HIS 317L Final

Chief Joseph

(1840-1904) Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Code Talkers

(1942-WWII) Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language

20 points

-Created by AIM during the trail of broken treaties -a Twenty-Point Position paper to define their demands

Luther Standing Bear

-one of the first Native American authors, educators, philosophers and actors of the 20th century -fought to preserve Lakota heritage and sovereignty and was at the forefront of a Progressive movement to change government policy towards Native Americans.

Termination

-policy of the United States from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s -was shaped by a series of laws and policies with the intent of assimilating Native Americans into mainstream American society

John Ross

1790-1866 (from Tennessee) The Cherokee Chief who went to Washington asking for past treaties be honored and his people not to be removed from their land.

Manifest Destiny

1812-1860 the idea that white Americans were divinely ordained to settle the entire continent of North America. The ideology inspired a variety of measures designed to remove or destroy the native population

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians

Richard Pratt

1840-1924 "kill the indian, save the man"; opened an Indian school in Pennsylvania to help Indians assimilate

Buffalo Bill

1846-1917 United States showman famous for his Wild West Show. He was a soldier against Native Americans and depicted battles between US and Indians in his shows

Grattan's Attack

1854 a young army officer overreacted when a Brule Sioux Indian killed an immigrant's cow. Lieutenant John Grattan led his command to the Indian village, demanded the killer be delivered up , and opened fire: when the smoke cleared, Grattan and his men lay dead. General William Harney retaliated by destroying an Indian village at Ash Hollow the following year; Set the stage for more than twenty years of open fire between the Sioux and the US army. (Present Day Wyoming)

Francis La Flesche

1857-1932 Omaha Indian and one of the first Indian anthropologists, worked for the Smithsonian. First professional Native American ethnologist; specialized in his own Omaha culture and worked with Alice Fletcher (administer of the Dawes Act).

Charles Eastman

1858-1939 The first Native American author to write American history from the Native point of view; doctor, writer, reformer one of the most prolific authors and speakers on Sioux ethnohistory and American Indian affairs

Navajo Long Walk

1864- 300 mile walk the Navajo were forced to travel from their ancestral land in Arizona to a new reservation in New Mexico

Carlos Montezuma

1866-1923 A forerunner of Indian radicalism. Founded Society of American Indians. Against Bureau of Indian Affairs. Was captured himself-raised by Americans. Self determination only way for indians to escape plight. From Arizona

Sioux Wars

1876-1877 Sitting Bull (Sioux) vs. Custer spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land thus breaking their treaty with the Indians. Many of the Indian were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.

Alfred Kroeber

1876-1960 received the first Ph.D. awarded by Columbia University in the field of Anthropology. Became first professor at Berkeley. Father of anthropology of Californian Indians.

John Collier

1884-1968 Head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who introduced the Indian New Deal and pushed congress to pass Indian Reorganization Act

Dawes Act

1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans

Raymond Yellow Thunder

1921-1972 Pine Ridge Reservation in SD He was killed in Gordon, Nebraska after being attacked while intoxicated. His death became notable as an example of a racial assault, as he was murdered by four white men who had bragged earlier that evening about beating an Indian

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.

Richard Oakes

1942-1972 Mohawk American Indian activist who traveled across the US and ended up in the Bay Area for education. Encouraged Indians to get an education. Participated in takeover at Alcatraz. promoted the fundamental idea that native peoples have a right to sovereignty, justice, respect and control over their own destinies.

Leonard Crow Dog

1942-present Lakota medicine man who promoted traditional Indian cultural practices. Was a leader in AIM and imprisoned following the Wounded Knee Incident.

Mary Crow Dog

1954-2013 a Lakota woman from Rosebud Reservation in South Dakota and member of the American Indian Movement in the 1970s present during some of AIM's most historical events such as the occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington D.C. as well as the AIM occupation of Wounded Knee during the standoff with the Federal Government Later wrote her memoir Lakota Woman which offered a unique perspective of Native American life and gave historical context from the American Indian perspective during AIM's major events. Her activism would inspire Native Americans today.

Fish-ins

1964-started by NIYC in Pacific Northwest tribes' protest over government interference with their traditional rights to fish

Proclamation to the Great White Father

1969 Employed rhetoric of old treaties to voice their grievances and demand reparations for lost land and broken treaties. Proclamation made by Indians occupying Alcatraz Island claiming it as their own. Offered $24 in crafts as "payment" for the island.

Alcatraz Occupation

1969. "Indians of all tribes" Called attention to the fact that many treaty rights (such as Ft. Laramie, 1868) had been ignored. Initiated militant activism and generated large amounts of media attention.

Trail of Broken Treaties

1972 event staged by the American Indian Movement (AIM) that culminated in a week-long occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. Protested the wrongdoings of the US including the broken treaties

California v. Cabazon

1987 (Riverside County, California) Ruled that, despite Public Law 280, a state that permitted any form of gambling could not prohibit Indians from operating gambling facilities.

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act

1988 A U.S. federal law providing a legal basis for the operation and regulation of games to protect tribal revenue and encourage tribal economic development

NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act)

1990 Native American have rights to the remains of ancestors and sacred objects.

Dr. Connie Pinkerton-Uri

A Choctaw physician who worked at the Indian Health Service facility in Oklahoma. Uncovered evidence that Indian women were being sterilized without their informed consent in 1974.

Wovoka

A Paiute man whose visions started the Ghost Dance of 1890 promised the Sioux that to restore their original dominance on the Plains, they must perform the Ghost Dance

American Indian Religious Freedom Act

Act passed by Congress in 1978. Intended to "protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent right of freedom to believe, express, and exercise" their traditional religions. Well-intentioned, but lacked the necessary legal teeth for enforcement, which allowed the federal and state governments to continue to undermine the religious rights of Native Americans.

TAS Status

Allows tribes to serve as principal governmental steward of their national resources. Those that qualify can set their own standards for air emissions and discharges into tribal waterways at levels that must meet national standards.

Kiowa Calendars

Annual Calendar of the Kiowa, depicting the years 1833-1892. This was during their relocation to Oklahoma from New Mexico Painted on buffalo hide

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Began in 1968 in Minneapolis American Indian advocacy group organized to address issues related to sovereignty, leadership, and treaties. Along with this, they also protested civil rights violations and racism towards Native American peoples.

Detribalization

Campaign to remake Indians into the image of White American citizens. "Civilized" people who, lead sedentary lives on fixed lots of land and practiced Christianity. part of the allotment and boarding school campaign and relocation termination

Sequoyah

Cherokee who created an alphabet for writing the Cherokee language (1770-1843)

Sand Creek Massacre

Colorado territory 1864 U.S army colonel John M. Chivington led a surprise attack on a peaceful Cheyenne settlement along Sand Creek River. The Cheyenne under Chief Black kettle tried to surrender. First he waved the America Flag and the White flag of surrender. Chivington ignored the gestures. The U.S army killed about 200 Cheyenne during the conflict

Tribal Nations Embassy

Embassy that involves nation-to-nation interaction/diplomacy between tribal nations and nations abroad to assert sovereign status. Located in DC

National Congress of American Indians

Founded in 1944 to ensure Native Americans had the same civil rights whites had and to enable Native Americans on reservation to retain their own customs

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Little Bighorn Battle

June 25, 1876 1868 treaty guaranteed remaining ancestral land to Sioux in perpetuity 1874 gold discovered in Black Hills, SD: gold rush into Sioux land Sioux and Cheyenne team up: 2-4,000 Native Americans at Little Bighorn

Chief Illiniwek

Mascot used by University of Illinois that was found offensive for its ethnic stereotype and thus removed in 2007. NCAA steps in and places ban on schools with hostile Indian nicknames.

Black Hills

Mountains in Wyoming & South Dakota that were protected under Fort Laramie Treaty; sacred lands for many Sioux; scouted by Custer and said to contain large amounts of gold that was perused by miners; led to Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) after negotiations for purchase were refused.

Grandfather Peyote

Myth that explains the origins of psychoactive peyote and its use as medicine by the Sioux.

Molly, Annie, and Minnie Burkhart

Osage woman in the early-mid 20th century who were targeted for their oil wealth. (Osage County, Oklahoma)

Ira Hamilton Hayes

Pima Indian who served in WWII in the US Marines. Famous for helping raise the flag on Iwo Jima then dispatched on tour of the US as part of wartime fundraising effort. Descended into alcoholism and died in a ditch, forgotten.

George Armstrong Custer

Reckless US general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Pan-Indianism

Started in 1968 during occupation of Alcatraz a movement that focuses on common elements in the cultures of Native Americans in order to develop a cross-tribal self-identity and to work toward the welfare of all Native Americans

relocation

The Indian Relocation Act of 1956 a United States law intended to encourage Native Americans in the United States to leave Indian reservations and their traditional lands, and to assimilate into the general population in urban areas

Oklahoma

The tribes that were relocated to Oklahoma included the Arapaho, Cayuga, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Delaware, Fox, Iowa, Kaw (see above picture), Kickapoo, Miami, Otoe, Modoc, Ottawa, Pawnee, Ponca, Potawatomi, Quapaw, Sauk, Seneca, Shawnee, Wyandotte and Yuchi

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

This treaty created two large reservations for Plains Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and Dakotas; reaction due to Indian Warfare -> ended Sioux Wars; unsuccessful and violated

Idle No More

an ongoing national protest by the First Nations people of Canada. They are protesting the abuses of aboriginal peoples throughout the country by the government.

Diné College

first Tribal college on the Navajo reservation established in 1968 in Tsaile, Arizona

Ishi

found in 1951 The last surviving member of a gathering and hunting group known as the Yahi who lived in northern California. His people were driven into extinction during the second half of the nineteenth century by the intrusion of farming and herding "civilized" societies.

National Indian Youth Council

in 1961, a more militant generation of Native Americans expressed growing discontent with the government and with the older Indian leadership by forming this council.

Boarding Schools

late 19th to mid 20th century Indians were forced to attend to learn new customs, religions and language of the "white men"

Red Cloud

leader of the Oglala who resisted the development of a trail through Wyoming and Montana by the United States government (1822-1909)

Keystone XL

oil pipeline system in Canada and the United States, commissioned in 2010. It runs from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in Alberta to refineries in Illinois and Texas, and also to oil tank farms and an oil pipeline distribution center in Cushing, Oklahoma. The pipeline came to a greater attention when a planned fourth phase, Keystone XL, attracting growing environmental protest, became a symbol of the battle over climate change and fossil fuels, and in 2015 was rejected. Threatens Ogallala aquifer

Foxwoods Casino

opened in 1992 Most profitable casino in the world; Provided Pequot tribe with housing, health care, education, elderly care, and cultural programs; Boosted Connecticut's economy by employing a lot of people and sending a ton of money to the state annually. Helped fund a Pequot museum. Made Trump complain about the casinos cause they weren't regulated like his were.

Cherokee Removal Act

part of the Trail of Tears, refers to the forced relocation between 1836 and 1839 of the Cherokee Nation from their lands in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Alabama to present day Oklahoma

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)

the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri (away from major trails)

Peacemaking system

there is no need for force, coercion, or control. There are no plaintiffs or defendants; no "good guys" or "bad guys." "Distributive justice abandons fault and adequate compensation in favor of assuring well-being for everyone. Restoration is more important than punishment."

Citizenship 1924

was proposed by Representative Homer P. Snyder and granted full U.S. citizenship to the indigenous peoples of the United States