HIST 1302- Haney Test 4

8. Analyze how the passage of the law abolishing Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) -- commonly known as "welfare" -- reflects how President Clinton's values differed from those of his liberal Democratic predecessors.

AFDC, against big gov't, and traditional liberalism. Abolished Aid to Fam with Dependent Children. Made eligibility more strict. Welfare plummeted.

6. Identify the number of Americans killed in the Vietnam War, as well as the estimated number of Vietnamese.

About 58,000 Americans were killed. 3 to 4 million Vietnamese were killed.

4. Explain how the My Lai massacre and the publication of the Pentagon Papers affected public attitudes about the Vietnam War.

American soldiers massacred 350 South Vietnamese civilians. This turned many Americans further against the war. The Pentagon Papers traced American involvement in Vietnam back to WWII and how American presidents misled the American people about it.

6. Identify the key ways in which the sexual revolution that began in the 1960s began to affect marriage patterns, the birthrate, and divorce rates.

Americans became more accepting of premarital sex. The divorce rate doubled. The age at which men and women married increased. Women were having half as many children as in the 1950s.

3. Explain how rising oil prices contributed to the 1970s economic crisis of "stagflation," and identify stagflation's two main features.

Arab states imposed high prices on oil to America in order to retaliate for its support of Israel. It also enacted an oil embargo against the US. Stagnant economic growth and high inflation.

3. Describe how presidential candidate Richard Nixon exploited the mood of white "backlash" that had developed in response to the protests of the '60s and explain the meaning of his campaign message about the "silent majority."

Black militancy produced white backlash that sought conservativism. Silent majority were common, everyday Americans who believed the change had gone too far.

1. Describe the shift in goals that took place in the civil rights movement from the early 1960s to the middle of the decade and explain how large, deadly riots in major cities revealed why this shift was necessary.

Blacks still faced great economic inequality in the job market. Whites quickly abandoned their cause as they believed enough government intervention supported them, while blacks desired more government action to reverse to economic injustices they faced. Violent riots became frequent in black communities in cities and towns. Black unemployment was twice what it was for whites.

4. Characterize the view of the U.S. role in the post-Cold War world expressed by General Colin Powell, and contrast it with that of Dick Cheney.

Bush Administration sought to increase US power and its promotion of democracy. They proposed the world a dangerous environment with conflicts arising in unexpected places. The US should not be the endless policeman and avoid committing troops abroad without a clear view of its goals and whatnot. Cheney believed the US had the power to shape world and prevent hostile states from gaining power.

11. Describe the Carter Administration's response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and explain why that response had far-reaching consequences, including the rise of the Taliban.

Carter placed a boycott on grain exports to the Soviet Union and the Moscow Olympics. He increased American military spending. The US began to send aid to fundamentalist Muslims in Afghanistan to fight against the Soviets. This resulted in the Taliban, one of the factions, gaining control of Afghanistan. They were supplied militarily by the US. They eventually became our enemy.

7. Explain how the Three Mile Island incident influenced public attitudes about nuclear energy, and how this event complicated the nation's effort to use less imported oil.

Carter promoted alternative sources of energy during the oil crisis, embargo, whatnot. He sought to expand the use of nuclear energy. However, Three Mile Island's plant almost had a meltdown. It halted the industry's expansion.

6. Summarize the Carter Administration's economic policies, particularly its approaches to government spending and the regulation of business.

Carter viewed inflation, rather than unemployment, as the main economic issue. He cut funding for domestic programs and enacted deregulation in transport/shipping, such as trucking and airline. Carter implemented tax cuts for the wealthy in hopes they would stimulate investment in American industries. Congress also repealed usury laws.

5. Characterize Jimmy Carter as a presidential candidate, and explain why he was an appealing choice to voters in the aftermath of the Vietnam and Watergate crises.

Carter was a dark horse whose obscurity was used as an advantage, compared to the disasters of Vietnam and Watergate by well-known Nixon. Baptist, progressive, embraced civil rights, black goals.

8. Recount the events leading up to and including the overthrow of Chile's president, Salvador Allende on September 11, 1973, and assess the role of the Nixon Administration in these events.

Chile elected socialist Salvador Allende as president in 1970. The CIA worked with his opponents to destabilize his regime and overthrow his rule. On September 11, 1973, Allende was overthrown and killed in a military coup. General Augusto Pinochet took power as a brutal and cruel dictator. Nixon knew of the coup but did not warn Allende. Nixon's Administration backed Pinochet.

11. Explain how the Clinton Administration prioritized human rights, particularly in terms of the role of the U.S. military in protecting those rights.

Clinton administration sought more human rights as that became more popular with new agencies and organizations

6. Explain how the health-care policy initiative that First Lady Hillary Clinton spearheaded was supposed to address Americans' health-care needs, and describe the outcome of this plan.

Clinton sought to increase number of Americans who had access to health care. Clinton sought universal health care for Americans through large groupings of medical care businesses. Attacked by drug companies and doctors, ultimately failed.

11. Characterize American conservatives' views of race issues and government efforts to promote racial justice.

Conservatives believed that the gains made of civil rights activists were an overstepping of government power and on liberty. They were against Brown v. Board of Education and thought desegregation was a violation of states' rights. They believed whites to be superior.

6. Explain how the tax reductions supported by 1970s conservatives were supposed to affect business activity and government programs, and use California's Proposition 13 as an illustration.

Economic distress resulted in critique of government rather than seeking government support. Prop 13 provided tax cuts to businesses and home owners, while significantly reducing funds for schools and public libraries. They believed in limited government support of public programs and services and low taxes for families and firms.

2. Explain how reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Economic reform caused crisis. Political openness revealed ethnic tensions. Military leaders seized power but Boris Yeltsin organized Gorbachev's reinstatement. He resigned from the Communist Party and ended the Soviet Union.

9. Analyze the way in which environmentalism questioned the basic values of post-World War II America regarding consumerism, science, technology, and economic growth.

Environmentalism questioned consumerism, science, technology, and economic growth. It saw those American pillars as destructive to nature and the environment.

10. Describe what happened in the wake of the disintegration of the nation of Yugoslavia, and how the U.S. and NATO responded to the situation.

Ethnic cleansing in the nations formed from the former state of Yugoslavia. Protection of human rights resulted in US and NATO intervention. Brought US troops and bombed the shit out of it.

2. Identify some of the major ways in which American women lacked power and opportunity in everyday life in the decades after World War II.

Few women held political office, many held low wage jobs, and women were discouraged from attending college and university, through rigid quotas. Husbands controlled wives' earnings and decisions.

2. Explain what happened at Kent State University in 1970.

Four antiwar demonstrators were killed by the National Guard.

6. Characterize the cultural attitudes and forms of discrimination that gay Americans experienced in the decades after World War II and explain how the events at the Stonewall Bar (actually the Stonewall Inn) helped launch a new gay liberation movement.

Gay people were considered sinful and mentally ill. Homosexuality was illegal throughout the US, but several cities had active gay communities. McCarthyism promoted the idea that gays were communistic, weak, and unamerican. The Stonewall Inn was a reaction of gays against police harassment. They fought back and it ignited gay protests throughout the US.

7. Describe how the legal rights and identities of gay Americans changed during the 1970s.

Gays formed and joined movements and groups for their rights. They sought to elect homosexual officials and enact laws to decriminalize homosexual relations and discrimination. The APA removed homosexuality from the list of mental diseases.

13. Explain how new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev fundamentally altered his nation's priorities, and how he and Reagan de-escalated the tensions and perils of the Cold War.

Gorbachev attempted to make the soviet system less oppressive. He also followed more capitalist economic policies. Political openness and economic reform. Reduced country's military. Eliminated stockpile of nuclear weaponry.

14. Identify the Supreme Court's argument in Griswold v. Connecticut (1966), which overturned a state law banning contraceptives, and explain how this argument laid the foundation for Roe v. Wade (1973).

Griswold v. Connecticut overturned state laws prohibiting the use of contraceptives and guaranteed the right to privacy. The case linked privacy to marriage. This paved the way for Roe v. Wade.

5. Characterize presidential candidate Bill Clinton in terms of his mixture of liberal and conservative ideals.

He combined social liberalism, like support of abortion, gay rights, and affirmative action, with conservative fiscal policy, pledging to reduce government bureaucracy and end welfare.

8. Explain how President Carter's leadership on human rights marked a major shift away from the policies of previous presidential administrations of the Cold War era.

Human rights were a centerpiece to Carter's foreign policy. Carter cut off aid to brutal military dictatorship governing Argentina, which was previously supported by the US due to their "anti-communist" efforts.

1. Identify the key international events that took place in Eastern Europe and East Germany in 1989.

In 1989, pro-democracy demonstrations spread across eastern Europe. The Soviet Union would not intervene. The Berlin Wall was breached in November of that year. One by one, the region's communist governments agreed to give up power. In 1990 Germany unified and absorbed East Germany.

3. Summarize the main point about gender roles made by Betty Friedan in her book, The Feminine Mystique, and explain how the reaction of its readers showed the book's relevance to American women.

In her book, she discussed the emptiness of consumer culture and the middle class. She related the kitchen and home to a concentration camp or whatever. It struck a powerful chord with suburban women.

14. Identify Foner's key examples of how the economic changes of the 1980s "undermined the very values and institutions that conservatives held dear." (This material is located under the heading, "Reagan's Legacy.")

Intended to discourage reliance on gov't handouts by rewarding honest work and business initiative, Reagan's policies inspired a speculative frenzy that enriched architects of corporate takeovers and investors in the stock market while leaving in their wake plant closings, job losses, and devastated communities. Nothing proved more threatening to local traditions or family stability than deindustrialization., insecurity about employment, and relentless downward pressure on wages.

12. Describe the circumstances that led to the Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia (1967), and identify the Supreme Court's decision in the case.

Interracial married couple, married in a state cool with it. Moved to Virginia where they were arrested as it is against the law. Moved out. Moved back and sued. Supreme Court sided with them.

3. Explain why the United States launched the Gulf War in 1991, and how the technology utilized in this war made it very different from the Vietnam War experience.

Iraq invaded and annexed Kuwait. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait supplied US with a large amount of oil. Bush defended Kuwait. He built a coalition of many nations and sent troops and a naval armada to the region. Cruise missiles were used and aircraft carriers. It prevented an intense entanglement and allowed quick victory.

10. Explain how the revelations of the Cold War activities of the FBI and CIA that followed the Watergate scandal further deepened Americans' mistrust of their government.

It became publicly known that Nixon knew about the break ins. He had paid the burglars to remain silent and ordered the FBI to halt the investigation. Every administration took part in abusive actions of power beginning with the Cold War. The FBI had spied on millions of Americans and tried to disrupt the civil rights movement.

7. Assess the impact of the Vietnam War on Americans' confidence in their nation and its institutions.

It discredited the US in its intentions, especially in its foreign policy. It was a pointless war that led many dead with a number of atrocities. The American government lied to the people and misled them to believe it was a worthwhile fight. Americans became hesitant to intervene in future foreign affairs and governments.

4. Identify the key examples from this chapter's two concluding paragraphs of how the 1960s "transformed American life," but explain why the 1960s also became the source of blame for the nation's problems.

It produced new rights and understandings of freedom. It included minorities into American mainstream. It promoted women's rights.

2. Describe the conception of democracy that Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) promoted in its founding document, The Port Huron Statement.

It was an offshoot of the socialist League for Industrial Democracy. It was made up of roughly 60 college students. They issued the Port Huron Statement, which criticized political parties, corporations, unions, and the military-industrial complex. They sought a participatory democracy for the people.

8. Describe how the 1960s counterculture affected religious identity in the U.S., as exemplified by the "Jesus People" and the growing appeal of Buddhist and Hindu practices.

Jesus People viewed long hair and hippy attitudes as a proper extension of Jesus and whatnot. The Beat poets promoted Buddhist ideas and thought. Many adopted Hindu practices of yoga and meditation.

5. Describe the circumstances that led to the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, and explain how this resolution gave President Johnson a "blank check" to escalate U.S. military involvement in Vietnam.

Johnson sought to declare war on Vietnam to contain it, as Truman was severely criticized for not intervening in China's communist rebellion. Johnson sought a reason to intervene. When North Vietnamese patrol boats fired on a US spy boat, Johnson claimed it an act of aggression. This allowed an appropriate excuse for intervention. Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, granting the president a blank check for action on it.

1. Identify the key groups that voted for Ronald Reagan in 1980 (regionally, demographically, culturally).

Literally, the entire nation voted for Ronald McReagan. His campaign united Sunbelt suburbanites, urban working-class ethnics, antigovernment crusaders, advocates of more aggressive foreign policy, libertarians, and the Christian Right.

7. Characterize the behavior of the nation's financial sector during the 1980s (when "making deals, not making products" was the priority), and explain how the crisis in the savings and loan industry reflects it.

Loan and savings industries sought to make profits. They invested in risky ventures that resulted in heavy losses and a bailout of 250 billion dollars.

2. Describe how MLK's approach to social justice was changing as the 1960s wore on and explain why his tactics of "direct action" (marches, sit ins) failed to achieve the new results he was seeking.

MLK launched the Chicago Freedom movement with demands to end discrimination by employers and unions, equal access to mortgages, the integration of public housing, and the construction of low-income housing. The movement failed due to action by Chicago's mayor. King's action was ineffective against the North's entrenched racial inequality. He became more radical and wanted revolution.

12. Explain how MLK's march in Selma, Alabama provided the momentum for the passage of the Voting Rights Act.

MLK led a march in Selma seeking for mass voter registration of its black community, however was met with state and policy violence. This shed light on the injustice and inspired LBJ to pass a Voting Rights Act into Congress. Black southerners gained the right to vote once again and the poll tax was outlawed.

3. Characterize the ideas of Malcom X regarding black political power and economic opportunity and explain how his 1964 trip to Mecca changed his views.

Malcolm X promoted the idea that blacks must control the political and economic resources of their communities and rely on their own efforts rather than working with whites. He was a critic of integration and nonviolence. After his trip to Mecca, he became more interested in cooperation.

1. Characterize the "new economy" of the 1990s and the various roles that computers played in expanding that economy.

Microsoft and windows. Growth of computers spurred globalization. Information was more readily available and aided economic growth and knowledge.

13. Identify the key ways in which the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren increased Americans' protections under the Bill of Rights.

Miranda v. Arizona, which required the police to read an arrested person their rights. They can remain silent or whatever. Baker v. Carr established "one man, one vote." Principle that districts electing members of state legislatures must be equal in population. Engel v. Vitale decreed prayers in public schools violated First Amendment rights.

11. Describe the impact of Ralph Nader and his book Unsafe at Any Speed on auto safety and consumer protection.

Nader wrote about the dangers of automobiles and brought to attention the life-saving of a seatbelt. He inspired consumer protection laws and regulations.

8. Explain how many Native American leaders compared their people's situation to that of the emerging nations of the Third World, and summarize the overall goal of the Red Power movement.

Native Americans compared themselves to emerging nations because they sought both economic independence and self-determination to rule. They sought self-rule and economic reparations from treaties.

2. Explain who the neoconservatives were, and why they turned against the government programs and foreign policy priorities of the presidents of the 1960s and 1970s.

Neoconservatives were intellectuals who railed against the decline in moral standards and respect for authorities. They were against government assistance programs and against welfare for the poor. They thought it encouraged single motherhood and undermined work ethic. They were against high taxes and government and environmental regulations. They focused on the Cold War and thought communism was the greatest threat.

7. Summarize the goals of the congressional Republican "Contract with America, particularly in terms of how it sought to roll back the policies of liberal Democrats.

Newt Gingrich, Conservative congressman and speaker of the house, which promised to curtail the scope of government, cut back on taxes, economic and environmental regulations, overhaul the welfare system, and end affirmative action.

9. Characterize the view of the Cold War that President Nixon and his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, shared, and explain how this view led to Nixon's visit to China and the Soviet Union.

Nixon and Kissinger realized that China had different interests than that of the Soviet Union. Kissinger paved the way for Nixon to visit China. He did in 1972. He recognized communist China and granted them a spot on the UN Security Council, ousting the ousted Taiwanese government. Nixon also visited the Soviet Union shortly afterwards, meeting leader Leonid Brezhnev. They agreed to SALT, freezing each country's arsenal of intercontinental missiles.

2. Identify the key areas of American life in which President Nixon expanded the role of the federal government with new regulatory agencies.

Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and the National Transportation Safety Board. He expanded the food stamp program and indexed Social Security benefits to inflation. He helped enact the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Air Act.

1. Characterize President Richard M. Nixon in terms of whether he reflected the ideals of liberalism, of conservatism, some of each, or neither.

Nixon had both liberal and conservative values. Nixon focused mainly on foreign policy, as Democrats still dominated Congress and it would be difficult to pursue domestic policy as such. He accepted the terms of the Great Society.

5. Describe how Nixon secured a negotiated end to the Vietnam War in 1973, and explain how this settlement ensured that the North Vietnamese would eventually take over South Vietnam.

Nixon negotiated a settlement in Vietnam. American troops would withdraw. It left the governments of both North and South intact. American bombings ceased and the draft came to an end. The North controlled parts of South and eventually unified the country in 1975.

2. Explain how Nixon's decision to take the U.S. off of the gold standard was supposed to promote U.S. exports and reduce imports.

Nixon took the US dollar in order to make its value relative to that of other nation's currency. By lowering the dollar's value in terms of other nation's currency, it would promote exports by making American goods cheaper overseas and reduce imports since foreign products would be more expensive in the US>

8. Explain how Nixon's attitude toward his critics and opponents is revealed in his administration's "enemies list" and the Watergate break-in.

Nixon was paranoid. He viewed every critic and opponent as a threat to national security and developed an enemy list of reporters, politicians, and celebrities unfriendly to the administration. Five of Nixon's reelection committee broke into the Democratic Party headquarters, but were caught by police and arrested. Nixon was revealed to be involved and he resigned as a result.

8. Assess the degree to which Reagan accomplished the conservative agenda of cutting government social programs and promoting the "traditional family values" of the religious right.

Reagan administration sharply reduced funding for Great Society antipoverty programs, food stamps, scholl lunches, and federal financing of low income houses. Reagan didn't do much for Christian Right's cultural headway. Bowers v. Hardwick upheld constitutionality of illegal homos.

7. Characterize presidential candidate Ronald Reagan's campaign rhetoric on the issues of race and government programs to promote civil rights.

Reagan emphasized "state's rights" as a family-friendly term for hating blacks and civil rights laws. It meant opposition to federal government's influence on civil rights laws. Reagan lambasted welfare cheats, school busing, and affirmative action.

4. Explain how Reagan's response to the PATCO strike of air-traffic controllers changed relations between employers and labor unions.

Reagan fired all the air-traffic control strikers. The first time in a while where the president sided with the employers rather than the workers and unions. Employers began enacting anti-union acts and rules and regulations.

3. Describe the tax reforms that lay at the heart of "Reaganomics," and contrast this "supply-side" approach with the New Deal-style liberal economic policies.

Reagan persuaded Congress to reduce the top tax rate from 70 percent to 50 percent and to index tax brackets to take inflation into account. He also reduced taxes on the wealthy to 28 percent. New Deal liberals sought to use the government to bolster spending power of average Americans. Reagan supported supply-side economics, cutting taxes for wealthy and businesses. They would invest more in US industries and workers would work harder to keep their money.

11. Contrast the Reagan Administration's approach to human rights with that of President Carter, especially in its policies toward Latin American countries like Chile, El Salvador, and Guatemala.

Reagan rejected Carter's emphasis of human rights. It promoted alliances with dictatorships in Chile, El Salvador, and South Africa.

2. Explain how President Reagan's use of terms like "special interests" changed their meaning and allowed him to use them against his opponents.

Reagan used to term "special interests" to refer to minorities, unionists, and others hoping to use Washington's power to attack social inequalities.

6. Describe how the distribution of wealth changed in the U.S. during the 1980s, and explain why this change hit minority workers especially hard.

Reagan's policies, rising stock prices, and deindustrialization resulted in a rise in inequality. Wealthiest had a lot more wealth. Most spent their income not on productive investments and charity as supply-side economists had promised, but rather luxury goods. Middle class incomes stagnated. Poorest declined. Deindustrialization hurt minorities who had gained development work. Black middle class expanded due to previous civil rights. Blacks last hired and first fired.

5. Assess the impact of "Reaganomics" on unemployment and inflation (the basic components of "stagflation" described earlier in this chapter).

Reaganomics caused severe recession period. Inflation decreased from 13.5 percent to 3.5 percent. Unemployment increased as companies downsized their workforce, shift production overseas.

10. Identify the major forms of environmental damage that the 1960s environmental movement focused upon, and assess the movement's popularity with the American public and the U.S. government.

Real estate companies bulldozed forests for housing developments. Laundry detergent and other household supplies contained toxic chemicals that seeped into drinking water. DDT and other insecticides were common products that also contained many toxic chemicals. Oil spills were an issue and brought to public light. Nixon enacted laws like the Clean Water and Air Act and the Endangered Species Act that were environmentalist wins. 20 million people participated in environmentalist rallies.

9. Characterize the Reagan Administration's approach to the Cold War, and contrast it with those of his predecessors (Nixon, Ford, Carter).

Reignited hatred of Soviets and builtup US military. Supported SDI for space weaponry. He put short range nuclear weapons in NATO European countries to counter Soviets. Previous presidents attempted to get warmer relations with Soviets and keep it chill. Reagan sent troops to Granada, Leabnon. Reagan relied on military aid rather than American troops to pursue his foreign policy objectives.

9. Recount the key events that unfolded after the Watergate burglary, and explain why the investigation into it ultimately led to Nixon's resignation from the presidency.

Reporters investigated the Watergate break in and determined the White House was involved. Congressional hearings followed that revealed wiretappings, break ins, and attempts at sabotage. Nixon had made recordings of conversations with Archibald Cox. The SC demanded Nixon provide the tapes.

9. Contrast President Carter's perspective regarding the Cold War with that of previous presidents, and explain how his new outlook shaped his policies toward Latin American countries like Argentina, Panama, and El Salvador.

See above. Previous presidents supported brutal dictatorships if they were pro-American and/or anti-communist. Carter turned on this view of the world in the name of human rights and supported countries that supported their peoples. He brokered peace between Egypt and Israel. He gave Panama rights to canal. Suspended military aid to El Salvador.

1. Explain how the 1960s counterculture and its conception of personal freedom promoted a "sexual revolution" in the U.S.

Separation of sex and procreation was promoted by these freeeaaaakkkssss. They believed in free love. Sex was increasingly prevalent in their art and culture.

4. Describe the effect that stagflation and "deindustrialization" had on the nation's industrial centers, like Detroit and Chicago.

Stagflation and deindustrialization caused manufacturers to rely on automation and cheaper labor, both in the US and overseas. This resulted in the older manufacturing cities like Detroit and Chicago to shut down their plants or radically reduce their labor.

2. Characterize the global turmoil of the year 1968, particularly as it unfolded in Paris, Czechoslovakia, and Mexico City.

Student riots in Paris. Anticommunist protests in Czechoslovakia. People killed by police in Mexico City during Olympics.

1. Summarize the events associated with the Tet Offensive, and describe the impact the offensive had on the Johnson Administration's war effort in Vietnam.

Tet Offensive was North Vietnam leading riots and revolts in South Vietnam cities. America surprised by attack. The intensity of the fighting was broadcast nationally. It drove public opinion against the war. Johnson lost popularity and denied further shipping of troops to nam.

4. Summarize the approach of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Warren Burger toward civil rights, and use the busing controversy to illustrate the challenges in desegregating America's schools.

The Burger Court was expected to be antithetical to the Warren Court, but he fell in line with a similar intent for the Supreme Court. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education was a case in which the justices approved a lower court's plan that required the extensive transportation of students to achieve school integration. Many parents kept children in neighborhoods, but sought to move their kids too private institutions or moved to keep them from integrating. They soon redacted on this idea of integration and upheld several cases against integration.

4. Describe what the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) proposed to accomplish, and explain how its opponents argued successfully against it.

The ERA sought o eliminate obstacles to women participating in the workforce and modern society. Its opponents wanted traditional roles for women as wives and homemakers. They argued that this would let men off the hook for providing assistance to their wives and children. Amendment failed to achieve ratification due to conservatives.

14. Explain how the 1960s conditions of economic prosperity shaped the priorities of President Johnson's Great Society.

The Great Society expanded the provisions of the New Deal, providing health services to the poor and elderly in the new Medicaid and Medicare programs. It provided funds to education and urban development. New offices were created such as the Departments of Transportation and of Housing and Urban Development and new agencies such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the National Endowments for the Humanities and for the Arts, and a national public broadcasting network. It was response to the prosperity of the mid-1960s' rapid economic expansion.

13. Explain how US immigration policy changed fundamentally during the 1960s and describe the unexpected results of that policy change.

The Hart-Cellar Act abandoned the national-origins quota system of immigration, which had excluded Asians and severely restricted southern and eastern Europeans. The law established new, racially neutral criteria for immigration, notably family reunification and possession of skills in demand of the US. The law established a limit of 120,000 immigrants from the Western Hemisphere, to stop the immigration of Mexicans. The law resulted in a large uptick in immigration to the US. Immigration shifted from Europe to Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia.

15. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the John Administration's War on Poverty.

The Johnson Administration attributed poverty to lack of skills and ambition and work habits. It did not guarantee Americans a basic income or create jobs for the unemployed., it didn't promote unionization or discourage outsourcing. Food stamps was one of the most successful aspects of the war on povpov. The Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a series of initiatives designed to lift the poor. It started Head Start, job training, legal services, and scholarships for poor college students.

1. Characterize the outlook of the New Left movement of the 1960s, particularly its view of the new social and psychological problems that an age of affluence had produced.

The New Left rejected the intellectual and political categories that shaped radicalism and liberalism. It challenged mainstream America and the old liberalism. New Left spoke of loneliness, isolation, and powerlessness. They strived for authenticity. They were against conformism and consumerism.

3. Explain how the Nixon Administration's Philadelphia Plan addressed race and civil rights issues, and why it failed.

The Philadelphia Plan required that construction contractors on federal projects hire specific numbers of minority workers. The Nixon Administration hoped to hire more black workers and weaken trade unions. He ended up redacting the Philadelphia Plan for voluntary hire of minority workers.

4. Assess how well the United States government understood Vietnam as it began to wage war there and explain how the U.S. view of communism blinded Americans to the cultural and historical complexity of the situation there.

The US government was completely ignorant about the historical facts and political climate of Vietnam. Many people were unaware of its history and culture. They only saw it through the lens of the Cold War. As it had a popular communist movement in the North, many sought to contain the communist influence. They feared a further spread and a puppet of China and the USSR.

1. Explain how the United States' effort to promote its Cold War allies' economic development ended up hurting U.S. manufacturing.

The US promoted industrial reconstruction of Japan and Germany and South Korea and Taiwan became industrial centers. American companies began investing in overseas plants and other nation's industries. Outsourcing became popular. Other countries set up protective measures for their nation's industries, like tariffs and import quotas and things along those lines.

3. Characterize how students who participated in the Free Speech Movement at the University of California at Berkeley felt about their school's policies and priorities.

The University of California at Berkeley created a new policy that banned students from distributing political pamphlets in the quad. This mobilized students to protest the policy and be more active in future protests.

9. Contrast the conception of freedom promoted by Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) with the more expansive conception shared by 1960s liberals and civil rights activists.

The YAF believed the free market underpinned "personal freedom," government must be strictly limited, and communism is the gravest threat to liberty. They believed in repealing the New Deal.

5. Explain how the Burger Supreme Court ruled on affirmative action in the case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978).

The case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke rejected the use of affirmative action quota systems in admissions programs in universities.

1. Define the 1970s conservative movement's conception of freedom, and contrast it with that of the liberalism and social activism of the 1960s.

The conservative movement approved the freedom from government intervention, freedom of association, and freedom of local control. Conservatives used grass roots organization and tools to promote their candidates and ideals.

6. Explain how the antiwar movement objected to the Vietnam War as a terrible misuse of the nation's resources and as an undemocratic action by the U.S. government.

The draft for the Vietnam War called working class and poor men into military combat. Opponents viewed this as a waste of men and resources. Opponents viewed it as an undemocratic action as many decisions were made secretly and without public knowledge or debate.

5. Identify the religious origins of the movement to end abortion, and explain how the phrases "the right to choose" and "the right to life" reflect the influence of the 1960s.

The movement to reverse Roe v. Wade began with the Roman Catholic church. The language of rights was utilized by both sides. "Right to choose" emphasized women's rights. "Right to life" emphasized rights of the fetus.

10. Explain why Orange County, California was a major source of support for Barry Goldwater and his conservative message.

The residents of this place came from the East and Midwest and worked in defense. They were very conservative.

3. Describe how the religious right responded to the social and cultural changes of the 1960s and 1970s, and explain the role that television played in mobilizing its movement.

The rise of the religious right was a response to the civil rights, sexual freedoms, and change in traditional gender roles of the 1960s. They were against the SC decision of porn is okay, removing prayer from school, and abortion. They utilized television to spread their messages and beliefs. Jerry Falwell.

10. Summarize the causes and goals of the Iranian revolution, and explain why it became a large political crisis for the United States.

The shah who ruled Iran was a dictator as well. Carter and America supported him for oil. Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the shah and established an Islamic republic. Carter granted the shah asylum to receive medical treatment. Iranians seized the American embassy and held the ambassadors captive.

4. Describe how the concept of "Black Power" changed the civil rights movement as well as the African-American culture and identity.

The term Black Power was created by Stokely Carmichael. Black Power promoted a variety of ideas from the election of more black officials to black revolution against the US. The term "negro" was replaced with "African-American." The promotion of African culture in style of dress and hairdo was promoted among blacks.

7. Describe how the Latino activists César Chavez and the Young Lords addressed economic and cultural discrimination against their communities.

They promoted boycotts, strikes, marches, and fasts against the treatment of migrant workers. They sought better economic opportunity, as they faced great discrimination. Puerto Ricans in NY had less public services directed to their neighborhoods.

7. Characterize the values and behavior of young Americans who participated in the 1960s counterculture, and explain how the counterculture reflected the consumer-oriented culture of mainstream America.

They rejected the culturally values of their elders. They viewed freedom as the individual right to choose. They were marketed colorful clothing, rock music, rebellious imagery, etc. They promoted self-indulgence and self-destruction. They were against bureaucratized education and for personal liberation and freedom.

9. Explain how President Clinton's strategy of "triangulation" was designed to deflect Republican attacks on Democrats and their priorities.

Triangulation was the strategy of embracing popular moderate Republican policies that caused his opponents to take extremist stances on the same policy.

3. Characterize the morale of U.S. troops in Vietnam by the end of the 1960s, and identify examples of how soldiers had begun to express their discontent.

Troop morale had plummeted. The army was mainly working-class whites and members of racial minorities. Soldiers took drugs, wore peace and black-power symbols, refused orders, and assaulted officers. Many deserted the army and held antiwar demonstrations.

12. Summarize the Iran-Contra Affair, and assess its consequences for Reagan's staff and for Reagan himself.

US banned aid to the Contras fighting Sandinista government of Nicaragua. Regan authorized sale of arms to Iran, fighting in Iraq, to secure release of American hostages. Set up system that diverted some of the proceeds to buy military supplies for the Contas in defiance of the congressional ban. It lasted for two years. Several were convicted of perjury or destroying documents and pleaded guilty before trial.

1. Describe Nixon's Vietnamization strategy, explain how it came to include an invasion of Cambodia, and describe the subsequent fate of that nation.

Vietnamization meant the withdrawal of American troops, while South Vietnamese soldiers did the bulk of the fighting, with American bombing assistance. Vietnamization did not really stop anything. Nixon invaded Cambodia to cut North Vietnamese supply lines that went through the country. It destabilized the country and led to Khmer Rouge taking control and murdering millions.

4. Describe how the young women who participated in the civil rights movement and other '60s causes were discriminated against by the men in these movements, and how their "consciousness-raising" sessions brought them together in a new "women's liberation" movement.

Women were often given menial tasks in their involvement in civil rights movements and groups. They often faced sexual harassment or other things. Women held meetings to discuss their discontent and actions they would take.

5. Explain how the women's liberation movement expanded the American idea of freedom into new and more intimately personal areas of life and explain how the movement's goal of reproductive choice reflects this idea of freedom.

Women's liberation promoted the idea that freedom should include people's private and sex lives. Sexual relations, conditions of marriage, and standards of beauty were political questions. They fought for the repeal of laws banning abortions. Women believed they should be able to control their own body and reproduction and emphasized sexual freedom.

10. Describe how Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative and nuclear weapons policies intensified the Cold War.

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