Hist 2610 unt chapter 10

In addition to the growth of coastal cities, where did boomtowns emerge in the early to mid-nineteenth century?

Along inland waterways

What distinguished the textile factories of Lowell, Massachusetts, founded by the Boston Associates in the 1820s?

Every step of their production was mechanized. In the experiment at Waltham, the Lowell mills ran on the principle of having every production step mechanized to achieve efficiency.

How did craft work change over the course of the nineteenth century?

Fewer skilled craftsmen were required to complete the work. Over time, craft work was deskilled; that is, production employed more machines and used techniques in which workers repeated the same task over and over again. Knowledge of the entire production process was no longer needed.

Why did the followers of William Lloyd Garrison reject the Liberty Party?

Garrison believed that participating in electoral politics acknowledged the legitimacy of a government that supported slavery. Garrison argued that because the federal government recognized slavery in matters such as the three-fifths compromise and allowed slavery in the territories, it was fatally flawed. No participation was moral as a result.

Why did local authorities arrest Joseph Smith in the city of Nauvoo, Illinois, in the mid-1830s?

He claimed to have received revelations that sanctioned polygamy. After Smith, founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, claimed to have received revelations that sanctioned polygamy, local authorities arrested him and his brother, and a mob lynched them.

Why was Henry David Thoreau imprisoned for a night in 1846?

He had refused to pay taxes in protest against slavery and the Mexican-American War. Thoreau was imprisoned overnight for refusing to pay taxes as a protest against slavery and the Mexican-American War.

Where did the revivals that were part of the Second Great Awakening begin in 1801?

In Cane Ridge, Kentucky The second wave of religious revivals began in Cane Ridge, Kentucky, in 1801, took root across the South, and then spread northward.

Writing in the 1830s, transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson believed that the hope of moral perfection could be achieved in which place?

In nature Emerson believed that the natural world offered the hope that moral perfection could be achieved despite the corruptions of civil society and man-made governments.

Why did workingwomen in textile factories ultimately abandon the fight for the ten-hour day in the 1840s?

Irish immigrants flooded the labor market and agreed to low pay and long hours.

Which of the following best describes the cult of domesticity that emerged in the new American middle class from the 1820s on?

It restricted women to the home and to social and charitable responsibilities. The cult of domesticity restricted wives to home and hearth, but it also cemented women's roles as social liaisons and agents of charity.

Why did the Oneida community of central New York provoke public outrage in the 1840s?

Its beliefs regarding marriage and childrearing John Humphrey Noyes, who founded the Oneida community, advocated sexual freedom and developed a plan for "complex marriage," in which women were liberated from male domination and constant childbearing. Divorce and remarriage were permitted, children were raised communally, and a form of birth control was instituted. These practices provoked public outrage.

Which of the following was a character who appeared in early-nineteenth-century minstrel shows to mock African Americans?

Jim Crow

During the Second Great Awakening, workingmen and -women were mostly drawn to the preaching of which Christian denomination?

Baptist

Which of the following were part of the planned community of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s?

Boardinghouses

What did the artists of the Hudson River School have in common with the writer Ralph Waldo Emerson?

Both emphasized the power of nature in their work Transcendentalist writer Emerson developed the idea of a Universal Being who was revealed in nature, while the Hudson River School artists, such as Thomas Cole, also stressed the grandeur of the natural world in their paintings of landscapes, mountains, waterfalls, and vistas.

How did middle-class men contribute to the consumer economy in the first half of the nineteenth century in the United States?

By making investments in commercial ventures Middle-class men invested in industrial and commercial ventures that helped develop the consumer economy.

How did reformers first attempt to eradicate prostitution in the 1830s and 1840s?

By praying in front of a brothel Reformers used a variety of tactics to support a cause, and in the case of moral reform began by praying in front of urban brothels and attempting to rescue women they considered to be fallen.

How did the new type of cheap tabloid newspapers in the United States woo readers in the 1840s?

By publishing sensational stories of sex and crime Improvements in printing created vastly more and cheaper newspapers, and these tabloids wooed readers by publishing sensational stories of crime, sex, and scandal.

Why were unmarried and recently married young people particularly drawn to cities in the 1840s and 1850s?

City life offered jobs and excitement. The growing cities provided economic opportunity and also offered the lure of entertainments such as the theater and museums.

In addition to mocking self-important capitalists, what was a standard feature of the popular minstrel shows of the 1820s?

Crude caricatures of African Americans In minstrel shows, white men like Thomas Rice blacked their face with burnt cork and offered crude African American caricatures in song-and-dance routines.

Why did urban violence in the United States increase in the 1840s?

Economic competition for scarce resources increased urban violence. Violence in American cities increased as economic competition intensified in the 1840s. Native-born white workers and employers pushed Irish immigrants to the bottom of the economic ladder, where they competed with African Americans.

How did Northerners react to the growth of the abolition movement in the 1830s?

Manufacturers generally disapproved, since an end to slavery would disrupt the trade in southern exports.

What effect did the development of new technology in the 1830s and 1840s have on factory workers?

New technology displaced workers in some industries but created new industries and new jobs for others. Technological innovation in response to the panic of 1837 harmed workers in some industries but created new opportunities in others. New machines, for example, required engineers to design them and mechanics to build and repair them.

What drove immigration to the United States from Germany and Scandinavia in the 1840s and 1850s?

Repressive landlords Economic exploitation and lack of economic opportunities due to oppressive landlords drove many Scandinavians and Germans to leave for the United States.

Why did news travel more quickly in the United States in the 1840s?

Telegraph lines allowed for far quicker information transfers. After Congress funded the first telegraph line, connecting Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, information began to flow more quickly than before.

Why did 300 abolitionists walk out of a meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society (AAAS) in 1839?

The AASS allowed women to attend closed meetings with men. At the AASS annual convention in May 1839, debates erupted over the propriety of women participating "in closed meetings with men." Of the 1,000 abolitionists in attendance, some 300 walked out in protest. They eventually formed a separate antislavery society that excluded women from public lecturing and offices.

Why did the residents of Rochester feel increasingly concerned about their town in the late 1820s?

The boomtown growth raised fears about the rising tide of sin. In the late 1820s, boomtown growth in Rochester and other localities in western New York along the Erie Canal aroused deep concerns about the growing tide of sin.

Which of the following is true about the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in the 1830s and 1840s?

The church was guided by The Book of Mormon as well as the Bible. Joseph Smith, founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, claimed that he began to receive visions from God at age fifteen, and was directed to dig up gold plates inscribed with instructions for redeeming the Lost Tribes of Israel. The Book of Mormon (1830), based on these inscriptions, served, along with the Bible, as the scriptural foundation of the church.

What made women's organizing efforts in factories at least temporarily impossible in the 1830s?

The panic of 1837 The panic of 1837 and widespread fear of job loss doomed organizing activities until the economy could recover.

How did housework change for American middle-class women after the 1820s?

Their work became less visible. Housework became more invisible as it focused inward toward the family rather than toward shared production of goods for the market economy.

What did Irish immigrants and free black workers have in common in nineteenth-century cities?

They competed for jobs at the bottom of the economic ladder.

How did more affluent residents of American urban centers distance themselves from the poor crowds of inner cities after the 1830s?

They moved away from city centers. Innovations in transportation in the 1830s made it possible for more affluent residents to distance themselves from crowded inner cities. The first horse-drawn streetcar line in New York City in 1832, for example, allowed wealthy families to move away from the urban center.

Why did some activists in the United States withdraw into self-contained communities in the 1830s and 1840s?

They wanted to serve as models of real social change for other groups. Activists who withdrew into self-contained communities hoped they would serve as models for other groups. The architects of these utopian societies often turned to European intellectuals and reformers for inspiration as well as to American religious and republican ideals.

What distinguished products—like shoes—made in factories after the 1820s from those made in the old craft tradition?

They were cheaper. Factory-made goods were cheaper than handcrafted goods.

Why was Ohio home to so many antislavery groups in the 1830s?

Western states such as Ohio were home to intense debate over the future of slavery. With the status of slavery in the west an open question, Ohio alone featured more antislavery groups than any other state.

How did the growing cohort of salaried clerks and managers of the 1820s and after hope to achieve upward mobility?

With hard work The growing cohort of salaried clerks and managers at the lower rungs of the middle class hoped that hard work, honesty, and thrift would lead to upward mobility

The image from Godey's Lady's Book illustrates new ideals of being a middle-class woman in the nineteenth century in that it shows women

acting as consumers. The picture idealizes shopping for shoes as a delightful experience—even the little girl in the front enjoys trying on new shoes. Being a consumer was increasingly seen as essential to a middle-class lifestyle in the nineteenth century.

Jews in the United States of the 1830s and 1840s were frequently seen by other Americans as

manipulative moneylenders. Jews had traditionally pursued commercial ventures because of their exclusion from the crafts and professions in Europe. But even in the United States, these successful businessmen were not highly regarded because of their success but, rather, were portrayed negatively.

The efforts of moral reformers against prostitution in the 1840s included

petitions for harsh punishments of men.

To convince New England farm parents to let their daughters work at the Lowell factories, recruiting agents had to

promise tight oversight over the daughters. Agents had to reassure parents that their daughters would be watched by managers and foremen as well as landladies in boardinghouses