural hospitals were exceptionally disease-ridden and dirty. c)hospitals in large cities had policies to accept all children. d)rural hospitals lacked wet nurses.
c)hospitals in large cities had policies to accept all children.
In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by a)Maximilien Robespierre's brilliant rhetoric. b)King Louis XVI's attempted flight from France. c)revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris. d)the completion of the American Constitution.
c)revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris.
Which statement best characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus? a) Europe served as the most important market for products because it produced few goods. b) Europe was the major western node of the trading system that produced high-quality textiles and metalwork. c) Europe provided the banking and financial services that sustained the world trading system. d) Europe was not the dominant player before Columbus, and the voyages derived from a desire to gain direct access to the goods of overseas trade.
d) Europe was not the dominant player before Columbus, and the voyages derived from a desire to gain direct access to the goods of overseas trade.
Which was a social consequence of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system? a) Only ethnic Russians were permitted to serve in the bureaucracy. b) Women were allowed to serve in a few judicial positions. c) Clergy were allowed to hold bureaucratic offices. d) People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.
d) People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.
How did wages change in the late nineteenth century? a) Real wages increased for the mass of the population, but prices rose even more dramatically, leading to a decrease in living standards. b) Real wages decreased for the mass of the population, and the gap between the rich and the poor increased. c) Real wages decreased for the mass of the population, but so did prices thanks to industrialization, leading to an increase in living standards. d) Real wages rose for most of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.
d) Real wages rose for most of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.
How did the Turks' expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration? a) They opened new trade routes to China over Central Asia. b) They enhanced the trade routes with China and East Asia through the Middle East. c) They enhanced the influence of the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa in the eastern Mediterranean. d) They forced Europeans to search for alternative trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire.
d) They forced Europeans to search for alternative trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire.
In eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was facilitated by the... a) growth of a class of small landowners. b) establishment of an independent peasantry. c) establishment of many privileged towns as market centers. d) consolidation of serfdom.
d) consolidation of serfdom.
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that a) sovereign authority rests in the hands of the people. b) governments are formed by contracts among free individuals. c) all people are born with certain ideas and ways of thinking. d) human development is determined by education and society.
d) human development is determined by education and society.
The New Laws put forward by King Charles I of Spain in 1542... a) called for the conversion of all Native Americans to Catholicism. b) set up a system of viceroyalties. c) abolished slavery in Spanish colonies. d) set limits on the authority of encomienda holders.
d) set limits on the authority of encomienda holders.
In addition to massive population decline, another effect of the Great Famine in Ireland was a) the emergence of paramilitary groups like Sinn Fein. b) the enactment of Irish independence. c) the repeal of the Corn Laws. d) the increase in anti-British sentiment.
d) the increase in anti-British sentiment.
In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought... a) to lead a revolt by artisan craftsmen against the introduction of machine technology. b) to demonstrate that widespread economic growth could be achieved through agricultural development without having to develop industry. c) to develop a private academy that would train engineers for industrial production. d) to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.
d) to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was a) replaced by the system of pauper apprenticeship. b) outlawed by the Combination Acts. c) a government-sponsored response to urbanization. d) usually a response to the wishes of the families.
d) usually a response to the wishes of the families.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that a) without rational thought, human society would crumble. b) women should play an active role in public life. c) civilization was the foundation of freedom. d) women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.
d) women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.
Which statement describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century? a) Guilds permitted women to serve as workers but forbade any women from becoming masters. b) Guilds reinforced the regulations forbidding all work by women and mastership for women. c) Guilds dropped all restrictions that forbade women from serving as masters or laborers. d)Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules.
d)Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules.
Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century? a)Everyone wanted to support colonial expansion by consuming colonial products. b)The pace of work slowed, which allowed time for drinking tea. c)Drinking tea was seen as a sign of an increasingly egalitarian society. d)There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor.
d)There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor.
From 1701 to 1763, the stakes in the wars between Great Britain and France involved a) the ability of each to establish effective systems to supply expanding militaries. b) the control over slave trade routes to support colonial development in the Caribbean. c) the pre-eminent position in continental Europe with the ability to shape domestic policy in many nations. d)the position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion.
d)the position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion.
