HIST 120 Final Exam

The Black Codes

● Laws to restrict newly freed slaves, passed by Southern governments during Presidential Reconstruction ● These laws treated African Americans as inferiors; for example, limiting their right to own land, denying them the right to bear arms. - "Vagrancy" - Updated to include any freeman found in public who could not prove that they are employed - "Miscegenation" - A free black "living in adultery or fornication" with a white woman ● Free blacks could be bound out forced labor as involuntary servants as punishment for most crime - "Slavery by another name"

Freedmen's Bureau

● March 1865 - Established by Congress to provide practical aid to the newly freed black Americans. Directed by O. O. Howard. ● The bureau believed that sound race relations in the South would rest on fair wages and working conditions and on opportunities for improvement and social advance. ● Built hospitals for, and gave direct medical assistance to freedmen, as well as distributed food to those who needed it. Education was a significant priority more than 1,000 black schools were built.

The Shakers

Founded by Mother Ann Lee in England, the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing settled in Watervliet, New York, in 1774 and subsequently established eighteen additional communes in the Northeast, Indiana, and Kentucky.

Whig Party

Founded in 1834 to unite factions opposed to President Andrew Jackson, the party favored federal responsibility for internal improvements; the part ceased to exist by the late 1850s, when party members divided over the slavery issue.

Free Labor Ideology

Free labor ideology is a term used to refer to the differences between the Northern and Southern economies during the nineteenth century. A common misconception is that free labor ideology refers to the economy of the South at that time.

The Planters

In the antebellum South, the owner of a large farm worked by twenty or more slaves.

"Implied Powers" Doctrine

In the case of the United States government, implied powers are the powers exercised by Congress which are not explicitly given by the Constitution itself but necessary and proper to execute the powers.

James K. Polk

In the election of 1844, the Democratic Party nominated James K. Polk, a slaveholder, former Tennessee governor, and ardent annexationist. The Democrats' platform called for the annexation of Texas. Polk narrowly won the election, and In March 1845, right after Polk's inauguration, Congress annexed Texas.

"Revolution of 1800"

In what is sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of 1800," Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System.

The Monroe Doctrine

President James Monroe's declaration to Congress on December 2, 1823, that the American continents would be thenceforth closed to European colonization, and that the United States would not interfere in European affairs.

Democratic- Republican Party

Republican Party ("DemocraticRepublicans") - Led by Madison and Jefferson. Favored democratic self-government. Alliance of wealthy southern planters and yeoman farmers, also European immigrants throughout nation. Tended to support the French Revolution.

Whiskey Rebellion

Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on Whiskey, 1794.

Declaration of the Immediate Causes of Secession

The Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union was a proclamation issued on December 24, 1860, by the government of South Carolina to explain its reasons for seceding from the United States.

Erie Canal

The completion in 1825 of the Erie Canal (below), connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson River, was an event of major importance in Michigan history because it greatly facilitated the transportation of passengers and freight between the eastern seaboard and Michigan ports.

15th Amendment

"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

McCulloch v Maryland

(1819) U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall, holding that Maryland could not tax the Second Bank of the United States, supported the authority of the federal government versus the states.

Dartmouth College v Woodward

(1819) U.S. Supreme Court upheld the original charter of the college against New Hampshire's attempt to alter the board of trustees; set precedent of support of contracts against state interference.

Commonwealth v Hunt

(1834) Landmark ruling of the Massachusetts Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

- Drafted by Madison and Jefferson - Asserted that states had right to "nullify" unconstitutional laws, such as the Alien and Sedition Acts

Alien and Sedition Act

- Response to the growing opposition to Federalist Party - Alien Act: extended residency requirement for naturalization to fourteen years - Sedition Act: authorized the criminal prosecution of anyone who publicly criticized the government.

Worcester v Georgia

515 (1832), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Native Americans from being present on Native American lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional.

Commodore Mathew Perry

A Commodore of the United States Navy and commanded a number of ships. He served in several wars, most notably in the Mexican-American War and the War of 1812. He played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. Perry was very concerned with the education of naval officers and helped develop an apprentice system that helped establish the curriculum at the United States Naval Academy. With the advent of the steam engine, he became a leading advocate of modernizing the US Navy and came to be considered The Father of the Steam Navy in the United States.

Alexis de Tocqueville

A French diplomat, political scientist, and historian. Wrote of the "holy cult of freedom" he encountered on his own visit to the United States during the early 1830s.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee Chief who refused to sign the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. Tecumseh's War or Tecumseh's Rebellion was a conflict between the United States Army and an American Indian confederacy led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh in the Indiana Territory. Although the war is often considered to have climaxed with William Henry Harrison's victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, Tecumseh's War essentially continued into the War of 1812, and is frequently considered a part of that larger struggle. The war lasted for two more years, until the fall of 1813, when Tecumseh died fighting Harrison's Army of the Northwest at the Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada, near present-day Chatham, Ontario, and his confederacy disintegrated. Tecumseh's War is viewed by some academic historians as being the final conflict of a longer term military struggle for control of the Great Lakes region of North America, encompassing a number of wars over several generations, referred to as the Sixty Years' War.

Robert Owen

A Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. He worked in the cotton industry in Manchester before setting up a large mill at New Lanark in Scotland. In 1824, Owen travelled to America to invest the bulk of his fortune in an experimental 1,000-member colony on the banks of Indiana's Wabash River, called New Harmony. New Harmony was intended to be a Utopian society.

Fletcher v Peck

A landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Supreme Court first ruled a state law unconstitutional. The decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts and hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands.

Gabriel's Rebellion

A large slave rebellion in the Richmond area in the summer of 1800. Information regarding the revolt was leaked prior to its execution, and he and twenty-five followers were taken captive and hanged in punishment. In reaction, Virginia and other state legislatures passed restrictions on free blacks, as well as prohibiting the education, assembly, and hiring out of slaves, to restrict their chances to learn and to plan similar rebellions.

William Lloyd Garrison

A prominent American abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, which he founded with Isaac Knapp in 1831 and published in Massachusetts until slavery was abolished by Constitutional amendment after the American Civil War. He was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. He promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. In the 1870s, Garrison became a prominent voice for the woman suffrage movement.

Judith Sargent Murry

A prominent writer of plays, novels, and poetry, Judith Sargent Murry of Massachusetts was one of the first women to demand equal educational opportunities for women.

Nativism

Anti-immigrant and Anti-Catholic feeling especially prominent in the 1830s through the 1850s; the largest group was New York's Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, which expanded into the American (Know- Nothing) Party in 1854.

Panic of 1837

Beginning of major economic depression lasting about six years; touched off by a British financial crisis and made worse by falling cotton prices, credit and currency problems, and speculation in land, canals, and railroads.

"Trail of Tears"

Cherokees' own term for their forced removal, 1838-1839, from the Southeast to Indian lands (later Oklahoma); of 15,000 forced to march 4,000 died on the way.

John Marshall

Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Marbury was correct and should be granted the commission, but that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because Article III of the Constitution strictly limited the range of the Court's original justification, and a mere law could not change the limits to federal power established in the constitution.

Sojourner Truth

An African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, Ulster County, New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826. After going to court to recover her son, in 1828 she became the first black woman to win such a case against a white man. She gave herself the name Sojourner Truth in 1843. Her best-known speech was delivered extemporaneously, in 1851, at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio. The speech became widely known during the Civil War by the title "Ain't I a Woman?," a variation of the original speech re-written by someone else using a stereotypical Southern dialect; whereas Sojourner Truth was from New York and grew up speaking Dutch as her first language. During the Civil War, Truth helped recruit black troops for the Union Army; after the war, she tried unsuccessfully to secure land grants from the federal government for former slaves.

Fredrick Douglass

An African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement from Massachusetts and New York, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writings. In his time he was described by abolitionists as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. Northerners at the time found it hard to believe that such a great orator had once been a slave.

Stephen A. Douglas

An American politician from Illinois and the designer of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He was a U.S. representative, a U.S. senator, and the Democratic Party nominee for president in the 1860 election, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln. Douglas had previously defeated Lincoln in a Senate contest, noted for the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. He was nicknamed the "Little Giant" because he was short in physical stature, but a forceful and dominant figure in politics. (His height is given in various sources as being in the range of five feet to five feet, four inches; five feet four is reported most often.)[1][2][3]

Jefferson Davis

An American politician who was a U.S. Representative and Senator from Mississippi, the 23rd U.S. Secretary of War, and the President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He took personal charge of the Confederate war plans but was unable to find a strategy to defeat the more populous and industrialized Union. His diplomatic efforts failed to gain recognition from any foreign country, and at home, the collapsing Confederate economy forced his government to print more and more paper money to cover the war's expenses, leading to runaway inflation and devaluation of the Confederate dollar.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.

"King Cotton Diplomacy"

An attempt during the Civil War by the South to encourage British intervention by banning cotton exports.

David Walker

An outspoken African-American abolitionist and anti-slavery activist. His mother was free and his father was a slave. Therefore, he was free. In 1829, while living in Boston, Massachusetts, he published An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World,[4] a call for black unity and self-help in the fight against oppression and injustice. The appeal brought attention to the abuses and inequities of slavery and the role of individuals to act responsibly for racial equality, according to religious and political tenets. At the time, some people were outraged and fearful of the reaction that the pamphlet would have. Many abolitionists thought the views were extreme.

The Texas Revolt

By 1830, over seven-thousand Americans had settled in Texas, quickly outnumbering the region's Tejano population. Fearful that they were losing control of the region, Mexico prohibited future American immigration to Texas and annulled existing land contracts. In response, Stephen Austin and the American-born settlers demanded greater political autonomy over Texas, challenging the Mexican government. They were supported by a group of wealthy Tejanos, who had grown wealthy through trade with the settlers When, in 1835, General Santa Ana's army attempted to to impose Mexican authority in Texas, the settlers formed a provisional government and declared Texas an independent nation. After several battles, Santa Ana's army was defeated at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, and Mexico was forced to recognize the independent Republic of Texas.

Emancipation Proclamation

By September 1862, Lincoln had decided that emancipation was a military necessity, and issued an ultimatum. If the Confederacy did not surrender by January 1, 1863, Lincoln would free all slaves currently held in rebel territory. As promised, Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, liberating all slaves in rebel areas "as an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity." Since it was based on Lincoln's authority as military commander-in-chief, the proclamation applied only to those areas to currently in rebellion. Thus it did not emancipate slaves in the border states, nor did it apply to those parts of the Confederacy occupied by Union forces - Tennessee, as well as parts of Virginia and Louisiana - since these areas were not considered to be in rebellion at the time. The Emancipation Proclamation also transformed the Union Army in two key ways: 1) it made the Army an agent of abolition, freeing any and all slaves encountered by Union troops, & 2) it authorized the recruitment of freed blacks as Union soldiers, though in segregated units. During the Civil War, 180,000 African-Americans served in the Army and 24,000 in the Navy. Furthermore, by making the abolition of slavery a central aim of the Union war effort, Lincoln fundamentally changed the global perception of the war. The Confederacy desperately sought an alliance with Britain, but the Emancipation Proclamation firmly linked support with the Confederacy with support for slavery. Britain, which had abolished slavery throughout its empire in 1833, was not willing to fight a war to protect slavery.

Andrew Jackson

By the 1820's, politics had become a mass activity, engaging masses of Americans constantly and penetrating all spheres of life. It was a mass spectacle, with enormous meetings, party newspapers, parades, and celebrated politician orator. Large national conventions replaced congressional caucuses in nominating candidates. Political parties and urban political machines dispensed patronage in the form of jobs, assistance, and other benefits. Jackson - a national hero after his defense of New Orleans - was extremely popular among the American public, and Van Buren's transformed this popularity into the basis for a new political party - The Democratic Party. Together Jackson and Van Buren introduced the "spoils system," in which a new administration replaced previously appointed officials with its own party's appointees. However, many feared Jackson's popularity among the masses, fearing that he may use this political power to become a new Napoleon - a popular despot.

The Redeemers

Conservative white Democrats, many of them planters or businessmen, who reclaimed control of the South following the end of Reconstruction.

The Democratic Party

Established in 1828 and led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, the party was a major opponent of the Whig Party until the Civil War; unlike the Whigs Democrats believed government should adopt a hands off approach toward the economy.

Federalist Party

Favored Hamilton's economic reforms, and close economic ties with Britain. Tended to be prosperous farmers, merchants, lawyers, and political leaders of the North. Tended to oppose the French Revolution.

George Fitzhugh

George Fitzhugh (November 4, 1806 - July 30, 1881) was an American social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that "the negro is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery. Fitzhugh decried capitalism as spawning "a war of the rich with the poor, and the poor with one another" - rendering free blacks "far outstripped or outwitted in the chase of free competition." Slavery, he contended, ensured that blacks would be economically secure and morally civilized.

Radical Republicans

Group within the Republican Party in the 1850s and 1860s that advocated strong resistance to the expansion of slavery, opposition to compromise with the South in the secession crisis of 1860-1861, emancipation and arming of black soldiers during the Civil War, and equal civil and political rights for blacks during Reconstruction.

Samuel Slater

In 1789, Samuel Slater emigrated to the United States from England, where, as a young apprentice, he had worked on and studied the machines used in British textile mills. With funding from wealth merchants, Slater used his knowledge to establish the first industrial textile factory in America at Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1793. Slater's factory used a spinning jenny to turn raw cotton into thread Slater staffed the factory by contracting with whole families. Wives and children worked the mill, and the father was offered jobs supervising labor, farming land owned by Slater, or hand-weaving thread into cloth

Eli Whitney

In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which quickly separated cotton from seeds. This quickly supplanted the old method of using slaves to pick out the seeds by hand. Because of Whitney's invention, cotton production became very profitable and spread westward, carrying slavery along with it.

Robert Fulton

In 1807, on the Hudson River in New York, the first steamboat, built by Robert Fulton, went into operation. Steam engine - an industrial technology developed and widely utilized in British manufacturing. Steamboats aided the growth of markets by making upstream navigation possible, and by making transport across waterways quicker, cheaper, & more efficient

Missouri Compromise

In 1819, when Missouri applied for statehood, a New York Republican proposed that Congress force the new state constitution to ban the further importation of slaves and free slave children upon reaching age twenty-five. The Republican Party split along sectional lines on the Missouri question. Most northern Republicans supported the restrictions, while southern Republicans opposed them. In 1820, a compromise was reached that allowed Missouri to adopt a constitution without the antislavery restrictions, and allowed Maine, which prohibited slavery, to become a free state, in order to maintain sectional balance between free and slave states in the Congress. Slavery would also be prohibited in the remaining Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36' 30'

Compromise of 1850

In 1850, California applied for statehood as a free state. Many southerners opposed it, fearing that its admission would upset the sectional balance in Congress. Henry Clay offered a plan which came to be known as the Compromise of 1850: ● California would enter the nation as a free state ● The slave trade (not slavery) would be abolished in Washington DC ● A stronger fugitive slave law would be passed ● Slavery's status in the rest of the territories taken from Mexico would be decided by local white inhabitants.

The Mexican War

In April 1846, Polk sent the army into the disputed area between Texas and Mexico, where they came into conflict with Mexican troops. Polk claimed that Mexicans had shed blood on American soil and called for a declaration of war. In June 1846, American rebels in California declared independence from Mexico, and American troops soon occupied that region. American forces secured New Mexico at the same time. In early 1847, after defeating Santa Ana's army at Buena Vista, and following Mexico's refusal to negotiate, American forces marched to and captured the capital, Mexico City. In February, 1848, the two governments agreed to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which confirmed the annexation of Texas and ceded California and present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah to the United States. Along with this territory, America also acquired the Spanish-speaking populations of these regions.

The Amistad Case

In February of 1839, Portuguese slave hunters abducted a large group of Africans from Sierra Leone and shipped them to Havana, Cuba, a center for the slave trade. This abduction violated all of the treaties then in existence. Fifty-three Africans were purchased by two Spanish planters and put aboard the Cuban schooner Amistad for shipment to a Caribbean plantation. On July 1, 1839, the Africans seized the ship, killed the captain and the cook, and ordered the planters to sail to Africa. On August 24, 1839, the Amistad was seized off Long Island, NY, by the U.S. brig Washington. The planters were freed and the Africans were imprisoned in New Haven, CT, on charges of murder. Although the murder charges were dismissed, the Africans continued to be held in confinement as the focus of the case turned to salvage claims and property rights. President Van Buren was in favor of extraditing the Africans to Cuba. However, abolitionists in the North opposed extradition and raised money to defend the Africans. Claims to the Africans by the planters, the government of Spain, and the captain of the brig led the case to trial in the Federal District Court in Connecticut. The court ruled that the case fell within Federal jurisdiction and that the claims to the Africans as property were not legitimate because they were illegally held as slaves. The case went to the Supreme Court in January 1841, and former President John Quincy Adams argued the defendants' case. Adams defended the right of the accused to fight to regain their freedom. The Supreme Court decided in favor of the Africans, and 35 of them were returned to their homeland. The others died at sea or in prison while awaiting trial.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists on December 15, 1814, to protest the War of 1812; proposed seven constitutional amendments (limiting embargoes and changing requirements for office holding, declaration of war, and administration of new states), but the war ended before Congress could respond.

Ex Parte Merryman

In May 1861, John Merryman - a member of the Maryland state militia - was arrested and held by the military at Fort McHenry. He was accused of various traitorous activities, including the destruction of railway lines in Baltimore Merryman's attorney brought the case before the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Roger B. Taney, who issued a writ of habeas corpus, stating Merryman's detention by the military was illegal. He also asserted that the President did not have the authority to suspend habeas corpus, noting that this power is only discussed in Article I of the Constitution, which outlines Congress' powers, not the President's. Lincoln refused to comply with Taney's order, asserting that the temporary suspension of habeas corpus was necessary to preserve the Union. In his July 4, 1861 speech to Congress, he asserted "Are all the laws but one to go un-executed and the government itself go to pieces lest that one be violated?" The case against Merryman was ultimately dropped after the war's end, but the question of presidential authority in wartime remains open. ● During the war, the Congress passed the Habeas Corpus Act of 1863, authorizing the President to suspend habeas corpus at any point during the Civil War. ● After the war, the Supreme Court heard a similar case - Ex Parte Milligan (1866) - and ruled that only Congress could suspend habeas corpus; furthermore that civilians were not subject to military courts, even in times of war.

Kansas- Nebraska Act

In early 1854, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced a bill to provide territorial governments for Kansas and Nebraska. Douglas desired western economic development, and hoped a transcontinental railroad could be built through Kansas or Nebraska, he did not think this would happen unless formal governments existed in these territories. Southerners did not want these new territories to be free states, which might upset the sectional balance. Douglas proposes that slavery's status would be settled by popular sovereignty—by local voters alone. Yet, slavery was prohibited in the Kansas and Nebraska territories by the Missouri Compromise, which Douglas's bill would repeal. Antislavery Democrats protested Douglas's bill as a plot to convert free territory to slavery, and helped convince many in the North that southerners wanted to extend slavery throughout the entire West. Douglas secured the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, but the law shattered the Democratic Party. Many northern Democrats voted against the bill. In the bill's aftermath, the Whig Party, unable to forge a response, dissolved. The South became almost entirely Democratic. Most northern Whigs, joined by many disaffected northern Democrats, joined a new organization dedicated to ending slavery's expansion—the Republican Party.

Jay's Treaty

In exchange for a commercial treaty with Great Britain that granted the United States "most favored nation" status but seriously restricted U.S. commercial access to the British West Indies, Jay acknowledged British supremacy over the seas, conceding that the British could seize U.S. goods bound for France if they paid for them and could confiscate without payment French goods on American ships. The Treaty effectively ended the American-French alliance. ● Jay's Treaty was immensely unpopular among the public, and Jefferson portrayed this alliance with the English monarchy against the French Republic as a betrayal of the American Revolution.

Bargain of 1877

In exchange for the presidency, Republican Hayes agreed to: 1. Recognize Democratic control of the Southern governments 2. Avoid federal intervention in local affairs 3. Place a Southerner in Hayes' Cabinet 4. Give federal aid to a transcontinental railroad through Texas

John C. Calhoun

Jackson's vice president, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, argued for "nullification," asserting that the states had created the national government, and each state retained the right to prevent the enforcement of Congress's laws within its border that seemed to exceed powers written in the Constitution. Opponents argued that the people, not the states, had created the Constitution, thus nullification was illegal and unconstitutional. To President Jackson, nullification was treason. In 1832, when a new tariff was enacted, South Carolina declared it would be null and void the next year. In response, Jackson persuaded Congress to authorize him to use the military to collect the tariff in South Carolina. To avoid war, Henry Clay, along with Calhoun, created a compromise tariff in 1833 that reduced duties. South Carolina rescinded the nullification law, but Calhoun abandoned the Democratic Party and openly criticized Jackson.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Most important slave uprising in nineteenth-century America, led by a slave preacher who, with his followers, killed about sixty white persons in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831.

The Know-Nothing Party

Nativist, anti-Catholic third party organized in 1854 in reaction to large-scale German and Irish immigration; the party's only presidential candidate was Millard Fillmore in 1856.

The American Colonization Society

Organized in 1816 to encourage colonization of free blacks to Africa; West African Nation of Liberia founded in 1822 to serve as a homeland for them.

The Republican Party

Organized in 1854 by antislavery Whigs, Democrats, and Free Soilers in response to the passage of the Kansas- Nebraska Act; nominated John C. Fremont for president in 1856 and Abraham Lincoln in 1860; also the name of the party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in the 1790s.

Ku Klux Klan

Organized in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during Reconstruction; a revived organization in the 1910s and 1920s stressed white, Anglo-Saxon, fundamentalist Protestant supremacy; the Klan revived a third time to fight the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s in the South.

The Wilmot Proviso

Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War, but southern senators, led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, defeated the measure in 1846 and 1847.

Bank of the United States

Proposed by the first secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton, the bank opened in 1791 and operated until 1811 to issue a uniform currency, business loans, and collect tax monies. The Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816 but President Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter bill in 1832.

The Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement of the early decades of the nineteenth century, in reaction to the growth of secularism and rationalist religion; began the predominance of the Baptist and Methodist churches.

The Grimke Sisters

Sarah Moore Grimké (1792-1873) and Angelina Emily Grimké[1] (1805-1879), known as the Grimké sisters, were the first American female advocates of abolition and women's rights.[2] They were writers, orators, and educators. They grew up in a slave-holding family in the Southern United States but moved to the North in the 1820s, settling for a time in Philadelphia and becoming part of its substantial Quaker community. They became more deeply involved with the abolitionist movement, traveling on its lecture circuit and recounting their firsthand experiences with slavery on their family's plantation. Among the first American women to act publicly in social reform movements, they were ridiculed for their abolitionist activity. They became early activists in the women's rights movement. They eventually developed a private school. Learning that their late brother had had three mixed-race sons, they helped the boys get educations in the North. Archibald and Francis J. Grimké stayed in the North, Francis becoming a Presbyterian preacher, but their younger brother John returned to the South.

Dorr War

The Dorr Rebellion (1841-1842) was a failed attempt to force broader democracy in the U.S. state of Rhode Island, where a small rural elite was in control of government. It was led by Thomas Wilson Dorr, who mobilized the disenfranchised to demand changes to the state's electoral rules. The state used as its constitution the 1663 colonial charter that required a man to own $134 in property to vote, and gave an equal weight in the Rhode Island General Assembly to all towns no matter what their population. The effect in the 1830s was that the rapidly growing industrial cities were far outnumbered in the legislature, to the annoyance of businessmen and industrialists. Furthermore, few immigrants or factory workers could vote, despite their growing numbers. All other states in 1840 saw a huge surge in turnout,[1] but nothing happened in Rhode Island. At first, the middle classes took the lead, including Dorr himself. However, the Charter government, controlled by rural elites, fought back hard. For six weeks in 1842, there were two rival governments. The Dorrites, led by self-proclaimed governor Dorr, pulled back from violence (after their cannon misfired). Only one person died, a bystander killed by accident. The Charter government compromised. It wrote a new constitution in 1843 that dropped the property requirement for men born in the United States but kept it for foreign-born citizens, and it gave more seats in the legislature to the cities

Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution began 1791. Haiti was France's most treasured colonial possession, an island of sugar plantations in the Caribbean. The slaves which worked these plantations rose up against their masters, defeated French forces sent to suppress the rebellion, and declared Haiti to be an independent nation in 1804. The Haitian Revolution fostered hopes of freedom among America's slaves, though many whites were terrified by the specter of armed slave insurrection. Jefferson's administration refused to recognize Haiti's independence and worked to isolate the republic.

Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana territory, stretching from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains, was purchased by Jefferson for the very small sum of $15 million. But it was sold only because the Haitian Revolution, which Jefferson detested, had defeated an overtaxed French military and Napoleon needed funds for campaigns in Europe. Americans were happy to secure the port of New Orleans, thus ensuring a previously precarious right to freely trade on theMississippi. ● Jefferson doubled the nation's size and believed Louisiana ensured the survival of the agrarian republic of small and independent, virtuous farmers

Sea Islands Experiment

The Port Royal Experiment was a program begun during the American Civil War in which former slaves successfully worked on the land abandoned by planters. In 1861 the Union liberated the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina and their main harbor, Port Royal.

The Second Bank of the United States

The Second Bank of the United States (BUS), a private, profit-making corporation that served as the government's financial agent, soon became resented by many Americans. The BUS was also tasked with regulating the volume of paper money printed by private banks to prevent fluctuations and inflation.

Abraham Lincoln

The debate over slavery was captured in the Illinois senatorial election in 1858 between Stephen Douglas, the champion of popular sovereignty, and Abraham Lincoln Lincoln reentered national politics in 1854 due to his opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. While Lincoln hated slavery, unlike the abolitionists, Lincoln was willing to compromise with the South to preserve the Union. But he was adamant on halting the expansion of slavery. Lincoln's critique of slavery and its expansion articulated the basic values of free labor ideology and the promise northern society offered to the millions of free working men. Though Lincoln campaigned against giving Illinois blacks the right to vote and endorsed colonization, Lincoln did use the language of free labor to argue that blacks should own their own labor and have every opportunity to improve themselves through their labor as whites.

The Bank War

The most significant political fight of the era was Jackson's "war" against the Bank of the United States. While banking's growth had spurred economic development, many distrusted bankers as "nonproducers" who gave nothing to the nation's real wealth, and profited from the labor of others. Banks also tended to over issue paper money, whose deterioration in value reduced the real income of wage earners. Jackson and others now thought that "hard money"—gold and silver—was the only honest currency. The aristocratic Nicholas Biddle directed the BUS, and he celebrated the bank's power to control America's financial system. This alarmed Democrats. In 1832, Biddle's allies persuaded Congress to extend the BUS's charter for another twenty years, though it was set to expire in 1836. Jackson saw this as blackmail, since he believed the BUS would use its resources to defeat him in the 1832 election if he vetoed the bill. He did veto it, and his veto message resonated with popular values. He stated that Congress could not create an institution with such power and economic privilege unaccountable to voters. The Bank War allowed Jackson to enhance the power of the presidency. He was the first president to use the veto as a major weapon and directly address voters over the heads of Congress. Jackson's reelection in 1832 assured the demise of the BUS.

The Cult of Domesticity

The nineteenth-century ideology of "virtue" and "modestly" as the qualities that were essential to proper womanhood.

Nullification Crisis

The passage of the tariff of 1828 raised taxes on imported goods and aroused opposition in the South, particularly in South Carolina, where it was called the "tariff of abominations." Believing that the tariff punished southern consumers in order to benefit northern industry, South Carolina's legislature threatened to declare the tariff "null and void" in South Carolina. South Carolina had a higher percentage of slaves than any other state and was ruled by an oligarchic elite of large plantation owners alarmed by the Missouri controversy & federal power. Jackson's vice president, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, argued for "nullification," asserting that the states had created the national government, and each state retained the right to prevent the enforcement of Congress's laws within its border that seemed to exceed powers written in the Constitution. Opponents argued that the people, not the states, had created the Constitution, thus nullification was illegal and unconstitutional. To President Jackson, nullification was treason. In 1832, when a new tariff was enacted, South Carolina declared it would be null and void the next year. In response, Jackson persuaded Congress to authorize him to use the military to collect the tariff in South Carolina. To avoid war, Henry Clay, along with Calhoun, created a compromise tariff in 1833 that reduced duties. South Carolina rescinded the nullification law, but Calhoun abandoned the Democratic Party and openly criticized Jackson.

"Free Soil"

The question of whether or not slavery should extend into the western territories spawned the "Free Soil" movement. "Free Soilers" feared that if slavery were allowed to expand into the western territories unhindered, slave-labor farms would quickly monopolize all the best lands. Free, white norther farmers and laborers would be unable to compete in such a market and would be effectively "blocked" from the economic opportunities of the western frontier....BUT, while the Free Soil movement drew support from abolitionists, it was not an abolitionist party. Rather than emphasize the rights and humanity of African Americans, the Free Soil movement framed slavery as an immediate threat to the freedoms of white men. These arguments easily merged with racist attitudes of many Northerners who saw African Americans as incapable of participating in equal citizenship with whites. As Daniel Wilmot's asserted, his proviso was not motivated by "morbid sympathy for the slave," but rather to "preserve for free white labor a fair country... [where] my own race and own color, can live without the disgrace which association with negro slavery brings upon free labor." As such, the Free Soil movement was capable of uniting a variety of individuals - abolitionists and racists, Democrats and Whigs - into a single antislavery movement with broad support, and further intensified the sectional divide of the nation.

Second Middle Passage

The second stage of the transatlantic slave trade was also called the Middle Passage. The Middle Passage was a horrifying experience for slaves headed to the Americas. Slaves were quartered on ships for up to two months and treated as cargo. Then traveled on rivers through America.

Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

women's rights convention

Radical Reconstruction

• "Radical Republicans" - Republicans who believed in granting full emancipation, equal rights, and the vote to all former slaves. • Civil Rights Act of 1866 - granted citizenship & corresponding rights all males (excluding Natives) "without distinction of race or color." - Vetoed by Pres. Johnson, overridden by Congress • Election of 1866 gives Radical Republicans control of Congress. Congress then refuse to seat the newly-elected congressmen from the former rebel states. • Reconstruction Act of 1867 - Divided the South into five military districts, called for the formation of new state constitutions and governments with freedmen possessing the right to vote. • Impeached, but did not remove, Andrew Johnson • Passed 14th & 15th Amendments.

John Brown

• Brown was a fervent Abolitionist who had killed pro-slavery settlers during "Bleeding Kansas." • He believed that the quickest way to end slavery would be through a slave uprising. To obtain the weapons and supplies the slaves would need to overthrow their masters, brown assembles twenty-one men, including his own sons and several free African Americans, to raid the the federal armory at Harper's Ferry, Virginia • October 16, 1859 - John Brown and his men raid Harper's Ferry and seize the armory, but the base is quickly surrounded by the local militia and federal troops led by Colonel Robert E Lee. During the conflict, several of Brown's men are killed, including two of Brown's sons, and Brown is captured. ● John Brown was tried for treason and hanged on December 2, 1859 ● Brown's Last Speech - http://vimeo.com/1275249 ● John Brown's trial is covered by newspapers throughout the nation. Among many in the North, Brown is seen as a martyr. - Ralph Waldo Emerson called Brown "that new saint" who would "make the gallows glorious like the cross" - Henry Thoreau publicly defended Brown, arguing "it not possible that an individual may be right and a government wrong? Are laws to be enforced simply because they were made? Or declared by any number of men to be good, if they are not good?" Upon Brown's death, Thoreau wrote, "Some 1800 years ago, Christ was crucified. This morning, Captain Brown was hung. He is not Old Brown any longer; he is an angel of light ● Within the South, however, Brown's trial is portrayed as proof that abolitionists and the Republican party wish to violently overthrow the very foundation of the southern economy and society - slavery

Fugitive Slave Act

• Expanded Fugitive Slave Clause of Constitution - Article 4, Section 2 • Federal marshals & agents responsible for capturing and retuning fugitive slaves • Removed power of local courts to adjudicate status • Local citizens could be deputized to assist with capture, could be prosecuted if they assist fugitive slaves or otherwise inhibit capture

Special Field Order #15

• In January 1865, in an effort to address the tens of thousands of freed slaves following his troops marching through Georgia, General William T. Sherman issued Special Field Order # 15, a temporary plan granting each freed family 40 acres of land along the coast of Georgia. • Also ordered that old army mules be donated to these freed slaves, to efficiently farm the land. • Origin of "40 acres and a mule"

14th Amendment

• SECTION 1. - All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. - ...nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. • SECTION 2. - But when the right to vote at any election... is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state... the basis of representation therein shall be reduced... • SECTION 3. - No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same... • SECTION 4. - The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. • SECTION 5. - Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation

13th Amendment

• SECTION 1. - Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • SECTION 2. - Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

War of 1812

● 1812 - America declares war on Britain ● Vote is divided - Federalists and Republicans representing northern states, where mercantile and financial interests were concentrated, voted against the war. Southern and western representatives voted overwhelmingly for it. ● The United States lacked a large navy or army, nor did it have the financial resources of a central bank as Republicans had allowed the Bank of the United States' charter to expire in 1811 ● America attempts to invade Canada, but fails ● Britain blockades the nation's ports ● 1814 - British troops invaded and captured Washington, D.C., burned the White House, and forced the government to flee. ●Janurary 1815 - Forces led by Andrew Jackson repulsed British forces at the Battle of New Orleans ● This battle was fought before news reached America that American and British negotiators had ended the war the previous month. ● The Treaty of Ghent effectively returned the nation to the status quo, with no loss or gain of territory

The Lowell "Mill Girls"

● After Lowell's death in 1817, the Boston Manufacturing Company founded the city of Lowell and began to build a large industrial site there. By 1855, the City of Lowell housed over 20 textile mills, which together employed over 8,000 women and 4,000 men, and produced 2.25 million yards of cloth each week. ● Lowell staffed his mill with young women hired from local farms. He paid them lower wages than men, but offered benefits to these young women ● The "Lowell Mill Girls" lived in clean company boardinghouses with chaperones, were paid cash, and benefited from religious and educational activities offered by the company. ● Though it was believe that these "mill girls" would be passive laborers, the women quickly began to identity as self-respecting laborers - "Daughters of Freemen" - and engaged in two strikes in the 1830's

The American System

● After the War of 1812, Republicans led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun argued that manufacturers needed protection if the United States was to become independent from Britain. ● In 1815, President James Madison proposed a plan for government-promoted economic development that became known as the "American System." This system would rest on a new national bank, a tariff on imports to protect and foster manufacturing, and federal financing of road and canal construction, called "internal improvements." Madison, afraid that the national government, if given powers not expressed in the Constitution, would interfere with individual liberty and slavery in southern states, vetoed an internal improvements bill. ● The Second Bank of the United States (BUS), a private, profit-making corporation that served as the government's financial agent, soon became resented by many Americans. The BUS was also tasked with regulating the volume of paper money printed by private banks to prevent fluctuations and inflation.

Embargo of 1807

● America is neutral during Napoleonic Wars, but both England and France impose blockades on each others' trade, and the British also engaged in the impressment of American sailors ●Jefferson enacts an embargo prohibiting all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports to force an end to the blockades ● The Embargo of 1807 stopped almost all American exports, and devastated the nation's ports, but did not force France or Britain to end the blockades ●In 1809, Jefferson signed the Non-Intercourse Act, which banned trade only with Britain and France, and promised a resumption of trade with either nation if it ended its ban on American shipping ●In 1808, Jefferson's successor James Madison was elected as president ● 1810 Madison forged a new policy in which trade was resumed with both powers, but if either France or Britain stopped interfering with American shipping, the United States could reimpose an embargo on the other nation

Liberal Republicans

● As Radical Republicans waned, a new group of "liberal republicans" came to dominate the party. ● Reformers - critical of corruption & various scandals of the period ● Believed that "ignorant voters" in both North and South were being manipulated to vote for corrupt officials, keeping "best men" out of office ● Horace Greeley - America must "Clasp hands across the bloody chasm" ● Less committed to protect AfricanAmericans - Believed that the vote and citizenship were sufficient - Wished to reduce the power of the federal government

Dred Scott v Sanford

● Court uses its power of Judicial Review to strike down the power of the Federal Government to ban slavery in a territory as a violation of the Fifth Amendment. - "No person shall... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law" ● Chief Justice Roger Taney: "[The Negro] has no rights which the white man was bound to respect; and that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit. He was bought and sold and treated as an ordinary article of merchandise and traffic, whenever profit could be made by it...it is too clear for dispute, that the enslaved African race were not intended to be included, and formed no part of the people who framed and adopted this declaration."

John Quincy Adams

● In the 1824 presidential election, only candidate Andrew Jackson, known for his military victories, had nationwide support. The other candidates—John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, William Crawford of Georgia, and Henry Clay of Kentucky— found support mostly in their regions. ● Though Jackson received the largest tally of the popular vote and carried all regions except for New England, none of the candidates received a majority of electoral college votes. ● Running last and eliminated, Henry Clay used his influence to lead the House of Representatives into electing John Quincy Adams as president, whom Clay believed would promote the American System. Clay was soon appointed secretary of state. This appointment led to charges that a "corrupt bargain" between Clay and Adams had secured the presidency for Adams, and laid the basis for the emergence of a Democratic Party behind Andrew Jackson's candidacy in the 1828 election.

Martin Van Buren

● Jackson's 1828 campaign was organized by Martin Van Buren, a New York senator. ● Van Buren believed political parties and party competition were legitimate and good for the republic, by checking the power of administrations and offering voters choice. He also believed parties would suppress sectionalism by bringing together supporters and candidates from all across the country. ● Van Buren was alarmed by the sectionalism inspired by the slavery question in the Missouri debates, and he hoped to resurrect the Jeffersonian alliance between southern planters and northern farmers and urban workers. ● By 1828, Van Buren had created a vibrant Democratic Party embodying this alliance, and by using new techniques to mobilize mass voter turnout, helped elect Jackson president in a huge majority over Adams

Presidential Reconstruction

● Johnson wished to quickly restore the rebel states to the Union, with minimal changes ● Ordered that all land currently held by the federal government be returned to owners - Undoes Special Field Order # 15

"American System of Manufacturers"

● Traditionally depended on the Atlantic market to supply manufactured goods from Europe ● By the 1790's, a group of pro-manufacturing citizens, Like Benjamin Rush, began to argue that America should develop manufacturing in order to (a) make the nation economically strong and independent, and (b) employ the "idle" populations, particularly women and children. ● In 1792, Alexander Hamilton presented his "Report on Manufacturing" to Congress, advocating that the new federal government assist the development of manufacturing ● Agrarians, however, opposed the idea of developing manufacturing in America, preferring to see the nation expand its agricultural base - Benjamin Franklin: "Manufactures are founded in poverty... it is the multitude of poor without land in a country, and who must work for others at low wages or starve, that enables undertakers to carry on manufacture." - Thomas Jefferson: "Those who labor the earth are the chosen people of God... While we have the land to labor thus, let us never wish to see our citizens occupied at the work-bench.. The mobs of great cities add just so much support of pure government as sores do to the strength of the human body."

Bleeding Kansas

● When Kansas held elections in 1854 and 1855 form a state government and decide the status of slavery via "popular sovereignty," hundreds of pro-slavery residents of Missouri crossed into Kansas and illegally voted for slavery ● Following these elections, a pro-slavery government formed in Kansas. "Free Soil" settlers, with the support of abolitionists, asserted that this state government was illegitimate, due to the fraudulent votes made by Missourians. When President Franklin Pierce declared that he would recognize the pro-slavery state government of Kansas, conflict between the two sides became violent ● On May 21, 1856, a group of pro-slavery men entered Lawrence, where they burned the Free State Hotel, destroyed two printing presses, and ransacked homes and stores. In retaliation, the fiery abolitionist John Brown led an attack on the pro-slavery town of Pottawatomie Creek and brutally killed five of its settlers. Brown and his sons would continue to fight in the territory and in Missouri for the rest of the year before leaving the region ● By late-1856, the Kansas territorial government was able to suppress the violence restore order, but Kansas statehood was delayed until 1861, when Union-led Congress recognized Kansas as a free state

Marbury v Madison

●In the final days of his presidency, John Adams had appointed William Marbury to the position of Justice of the Peace for Washington DC, but Jefferson's Secretary of State, James Madison, refused to deliver the commission to Marbury ● Marbury sued Madison under a provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 which gave the Supreme Court "original jurisdiction" to hear such cases directly, without the case working its way through the appeals system. ●Justice Marshall ruled that Marbury was correct and should be granted the commission, but that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because Article III of the Constitution strictly limited the range of the Court's original justification, and a mere law could not change the limits to federal power established in the constitution. ● The Supreme Court claimed the power of "Judicial Review," the power to review laws and determine whether or not they align with the Constitution