HIS 132
Match each characteristic to the correct Reconstruction Plan. (Some plans may be used twice; not all characteristics will be used.)
*Congressional Reconstruction Plan- -established Confederate states as occupied territories governed by Congress -forced southern states to create new constitutions that ensured voting rights for African American men - Political equality for black men. *Lincoln's wartime Reconstruction Plan- -readmission to the Union for former Rebel states when at least 10 percent of those who voted in 1860 took an oath of allegiance to the Union *Johnson Restoration Plan: -readmission to the Union following the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment by the southern states.
Place the following events that led up to the end of Reconstruction in chronological order.
- Lincoln was assassinated. - Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act. -Redeemers began to control the southern states. - The Compromise if 1877 ends the Congressional Reconstruction.
Place the following events in the order that led to the end of Congressional Reconstruction.
- Passage of the Public Credit act - Black Friday - Passage of enforcement acts -Presidential victory for Rutherford B. Hayes
____ in the South differed between states, but they shared common features such as restricting black____rights by prohibiting them from____against whites and serving on ____,as well as enforcing_____laws against the recently emancipated black community.
- black codes - legal -testifying - juries - vagrancy
Identify the events and groups that contributed to the end of Congressional Reconstruction
- the KU KLUX KLAN - Panic of 1873 - Compromise of 1877 - Redeemers
Identify the elements of President Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction.
-Any former Rebel state could form a Union government whenever a number equal to 10 percent of those who had voted in 1860 took a formal oath of allegiance to the Constitution and the Union. -It excluded from pardon certain groups including Confederate government officials, senior officers of the Confederate army and navy, judges, and military officers of the United States who had left their federal posts to join the rebellion.
Identify the statements that describe the Compromise of 1877.
-As a result, Rutherford B. Hayes won the election of 1876 in exchange for his promise to remove federal troops from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction. -It was a secret deal forged by congressional leaders to resolve the disputed election of 1876.
Identify the significant political repercussions of the contested elections of 1876.
-Hayes ordered federal troops to withdraw from the South, leading to the collapse of Republican governments across the South. -Hayes ordered federal troops to withdraw from the South, leading to the collapse of Republican governments across the South. -The Civil War legacy prevented Tilden from protesting Hayes's victory for fear of more war.
Place the following Reconstruction events in chronological order.
-Lincoln issue the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction. - The Freedmen's Bureau was created. - Jonson commences his Restoration Plan. - The Civil Rights Act was passed. - The Congressional Reconstruction acts are passed.
Describe the status of race relations in the South by the end of Congressional Reconstruction
-Most southern whites still opposed civil rights and social equality for African Americans. -The majority of southern whites were members of the Democratic party.
Identify the statements that best describe the impact of the Panic of 1873 on Congressional Reconstruction efforts
-Reduced the emphasis northern voters placed on reconstructing the South -Weakened the national economy -The economic depression helped distract northern voters from a prior focus on Reconstruction.
Identify the outcomes of the Compromise of 1877.
-Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was declared president. -Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was declared president.
Identify the ways southern whites reacted to Reconstruction.
-The Ku Klux Klan and similar groups emerged. -Southern elites developed ways to indirectly control freed blacks., -The traditional planter elite wanted to "redeem" the South from Republican rule.
Strong northern support for Congressional Reconstruction, and specifically the protection of African American civil rights, waned during the Grant administration and afterward. What issues contributed to the shift in northern political priorities?
-The rise of organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan. -Indian wars -Political controversies over economic issues,
Identify the ways in which the Civil War impacted the southern economy.
-The war abolished the institution of slavery, which was a multibillion-dollar industry in the region. -The southern cotton, tobacco, and sugar industries required about two decades to return to prewar production levels., -The war destroyed much of the infrastructure and left many major cities uninhabitable.
Identify the aspects of the Radical Republicans' stance on Reconstruction.
-They consistently argued that southern society should be drastically transformed. -Radical Republicans strove to replace the white -Democratic planter elite with a new generation of small farmers because they believed that for the South to be successfully reconstructed, white Democratic power over southern society had to be broken.
Identify the statement that best describes the legacy of Republican rule in the South during Reconstruction.
-accomplished a significant number of achievements despite hostile circumstances
Congress sets up Freedmen's Bureau Lincoln assassination April 14th Johnson issues Proclamation of Amnesty
1865
Southern states legislatures pass black code
1865-1866
KU KLUX KLAN organized Congress passed Civil Right Act
1866
Congress passed Military Reconstruction Act Freedmen begin participating in elections
1867
14th amendment is ratified The U.S. House of Representatives impeaches President Andrew Johnson; the senate fails to convict him Grant elected President Six former Confederate states readmitted to the Union
1868
Reestablishment of white Democratic rule("redeemers") in former confederate states.
1869
15th amendment ratified First Enforcement Act passed
1870
Grant wins election
1872
Panic of 1873 triggers depression
1873
Compromise of 1877 end Reconstruction
1877
Andrew Jonson
A Jacksonian Democrat from Tennessee, he stepped into the role as president after Lincoln was assassinated. He introduced a Restoration Plan that required southern states to ratify the 13th amendment and limited the political power of rich ex Confederates.
Sharecropping
A farming system developed after the Civil War by which landless workers farmed land in exchange wit the landowner for farm supplies and a share of the crop.
KU KLUX KLAN
A secret terrorist organization founded in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 targeting former slaves who voted and held political offices, as well as people of the KKK labeled as carpetbaggers and scalawags.
Fourteenth Amendment
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteeing equal protection under the law to all U.S citizens, including former slaves.
15th Amendment
Amendment to the US.S Constitution forbidding states to deny any male citizen the right to vote on grounds of " race, color or previous condition of servitude."
Lincoln was assassinated when?
April 14th, 1865
Richmond After The War
Before evacuating the capital of the Confederacy, Richmond,Virginia, local mobs set fire to warehouses and factories to prevent their falling into the Union hands.
Watch the video featuring author David Shi discussing the shifting Reconstruction policies.
Congressional Reconstruction Plan- It called for the reorganization of property of former confederates and allocating it to former slaves. Lincoln's Wartime Reconstruction Plan-Whenever a number equal to 10 percent of those who had voted in the 1860 election in a southern state took a loyalty oath to the Union, their state would be incorporated into the Union. NOT DONE
Radical Republicans
Congressmen who identified with the abolitionist cause and sought swift emancipation of the slaves, the punishment of the rebels, and tight controls over former Confederate states.
According to the ___, if the ____states has seceded and were conjured____, then the______ branch would be in charge of reconstructing the south.
Constitution Southern Territories Legislative
General Grant was considered a hero of the Civil War by the Union, but once elected as president, the effectiveness of Ulysses S. Grant's administration was undermined. Match each situation with the correct description of how it undermined Grant's administration.
Correct label: Public Credit Act (1869)-General Grant was considered a hero of the Civil War by the Union, but once elected as president, the effectiveness of Ulysses S. Grant's administration was undermined. Match each situation with the correct description of how it undermined Grant's administration. Corrupt cabinet-Grant was overwhelmed with the power of the presidency, and, as a result, appointed cabinet members who ultimately were revealed to be dishonest. The Whiskey Ring Scandal-Distillers bribed federal agents to avoid paying taxes, bilking the government out of millions of dollars in revenue.,
During Ulysses S. Grant's two terms as president, Reconstruction remained the dominant political issue for the majority of northern voters.
False
Johnson proved to be a strong supporter of black civil rights throughout his presidency.
False
President Johnson's veto of a bill renewing the Freedmen's Bureau, as well as his criticism of Radical Republican support for black civil rights, did little to drive a wedge between the two wings of the Republican party.
False
Freedman's Bureau
Federal reconstruction agency established to protect the legal right of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, health, care, and land ownership.
Panic of 1873
Financial collapse trigger by president grant;s efforts to withdraw greenbacks form circulation and transition the economy back to hard currency.
After the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, Congress assumed authority over Reconstruction. How did Congressional Reconstruction efforts affect the lives of African Americans in the South?
Former slaves began to gain political influence and vote in large numbers.
Congressional Reconstruction in the South enabled the majority of blacks to experience_____,but not ____. The _____of Congressional Reconstruction helped perpetuate the long-standing_____.against African Americans. While oppressive systems such as sharecropping and______still existed during and after Reconstruction, some of the failures of the Reconstruction Era laid the groundwork for the______nearly a century later.
Freedom Equality collapse Discrimination Voter suppression Civil Right Movement
What was Johnson's approach to Reconstruction upon assuming the presidency following Lincoln's assassination?
He continued the Restoration Plan developed by Lincoln.
Black Codes
Laws passed in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves.
The question of who within the federal government had authority over Reconstruction was a major source of debate. What was Lincoln's position?
Lincoln believed that secession was never legal, because if states had the right to secede, it would nullify the federal government's ability to govern. Thus, the president continued to exercise authority over all states, including the Confederate states.
Which statement best describes the economic prospects of African Americans in the South during Reconstruction?
Many opted for sharecropping due to lack of money and training.
What group of people was not protected under the Civil Rights Act of 1866?
Native Americans
Identify whether each group supported or opposed Republican-led Reconstruction of the South.
Oppose Reconstruction- Liberal republicans and redeemers Supported Reconstruction- African Americans, Radical Republicans and carpetbaggers.
Greenbacks
Paper money issued during the Civil War, which sparked currency debates after the war.
Congress Reconstruction
Phase of reconstruction directed by Radical Republicans through the passage of three laws: The Military Reconstruction Act, The Command of the Army Act, and The Tenure of Office Act.
What was the restoration plan?
Plan to require the southern states to ratify the 13th amendment, disqualifying the wealthy ex confederates form voting, and appoint a Unionist as Governor.
Redeemers
Post white democratic leaders in the south who supposedly saved the region form political, economic, and social domination by northerners and blacks.
African American votes help elect what president in 1868?
President Grant
Identify the outcome of Congressional Reconstruction that gave birth to a second reconstruction as the civil rights movement in the twentieth century.
Ratification of the 14th and 15th amendment
The Compromise of 1877
Secret deal forged by congressional leaders to resolve the disputed election of 1876; Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, who had lost the popular vote was declare the winner in exchange for his pledge to remove federal troop from the south, marking the end of the Reconstruction.
Reconstruction final Phase
Southern resistance and white "redemption". white violence against black political participation.
Identify the five military districts governed by Union generals after the defeat of the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and Florida
Identify the origin of the following excerpt. "All freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes in this State, over the age of eighteen years, found on the second Monday in January, 1866, or thereafter, with no lawful employment or business, or found unlawfully assembling themselves together, either in the day or night time ... shall be deemed vagrants, and on conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not exceeding ... fifty dollars ... and imprisoned at the discretion of the court ... not exceeding ten days."
The Black Code
How did the Panic of 1873 hasten the end of Reconstruction?
The entire country faced a deep recession, including the South. In the major cities, jobless, homeless Americans roamed the streets and formed long lines at charity soup kitchens. Liberal Republicans, a new faction in the Republican party, called for ending federal Reconstruction efforts in the South.
Lincoln believed that the Confederate states had never actually left the Union. Why was his view important in deciding how these states would be reintegrated into the Union after the Civil War?
The executive branch of the federal government is in charge of re-constituting state governments, so that meant it was Lincoln's responsibility to re-form the state governments
Monetary debates, such as those over greenbacks, became a major political issue during the Reconstruction Era. What was the primary motivation for supporters of "soft-money" policies to advocate for the distribution of greenbacks?
The wide spread distribution of greenbacks meant higher prices for crops and more money to pay off debts
Identify the aspects of the Radical Republicans' stance on Reconstruction
They consistently argued that southern society should be drastically transformed.
How were southern redeemers successful in their attempts to weaken Reconstruction?
They eroded interest in reconstruction through the combination of voter intimidation and mobilization of the southern white vote
After the Civil War, production of several southern crops took decades to return to prewar levels
True
Religious life was significant for African Americans after the Civil War because black churches were the first social institutions that former slaves could control.
True
The chief debate within the federal government over who should direct the Reconstruction of the South was between the executive and legislative branches of government.
True
While Reconstruction did not immediately provide for the full protection of economic opportunities or social equality for African Americans, it did leave behind a constitutional legacy that allowed for future civil rights achievements.
True
Although most northerners in the postwar South were there to help rebuild the economy, critics referred to those who served in government as carpetbaggers, opportunists who came purely to gain political control.
Ture
Which of the following arguments is best supported by this excerpt from an 1865 Mississippi law on vagrancy? "All freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes in this State, over the age of eighteen years, found on the second Monday in January, 1866, or thereafter, with no lawful employment or business, or found unlawfully assembling themselves together, either in the day or night time ... shall be deemed vagrants, and on conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not exceeding ... fifty dollars ... and imprisoned at the discretion of the court ... not exceeding ten days."
White southerners sought to use vagrancy laws to control African American labor.
Identify the institutions that proved to be essential in easing the transition for many southern blacks from slavery to freedom.
church, school, and the US Military
What impact did the failure of Congressional Reconstruction have on the Union?
it enables white southerners to pursue discriminatory polices against African Americans.
