Hist 102 Midterm 2
Which of the following characterized the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte in France? A respect for the authority of other European leaders An increase in popular democracy A centralized, efficient administration A separate legal code for the French colonies and future conquests
A centralized, efficient administration
During the seventeenth century, rising levels of global commerce increased prosperity in the Ming and Mughal Empires but also led to which of the following? Great pandemics Widespread famine A decline in centralized state control The loss of political independence
A decline in centralized state control
What was a consequence of the "native learning" movement promoted by some Japanese intellectuals? Buddhism was branded a foreign contaminant of Japanese culture. Shinto beliefs were incorporated into "Dutch learning." Zen monasteries spread across the country. Shamanism was suppressed, especially among women.
Buddhism was branded a foreign contaminant of Japanese culture.
Which of the following reflects a difference between China and the Islamic Empires? China's internal market fueled its growth and culture, instead of the foreign trade that provided wealth to the Islamic Empires. China alone relied on its own traditions for cultural inspiration. China had long been a center of learning, but the Islamic Empires relied on outside sources of learning. China, unlike the Mughals and Ottomans, ruled over a homogeneous population.
China's internal market fueled its growth and culture, instead of the foreign trade that provided wealth to the Islamic Empires.
Which of the following is a similarity between the ways that the rulers of Muslim and Chinese empires used the new wealth circulating in global trade? Chinese and Muslim rulers financed pure scientific research. Chinese and Muslim rulers glorified their regimes through magnificent architecture and art. Chinese and Muslim rulers lowered taxes on their peasant populations. Chinese and Muslim rulers established new universities to teach western knowledge.
Chinese and Muslim rulers glorified their regimes through magnificent architecture and art.
In the eighteenth century, global trade was stimulated by poor people in Western Europe consuming which of the following products? Tea, rum, and beef Coffee, chocolate, and vodka Coffee, tea, and sugar Tea, sugar, and turnips
Coffee, tea, and sugar
Which of the following was a way in which the arts were used by artists or their patrons to send a social message between 1500 and 1750? Ottoman and Qing rulers used architecture to communicate their wish for a more open relationship with their subjects. Intellectuals in Benin used poetry to express their longing for a bygone golden age. European women such as Mary Wollstonecraft took up the pen to counter the belief that women could not act as rational beings. Mughal painters used styles imported from Europe to communicate their wish for greater cultural blending.
European women such as Mary Wollstonecraft took up the pen to counter the belief that women could not act as rational beings.
By 1789, which country held the richest sugar colony? France Portugal England Spain
France
Which of the following did Adam Smith see as a valid reason for creating an economy with less government regulation? Free competition encouraged improvements in industrial production. He believed that the laws of God did not permit the guilds' imposition of controls on labor. He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth. Mercantilists advocated rational self-interest, which could not advance the common good
He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth.
Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death? He gave more power to the daimyo to control rogue samurai called ronin. He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession. He arranged marriages among the children of local authorities to solidify political bonds. He kept the population in check to avoid famine and peasant revolts.
He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession.
Which of the following methods was used by Tsar Nicholas I to maintain absolute rule in Russia? He claimed that enlightened despotism was the most advanced form of government. He attempted to gain the loyalty of the people by abolishing serfdom. He expanded the secret police and enforced censorship. He bought the loyalty of the Decembrists with gifts of lands and titles.
He expanded the secret police and enforced censorship.
Why did King Pedro separate Brazil from Portuguese rule and declare Brazil to be a constitutional monarchy? He did not want Brazil to fall under Napoleon's control. He feared an uprising among the local elites. Only a monarchy could organize a strong army to protect Brazil from invasion by Simón Bolívar. There was a rebellion among Amerindians in the Amazon region, but Portugal refused to send troops.
He feared an uprising among the local elites.
Which of the following shows the early Mughal Empire's attitude toward the culture of South Asia? Islamic traditions dominated artistic and poetic expression. Hindu traditions in jurisprudence formed the basis of Mughal law. Hindus and Muslims joined to suppress the culture of other ethnic groups in South Asia. Hindus and Muslims shared the flourishing of art, architecture, and music.
Hindus and Muslims shared the flourishing of art, architecture, and music.
How did the idea that "all men were created equal" affect revolutionary American society? It led to the argument that everyone should pay the same amount in taxes. It encouraged people to overturn social hierarchies and stop deferring to those who claimed higher rank. It undermined the belief in the importance of private property. It led slave owners to use less force in controlling their slaves, eventually even freeing them.
It encouraged people to overturn social hierarchies and stop deferring to those who claimed higher rank.
Which of the following accurately describes a reason cited by the colonists for the North American War of Independence? Britain's North American colonies were impoverished and would not be able to prosper as long as Britain retained control. Many Amerindians turned to the American revolutionaries to help them resist the aggressive advances of the land-hungry British. King George III insisted that colonists help pay for Britain's war with France and for the benefits of being subjects of the British Empire. North American colonists did not have local assemblies, which they required to be democratic.
King George III insisted that colonists help pay for Britain's war with France and for the benefits of being subjects of the British Empire.
Which of the following was an effect of the enclosure of common lands in the English countryside during the seventeenth century? Chartered companies increased in number and spread to the countryside. Serfdom was imposed on the remaining English peasants. Agricultural productivity dropped drastically, leading to famines. Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets.
Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets.
Who benefited most from the revolutions against Spanish rule in the Americas? Local military chieftains who formed alliances with land owners Simon Bolivar, who went on to found the federation of "Gran Columbia" Andean tribes, who were now free from the domination of the peninsulares Mestizos, who were able to take control of the new republics from the creole elites
Local military chieftains who formed alliances with land owners
What factor contributed most to Mexico's declaration of independence in 1821? Calls for redistribution of wealth and property among Amerindians and the poor Cooperation between creoles and peninsulares Loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively Cooperation between Mexican and South American elites
Loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively
What can historians use as evidence that the ideals of the Enlightenment were not universally accepted? Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers. Riots occurred in university towns against the imposition of secular knowledge in the schools. Artisans guilds passed rules against applying Newtonian physics to their crafts. Women wrote in their journals that they refused to conduct experiments because they feared a loss of femininity.
Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers.
Which of the following led Russians to migrate to Siberia? Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution. Many wanted to improve their economic status by acquiring free land from the government. Some believed they were taking part in a glorious crusade against polytheistic native Siberians. Some wanted to work in the lucrative salt mines.
Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution.
What was the economic philosophy called that assumed that the world's wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another? Capitalism Absolutism Monetarism Mercantilism
Mercantilism
Which of the following accurately describes global trade in the mid-nineteenth century? The global trade of luxury goods, such as silk and porcelain, profoundly changed the societies that produced them. People increasingly worked to produce goods they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops. Most goods were carried overland by railroad instead of by sea on sailing ships. The people in the agricultural hinterlands were largely unaffected by changing global markets.
People increasingly worked to produce goods they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops.
Which of the following statements is supported by John Locke's notion of the tabula rasa? All people have an inerasable drive to truck, barter, and exchange. There are tables cataloguing innate cultural differences between different ethnic groups. The only way to create moral people is through stern rules and harsh punishments. People should be free to rise in society according to their talents.
People should be free to rise in society according to their talents.
What types of characteristics did Carolus Linnaeus use to define racial categories? Artistic ability and linguistic sophistication Form of governance and linguistic sophistication Physical appearance and form of governance Linguistic sophistication and physical appearance
Physical appearance and form of governance
In what way might the transporting of British prisoners to Australia be considered an Enlightenment concept? Once their terms of incarceration were completed, all residents in Australia were to have equal rights to life, liberty, and property. The costs of incarceration in Britain would go down according to free market principles. Prisoners were to be removed from an environment that did not suit them and sent to a new one where they could reform. Transportation was a more enlightened form of punishment than hanging.
Prisoners were to be removed from an environment that did not suit them and sent to a new one where they could reform.
Who constituted "the people," according to political arrangements Americans made during the War of Independence? Women over 30 years old Former slaves who had a trade Amerindians who had fought with the colonists Propertied white men
Propertied white men
How did the migration of Qing peasants differ from the migration of workers in Britain? Qing peasants migrated to the large coastal cities to take part in trade; British agrarian labor moved to the interior of the island. Qing peasants were encouraged by the government to migrate westward to secure the frontiers; British agrarian labor moved to cities for factory jobs. British agrarian labor voluntarily moved to newly enclosed lands; the movement of Qing peasants was state sponsored. British rural workers moved to work in move profitable agricultural jobs in Australia; the movement of Qing peasants was internal.
Qing peasants were encouraged by the government to migrate westward to secure the frontiers; British agrarian labor moved to cities for factory jobs.
In the Ottoman Empire, why did reform attempts, such as the Tanzimat, ultimately fail to produce revolutionary change? Merchants refused to lend money to the Sultan to finance his reforms. Reform relied too much on the personal whim of rulers. The clergy promoted change, but the military resisted it. Land owners could not hire enough labor to grow crops for export.
Reform relied too much on the personal whim of rulers.
For what reason did the Chinese take little interest in the maps brought by Matteo Ricci? Chinese maps exhibited a higher degree of geometric and mathematical precision. The Chinese knew that the earth was round, and ridiculed the flat earth shown in Ricci's maps. The Chinese believed that Ricci's maps made China seem an unimportant country on the edge of the world. Chinese maps reflected more knowledge of other parts of the world.
The Chinese believed that Ricci's maps made China seem an unimportant country on the edge of the world.
Which of the following was included in 1842 Treaty of Nanjing? The British acquired the right to trade at all Chinese ports. The British agreed not to export more opium to China. The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British. The Chinese acquired the right to tax the opium being imported.
The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British.
Which document resulted from elite Americans' fear that their revolution was becoming too radical and threatened to plunge the nation into anarchy? The Constitution The Bill of Rights The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
The Constitution
In what way did the Islamic world in the period between 1500 and 1780 change from its earlier pattern of cultural development? The Islamic world reunified under a single political authority, the caliphate. The Islamic world began a program of overseas expansion. The Islamic world lost its ability to make beautiful textiles and other products for trade. The Islamic world developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered on the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires.
The Islamic world developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered on the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires.
The wealth generated by the expansion in trade in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries led to the emergence of which of the following social groups? The bourgeoisie The proletariat The nobility of the robe The yeomanry
The bourgeoisie
The Ming Dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidenced by: decreased revenues caused by increasing monetization. failure to maintain a bureaucracy. failure to respond effectively to natural disasters. decreased support for foreign trade.
failure to respond effectively to natural disasters.
In what way did the Canton system seek to control trade? It allowed no official trade between Chinese and European merchants. It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees. It required European merchants to check in at Canton before proceeding into China's interior to trade. It only allowed Dutch merchants to trade with China.
It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.
Why did Ming China escape the sectarian warfare that ravaged Europe? All Chinese people shared one religion, so there was nothing to cause conflict. Chinese government was so centralized that regional leaders lacked the ability to fight in defense of their religious beliefs. European visitors told Chinese leaders about religious warfare in their homeland, and the Chinese vowed to avoid making the same mistake. The Chinese believed it was the emperor, rather than any religious group, that held the mandate of heaven, so no sect was favored over the others.
The Chinese believed it was the emperor, rather than any religious group, that held the mandate of heaven, so no sect was favored over the others.
Which of the following is a similarity between indigenous peoples in the Pacific and the Americas? Both groups were forced to work in silver mines for European owners. Both groups had large numbers of people perish from European-introduced disease. Both groups believed that the Europeans were gods. Both groups were taken as slaves and sent to Europe and Asia.
Both groups had large numbers of people perish from European-introduced disease.
Which of the following accurately characterizes both the American and French Revolutions? Both introduced republican forms of government. Both granted political equality to all people. Both avoided written documents, preferring informal agreements on fundamental rights. Both emancipated slaves in their territories as part of the revolution.
Both introduced republican forms of government.
Which of the following did Captain Cook and Christopher Columbus have in common? Both of them sailed to obtain scientific knowledge as well as empire. Both of them were killed by people they met in their travels. Both of them returned home with news of gold that could be exploited. Both of them changed local ecologies by introducing European flora and fauna to unfamiliar environments.
Both of them changed local ecologies by introducing European flora and fauna to unfamiliar environments.
What was a global effect of the Seven Years' War? France and Spain both gained new territorial holdings in the Americas. Russia completed its annexation of Siberia and controlled lands from the Baltic to the Pacific. Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another. Indigenous people who sided with the winners, the Dutch and the British, were able to gain favorable concessions including release of people held as forced laborers on plantations and in mines.
Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another.
Which of the following actions was undertaken by Muhammad Ali to attempt to create the most powerful state in the eastern Mediterranean? He used diplomacy, not the army, as the model for modern state-building. He sought the advice of the English to reform his government. He reduced spending on education so that more time would be spent on agriculture. He deepened irrigation canals and constructed a series of dams across the Nile.
He deepened irrigation canals and constructed a series of dams across the Nile.
How did the European missionary presence differ in the Americas from that in East Asia before 1800? Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power. Missionaries to East Asia were more willing to accept the blending of multiple religious traditions. Missionaries to the Americas were more successful at impressing their audiences with examples of European cartography. Missionaries to the East Asia failed to learn anything about the people they sought to convert.
Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power.
Calls for political revolution in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world relied on which of the following new ideas? Nationalism and democracy Absolutism and capitalism Nationalism and mercantilism Absolutism and socialism
Nationalism and democracy
Where did participation in global trade first begin to have a significant impact on the lives of ordinary people? Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean trade network European Russia and Siberia Northwestern Europe and British North America Southern Europe and the Mediterranean
Northwestern Europe and British North America
What did the Ottomans see as evidence that the Islamic world had a monopoly on truth, enlightenment, and culture? Europeans had much less wealth than the Ottomans. Nowhere else could the famous tulips of the Tulip Period be grown. Ottoman military successes proved God's favor for their culture. Ottoman science was more advanced than European science.
Ottoman military successes proved God's favor for their culture.
Which of the following is a consequence of the revolution in Saint Domingue? It discouraged the revolutionaries in Latin America. President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation, worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States. Napoleon, having restored slavery in France, waged a successful war that restored French control and slavery on Saint Domingue. After defeating the French in Saint Domingue, the revolutionaries offered their assistance to those who wished to rebel in Brazil.
President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation, worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States.
What effect did the end of the Atlantic slave trade have in Africa? People no longer needed states to protect them from slave raiders. Former victims of the slave trade began to gain strength and attack their neighbors. Expertise in slave trading did not prepare states for success in plantation agriculture. Slavery increased within Africa to provide labor for commercial crops such as palm oil and cloves.
Slavery increased within Africa to provide labor for commercial crops such as palm oil and cloves.
What type of significant artwork was produced by the Oyo Empire and Benin? Detailed paintings of plant life Intricate silver jewelry Sophisticated bronzes Enormous marble palaces and temples
Sophisticated bronzes
Which of the following were the most popular books published in Ming China? Almanacs and books of astronomical observations Medical encyclopedias Travel guides Study guides for civil service examinations
Study guides for civil service examinations
Which of the following explains why China did not become the epicenter of the industrial revolution? The Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between thinkers and investors. The Qing put too much emphasis on overseas trade, draining capital needed to industrialize. The Qing believed that science was against the principles of Confucianism. The Qing passed protective tariffs to protect local merchants, which stifled trade and innovation.
The Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between thinkers and investors.
Which of the following is often seen as the epitome of the blending of Persian, Islamic, and Indian traditions? The palace at Isfahan The empire's legal system The Taj Mahal The peacock throne
The Taj Mahal
What were some of the broader consequences of the Enlightenment? Increased respect for the wisdom of classical and medieval authorities The expansion of educational opportunities for rural women Increased respect for traditional elites and clerics The expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking
The expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking
In the eighteenth century, which of the following was an argument made against the mercantile system? The mercantile system did not support mining bullion in the Americas. The mercantile system promoted free trade between American colonies. The mercantile system kept people from sharing in the wealth that was circulating around the Atlantic world. The mercantile system decreased the power of kings and aristocrats.
The mercantile system kept people from sharing in the wealth that was circulating around the Atlantic world.
What invention transformed sugar refining, pottery making, and textile making? The cotton gin The water frame The printing press The steam engine
The steam engine
Which group closed off the studies into European science, history, and geography begun by Ibrahim Muteferrika? The devshirme The janissaries The Sufis The ulama
The ulama
In early-nineteenth-century industrial societies, why did migration to urban areas increase so rapidly? Cities offered more comfortable and modern housing. There was a growing demand for factory workers in the cities. Peasants wanted to avoid the rigid work discipline of the rural farms. Cities provided free public education to their residents.
There was a growing demand for factory workers in the cities.
Which of the following was a product of radical French revolutionaries who controlled the French government during the 1790s? They established the world's largest army. They abolished religion in all forms. They created a legal system based on reforming criminals instead of punishing them. They declared France to be a constitutional monarchy.
They established the world's largest army.
Which of the following was the most lucrative source of wealth for European planters in the Americas in the seventeenth century? Rice Corn Spices Sugar
sugar
Which of John Locke's ideas formed the basis of the Declaration of Independence? Liberty, equality, and fraternity Laissez faire A social contract, binding both ruler and ruled Universal suffrage
A social contract, binding both ruler and ruled
Which group of people was consigned to the bottom of Linnaeus's classification of people? Pacific peoples Amerindians East Asians Africans
Africans
Which of the following statements best characterizes the effect of attempts to convert both Amerindians and Africans to Christianity during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Africans and Amerindians cynically used conversion as a ploy to increase their attractiveness as trade partners. Africans and Amerindians became ultra-orthodox, criticizing the behavior of their European missionary teachers. Africans and Amerindians completely gave up their previous gods and belief systems. Africans and Amerindians used Christianity to supplement their existing beliefs, not replace them.
Africans and Amerindians used Christianity to supplement their existing beliefs, not replace them.
What did Europeans mean when they proposed that Africans should engage in "legitimate" trade? Africans should stop using mercantilist forms of protectionism, and engage in free trade. Africans should only sell slaves to European traders who had been licensed by their home governments. Africans should begin to produce goods on an industrial scale for sale in the world market. Africans should sell raw materials instead of slaves, and buy manufactured goods from Europe.
Africans should sell raw materials instead of slaves, and buy manufactured goods from Europe.
What was a consequence of Europeans' introducing firearms into North America? Native peoples refused to use firearms, clinging to traditional weapons. Amerindian groups used the weapons to unite against the European invaders. Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges. Native peoples traded guns for alcohol, which they then bartered for trade goods.
Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges.
Which of the following accurately indicates the process by which the slave trade was ended in the North Atlantic? The Dutch persuaded the French and other European governments to prohibit the slave trade. The United States was the first North Atlantic power to prohibit the slave trade, and others followed its lead. Britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator. European and American revolutionaries all agreed that free wage labor was inherently more productive than forced labor.
Britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator.
Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted which of the following? Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature. Scientific knowledge should be based on the work of traditional authorities, such as Aristotle. Only members of the clergy could safely conduct scientific experiments without imperiling their souls. The best way to learn was to inquire into the ways that other cultures did scientific research.
Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what led the Japanese to consider how to control and integrate foreign learning (especially from China and Europe)? Foreign powers forced Japan to modernize by adopting "modern" science and culture. Before the seventeenth century, Japan had not come into contact with foreign ideas or culture. Earlier, foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country. Members of middle class idealized foreign culture, leading the shoguns to fear that learning about Enlightenment ideals might lead the merchants to overthrow the emperor.
Earlier, foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country.
How did the literary culture of late Ming and early Qing China affect elite women's lives? Elite women's success as writers, readers, and editors encouraged them to assume a wider range of social roles. Elite women read about the lives of poor women and developed a new sense of female solidarity that crossed class boundaries. Elite women were generally able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, despite increasing constraints on their lives. Elite women were not encouraged to participate in literary culture, but the most popular books had strong female characters.
Elite women were generally able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, despite increasing constraints on their lives.
Which of the following is a reason that Creoles in Spanish and Portuguese colonies were drawn to Enlightenment ideas? Enlightenment ideas were popular in Portugal and Spain. Creoles wanted to imitate their English counterparts in North America. Creoles believed in the equality of all humankind. Enlightenment ideas helped to justify their dissatisfaction with colonial rule.
Enlightenment ideas helped to justify their dissatisfaction with colonial rule.
How did the industrial revolution affect Europe's relationships with other parts of the world? Europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported. Europe pulled back from its earlier interest in overseas colonization. Europe became more dependent on other parts of the world for financial support. Europe became vulnerable to trade embargoes by Asian empires.
Europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported.
Which of the following was a consequence of Napoleon's failed attempt to create a French continental empire? Nationalism was crushed once and for all, leaving Europe at the mercy of large, multiethnic states ruled by foreign monarchs. The huge French army defeated the Ottoman Empire and provided freedom for oppressed minorities in North Africa and the Middle East. The reforms of the French Revolution were totally wiped out after Napoleon's defeat and an absolutist monarchy was reinstituted. Europe was divided between those who wanted to restore the status quo and those who wanted to create a society based on individual rights and limited government.
Europe was divided between those who wanted to restore the status quo and those who wanted to create a society based on individual rights and limited government.
Which of the following supported the Mughal nobility's lavish lifestyle? Tribute from the conquered peoples in central Asia provided the funds for extravagant buildings such as the Taj Mahal. Foreign trade brought in silver had advanced the money economy, which helped the nobility prosper. Confiscatory taxation on farmers funded the Mughal military-based nobility. Mughal nobles were entitled to collect a tithe from all non-Muslims.
Foreign trade brought in silver had advanced the money economy, which helped the nobility prosper.
Which of the following was a consequence of the fact that European buyers preferred male slaves? Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade. Polyandry became common in the Americas, monogamy in Africa. The population loss in Africa was accentuated by the lack of males. Slave-catchers for all African markets targeted men more than they did women.
Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade.
Which of the following factors helped create the "industrious" revolution? Households were moved by revivalist preachers to work harder to avoid time for sinning. Because of changing climates, households had to work much longer hours to grow enough food. Because of competition with slave and other forms of forced labor, most households had to include their children in laboring to provide enough income to survive. Households gave up leisure time to produce more goods for the market in order to buy products produced elsewhere.
Households gave up leisure time to produce more goods for the market in order to buy products produced elsewhere.
What was the political rationale for monarchs such as Louis XIV and Charles II to support scientific academies? The crown hoped to gain the support of the women who hosted the salons. If the crown was seen to support scientific progress, the great minds of the academies would also be seen to support the crown. If the crown supported the academies, the new ideas and technology that were discovered would belong to the crown. The crown hoped to gain votes from the growing middle class, who were fascinated by new scientific discoveries.
If the crown was seen to support scientific progress, the great minds of the academies would also be seen to support the crown.
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, how did India's traditional trade patterns change? India turned inward and abandoned the Indian Ocean trade in favor of internal trade. The East India Company retreated from Bengal, ending years of lucrative tax collection. The East India Company sponsored scholarship to encourage Indians to adopt laissez faire philosophy. India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials.
India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials.
Which of the following helps explain the degree of intermarriage between European men and native women in the Americas? Amerindians sought to ally themselves with European Christians in order to hasten the conversion process. Amerindian women were attempting to repopulate the Americans after the deaths brought by European disease. Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male. European wives died out rapidly in the harsh climates of North America.
Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male.
In what way was the U.S. Declaration of Independence an Enlightenment document? It argued for the rise of a meritocracy based on talent, not rank. It proposed that democracy was the best form of government. It announced that all men were endowed with equal rights. It avowed that only a government based on Christian ideals could provide a just society.
It announced that all men were endowed with equal rights.
Which of the following accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in early nineteenth-century Latin America? It was largely a revolt by Amerindians against poor treatment by the Spanish. It depended on support from the United States for its success. It was crushed by the colonial elite, who used their Spanish identity to justify their control. It became a social struggle among Amerindians, slaves, mestizos, and whites.
It became a social struggle among Amerindians, slaves, mestizos, and whites.
How did popular culture in Tokugawa Japan subvert its social order? The most popular plays were those that made fun of the shogun. It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy. It argued that people should be able to rise in the social hierarchy through attention to propriety and virtuous behavior. It offered women opportunities for independence and autonomy.
It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy.
Which of the following describes events in the Kongo kingdom in the seventeenth century? The Portuguese decisively defeated Queen Nzinga, opening the country to Portuguese control. Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades. Members of the Kongo royal family united to oppose the Europeans. The Kongo kingdom conquered the Asante and traded captured prisoners as slaves.
Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades.
How did the Asante kingdom use its access to gold to begin its growth and development? The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves. The Asante used their gold to trade across the Saharan caravan routes for salt, which was a necessity of life in the rain forest. The Asante used gold to bribe the Europeans to keep them from capturing Asante people as slaves. The Asante used gold to finance scholarly and architectural centers like Timbuktu.
The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves.
Which of the following is an important cultural achievement of the Safavids? The art of the period reflected the majesty and aloofness of the Safavid shahs. The Safavids created a blending of Sunni and Shia poetry. The Safavid Empire provided a home for Shiite Islam, and blended it with traditional Persian culture. The Safavid capital, Isfahan, was modeled after the Topkapi palace in Istanbul.
The Safavid Empire provided a home for Shiite Islam, and blended it with traditional Persian culture.
How did the trade relationship between China and Europe change in the early nineteenth century? European rulers and upper classes suddenly developed a taste for Chinese silks, teas, jade, tableware, jewelry, paper, and ceramics. Westerners consumed less tea, so the overall amount of trade declined. The English colonized China. The balance of trade between China and Europe was reversed.
The balance of trade between China and Europe was reversed.
What was an effect of early Ottoman rulers' decision to avoid trade with the outside world? The decision promoted increased investment in local Ottoman industries such as silk production. The decision led to Ottoman rulers becoming dependent on loans of silver from wealthy merchants. The decision led to economic expansion and increased Ottoman tax revenue. The decision caused European buyers to look elsewhere to buy wheat, copper, and wool.
The decision led to Ottoman rulers becoming dependent on loans of silver from wealthy merchants.
Which of the following undermined both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires? The inability to placate diverse ethnic groups led to warfare, which undermined their political systems. The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy. The territorial expansion of Russia took provinces from both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires. Religious strife within Islam sapped the government and social systems of both the Ottomans and Mughals.
The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy.
Which of the following is a valid comparison between the American and the Saint Domingue Revolutions? The American colonists wanted only economic freedom, but the people of Saint Domingue were guided by Enlightenment ideas. Both revolutions ended in the abolition of slavery and the establishment of representative rule. The leaders of the American Revolution were primarily owners of property, but the leaders of Saint Domingue were primarily slaves. Neither revolution was inspired by the Enlightenment.
The leaders of the American Revolution were primarily owners of property, but the leaders of Saint Domingue were primarily slaves.
Why did the Chinese devote a great deal of attention to astronomy and calendrical science? They wanted to decipher the mysteries of the universe and gain greater control over nature. They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor's ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work. They needed a clear understanding of the constellations and other celestial features in order to navigate the world's oceans. They believed that astronomy was the key to a universal and objective understanding of the natural world.
They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor's ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work.
Why were elite Iberian-Americans initially reluctant to embrace the idea of independence? They feared that it might generate revolts among slaves or Amerindians. They feared that cooperation among the various colonies of the Spanish empire would undermine their positions of wealth and power. They feared that without a strong monarchy, the Catholic Church would gain too much influence. They feared that independence would lead peninsulares to return to Europe.
They feared that it might generate revolts among slaves or Amerindians.
How did Captain Cook's voyages to Australia reflect Enlightenment ideas? They included scientists to describe and classify Australia's fauna, flora, people, and natural features. They were ordered to create a free and open market economy in Australia. They were instructed to respect the heritage and cultural autonomy of Australia's Aborigines. They were organized by a group of intellectual women who wanted to promote scientific knowledge.
They included scientists to describe and classify Australia's fauna, flora, people, and natural features.
Which of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty? They lightened taxes on the peasants and increased taxes on the gentry. They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture. They promoted intermarriage between Manchus and the Han. They retracted the Ming canton system.
They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture.
How did Asante kings use the wealth they acquired from trade? They sponsored feasts to allow themselves an opportunity to dine with their subjects. They led religious ceremonies, characterized by lavish displays of ornate religious artifacts. They showed their link to wealth and power by displaying gold-covered spears, maces, and elephant tails. They commissioned the creation of epic poems about the divine origins of the Asantehene.
They showed their link to wealth and power by displaying gold-covered spears, maces, and elephant tails.
Which of the following was one of the goals of the authors of the Encyclopédie? They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth and to present it in useful form. They sought to create a catalog of all of the works of Western authors. They wanted to portray all other cultures as being inferior to European culture. They wanted to evaluate the world's regions according to their adherence to rational science.
They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth and to present it in useful form.
What was the role of the Ottoman tekkes schools? They taught devotional strategies to prepare students to enter Sufi orders. They provided an elite corps of martial artists for the Ottoman army. They led persecution of religious minorities such as Jews and Christians. They challenged Ottoman rule as insufficiently guided by religious principles.
They taught devotional strategies to prepare students to enter Sufi orders.
What ideas did European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common? They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge. They wanted to encourage European monarchs to rule as enlightened despots. They wanted to improve European technical expertise and encourage overseas expansion. They wanted to encourage people to become more religious so that they could achieve enlightenment.
They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge.
Which of the following was the most common way that African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement? They formed committees to petition the government for better conditions. Hundreds of violent slave revolts broke out across the Caribbean. Slaves tried to increase their productivity so that their masters would free them as a reward. Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.
Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what was the average life expectancy of an African slave brought to the Caribbean? Six months Three years Ten years Fifteen years
Three years
What was the primary goal of liberal European reformers, such as Lord Macaulay, concerning changes to India's educational and cultural systems? To continue the orientalists' respect for India's classical languages, philosophies, and cultures To increase education in science and engineering To create a class that was Indian in blood but English in taste and culture To end the exploitation of India's rural people
To create a class that was Indian in blood but English in taste and culture
What, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies? To encourage international cooperation through free trade To enrich the states that had founded them To allow merchants to profit by diversifying their economic investments To act as laboratories in which new methods of state administration could be tested
To enrich the states that had founded them
Why did King Louis XVI summon the Estates-General into session in 1788? To improve the status of the French peasantry To levy new taxes in order to improve his credit To discuss new ways in which France could work against British interests To create a more egalitarian legal system in France
To levy new taxes in order to improve his credit
How did Europe's cultural exchanges with the Americas and the Pacific compare with its exchanges with China and the Islamic world? Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans. Chinese and Islamic rulers, as well as indigenous leaders in the Americas and Pacific, brought artists from all over the world to glorify their regimes. Chinese and Islamic rulers, as well as indigenous leaders in the Americas and Pacific, eagerly supported Christian missionaries. Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were eager for trade contact with Europeans.
Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans.
