HIST 1301 CHAPTER 4 PART 3

What concepts and instructions dominated colonial politics in the 18th century?

-Right to vote, right to assembly, right to press, religious freedom, politics in public and colonial government 1. Right to vote 2. Assemblies vs Governor 3. Freedom of Expression 4. Enlightenment and Reason

How and why did the colonists' sense of a collective British identify change during the years before 1764?

-British identity: the colonists felt connected to Britain because they had the same culture, it was their home country (fashion, religion) -American identity: their rights were being violated, the basis of this identity was revolution and patriotism, fighting for what they believed in. -The colonists' sense of identity and unity as Americans was further developed when they coalesced to fight the British. Many people who lived in the colonies were not English; they were German, Dutch, Swedish, Jewish, Scots-Irish, and French. Some people were a mixture of many different ethnic groups. This "mixed" group of people, which could not be found anywhere else in the world, that united to fight for their rights led to the creation of a separate identity

Nonplantation societies of New England and the Middle Colonies.

-Since the economics of New England and the Middle Colonies were based on small farms, slavery was far less important. -Given that slaves were few and posed no threat to the white majority, laws were less harsh than in the South. -Slaves did represent a sizable percentage of urban laborers, particularly in New York and in Philadelphia.

How did Great Britain's position in North America change relative to the other European powers

-The English replaced France and Spain as the most influential political and economic power in North America during the first three quarters of the eighteenth century. -power expanded as a result of concessions of seven years war; relations with natives worsened

How were colonial merchants in British America involved in the Atlantic economy, and what was the role of the slave trade in that economy?

The Atlantic slave trade, which lasted from the late 16th to early 19th centuries involved European countries such as Britain, Spain and France which all had colonies in the Americas and Africa. The ships were carrying slaves, crops and manufactured goods between West Africa, the Caribbean and American colonies and the colonial powers in Europe. The use of African slaves was very important to growing colonial cash crops, which were exported to Europe. European goods, in turn, were used to buy African slaves, which were then brought west from Africa to the Americas to work on the crops. The middle passage of the triangular trade refers to the transportation of the slaves to America. The Atlantic economy was tied into the idea of mercantilism, which involved European countries to have a lot of colonies that traded only among themselves. Goods that were traded in the Atlantic economy were rum, slaves, sugar, tobacco, gold, spices, fish, lumber and manufactured goods.

How was an African-American collective identify created in these years, and what role did slave rebellions play in that process?

-Slavery made African American's feel inferior and the slave rebellion helped make them feel more human -An African-American identity was made up of no rights or any freedoms. They were seen as property and in a way, animals. The various slave rebellions prove that African-Americans noticed this and were desperate to change their harsh and degrading living conditions.

Rice-based plantation slavery in South Carolina and Georgia.

-South Carolina was the first colony founded deliberately on slave labor to support its growing rice economy. -Many of the early planters in South Carolina were wealthy immigrants from Barbados, who brought their African slaves. -The principle crop of South Carolinian plantations was rice, which was introduced to South Carolina in 1694 and brought unprecedented prosperity to the region. -Slavery was integral to rice cultivation because of its labor intensiveness and because slaves from the rice-producing regions of Africa provided colonial plantation owners with crucial technical knowledge about rice cultivation.

Tobacco-based plantation slavery in the Chesapeake.

-The economy of the Chesapeake region revolved around tobacco and relied heavily on slave labor. - developed similar agricultural systems based on tobacco, which later diversified to include cotton and indigo. -tobacco required intensive labor for cultivation, and the declining availability of white indentured servants —as well as fear of uprisings from wealthy whites—made Chesapeake planters turn toward African slave labor.

What factors led to distinct African-American cultures in the 18th century?

-The harsh living conditions, low birth rate, and seldom contact with whites caused African-American cultures to be distinctively different. -In the Chesapeake, slaves learned English, experienced the Great Awakening, and were exposed to white culture. In South Carolina and Georgia, two different societies arose. One group was distinctly involved with African culture while the other was more assimilated into American culture. Northern Slaves had distinctive African- American culture because they had more access to mainstream culture. Since the slaves up north were so far apart, the culture grew less rapidly than the other slave colonies.

What aspects of white behavior does Scarouyady object to?

-they think that every Indian is against them -they blame them all without distinction -they insult indians everywhere they go

How did African slavery differ regionally in 18th century North America?

African slavery was largely regionalized in the 18th century North America. Slavery was largely rejected by the North and was eventually banned but the South favored it because of its cheap labor. American slavery was widely diverse. Down south, specifically in the Chesapeake region,Slaves worked in fields gathering and planting tobacco. Southern plantation owners were normally harsh on their slaves. They filled the law books to protect their power over the slaves. Slavery in South Carolina and Georgia usually tended rice plantations and livestock. Slavery in the North were based on small farms.

What were the meaning of British liberty in the 18th century?

British freedom celebrated the rule of law, the right to live under legislation to which one's representatives had consented, restraints on the arbitrary exercise of political authority, and rights like trial by jury enshrined in the common law. -The celebration of rule of law, the right to live under consented legislation, the right to have restraints on the arbitrary exercise of political authority, and the right to have a trial by jury is what the colonists understood as the meaning of British liberty.

What ideas generated by the American Enlightenment and the Great Awakening prompted challenges to religious, social, and political authorities in the British colonies?

During the American Enlightenment, life was more explained by and centered around science, which contradicted the popular beliefs of the church and was seen as witchcraft. The validity of beliefs were now judged based on reason as opposed to superstition. The Enlightenment worried ministers, which started the Great Awakening, which re-established fundamentalist views all over the world. Religion became more of an emotional connection. Revivalists found salvation to be more important than profit and unintentionally brought about individuality and social change among colonists. -Revivalist preachers frequently criticized commercial society, insisting believers should make salvation, not profit Some ideas that generated during the Enlightenment was the fact that reason was more powerful over religion and the idea of Deism. During the Great Awakening, the fact that there was a lack of individual engagement in church services also led to a challenge with religious and political authorities in the British colonies.

What elements of Indian life does Neolin criticize most strongly?

Indians resisted to become slaves. Europeans overtook lakes, woods, and mountains were left to by Native Americans' ancestors. Europeans deprived bread, pork and beef from Native American. Native Americans suffered from Europeans. Also, forefathers were lost their customs and traditions. They did not how to use bows and arrows because they bought guns and knives from Europeans. Although Native Americans lost their cultures, their lives developed from Europeans. -The way he thought the tribe should turn from the English ways is to reject technology, rely more on natural resources instead of commercialized European goods and alcohol, stay in sync with ancestry by sticking to traditional clothing and see that the British leave their territory and allow some of the friendly French men remain

What was the impact of the Seven Year's War on imperial and Indian-white relations?

Indians saw the British victory as a threat to their own freedom. The treaty of paris left Indians more dependent than ever on the British and caused a period of confusion over land claims, fur traders and tribal relations. the Indians eventually made peace one by one over the next few years. *Indian-white = Loss of French presence --> Threat to Indian freedom; confusion of roles, land, trade, and tribal relations; revolt broke out in response *Imperial = British victory reshaped the world balance of powers

How did the Spanish and French empires in America develop in the 18th century?

Spain was alarmed at the arrival of Russian colonists in the northwest of America so they ordered for the colonization of California via Mission Frontiers (religious institutions and centers of government and labor. The French colonies in Canada had an expansion of economy. Their traders continued to push northward and southward. What really brought money and expansion to France were sugar plantations and farming .

How did the Great Awakening challenge the religious and social structure of British North America?

The Great Awakening challenged religious and social because it was attempting to use these things for profit. Ministers were claiming to be able to free people from sins if they donated enough money to the church; this caused the church to become very corrupt. The old light and new light created a gap between the English and the Americas.

We often consider the impact of the slave trade only on the U.S, but its impact extended much further. How did it affect west African nations and society, other regions of the New World, and the nations of Europe?

The salve trade heavily impacted the whole world and separated many families in the making. In West Africa families were torn apart and sold to all different parts of the world, it is devastating to be taken awayfrom your family and go work to death for the rest of their lives. Slaves in the new world and Europe impacted positively on the economy and the lives of the people who owned slaves. The slaves would cost money, make money, and could be sold again to produce money in the everlasting slave economy. The slaves made life for the slave owners substantially easier because they would do all of the hard work with no pay. Europeans banned slavery because they didn't need the labor as their populations were already high. Many Africans enslaved other Africans so some profited while others families were broken up. The south demanded more slaves because they were more agriculturally based and required more labor

How did the ideas of republicanism and liberalism differ in 18th century British North America?

• Republicanism: o Active participation in public life o Country Party held jurisdiction o Believed in slaves • Liberalism: o Government formed by mutual agreement among equals o Did not believe in having slaves