HIST1110 - Final Exam

Servant & Slave Runaway Ads from the 1750s

Advertisements were placed by masters whose slaves had runaway

Henry Dawkins, The Paxton Expedition, 1764

After murdering the contestoga indians in lancaster, the paxton boys threatened to march on philadelphia and kill any indians they found there Depicts the general confusion that the paxton boys caused in philadelphia where all local elites scrambled to raise a force to defend the city

Covenant chain

Alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York An ongoing set of councils and treaties between the english colonies and the iroquois Established Iroquois dominance over all other tribes Put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies

Francis Bernard & John Adams

Agree on the necessity of an aristocratic upper house of legislature

Maryland & South Carolina Merchants Agree to Non-Importation 1769

Agreement where residents boycott all goods imported from england → in protest against british policies, residents agreed to produce their own manufactured goods or purchase american made goods

George Fox 1624-1691

Attracts people to become quakers Brought against local magistry on charges of blasphemy Published a sermon that spread throughout the atlantic world to quakers

Boston Gazette [reporting the Boston Massacre], March 12, 1770 London Chronicle [reporting the Boston Massacre], April 26-28, 1770

Colonist persepctive of the attack, recounting the british soldiers as unfair and violent vs. Describes it as an effort by the colonists to remove soldiers from the town

Boston Weekly Newsletter, July 23 1772 (on somerset)

Colonists paid some attention to this case People know about Somerset, but it is not that explosive in 1772

Joseph plumb martin

Connecticut soldier in the Continental Army who kept detailed diary of his experience during the war

After the albany congress

Covenant chain renewed without long-term resolution, not very successful to natives Important theme: colonies and individual states like to keep a lot of power to themselves Doesn't particularly go anywhere

The Continental Association, October 20, 1774

Created by the first continental congress as a plan to resist the coercive acts, nonimportation acts Telling colonies to set up their own local governments → beginning of a sense of operating quasi-independent governments

"Crispus Attucks, the First Martyr of the American Revolution" March 5, 1770

Crispus attucks: a sailor of mixed african and indigenous ancestry, died in boston after british soldiers fired two musket balls into his chest The first american colonist casualty of the american revolution

Henry Laurens to Alexander Hamilton, April 1785

Describing his effort to prohibit slavery and speak about the injustice of it Telling Hamilton that he gives up

How less powerful nations felt towards the Iroquois

Did not feel positively towards them

Canassateego's speech

Emphasizes importance of the covenant chain Feel that William Penn and quakers treat them somewhat more fairly than the other colonists

Ron Chernow, "The Castaways," Alexander Hamilton (2004)

Hamilton from nevis in the british west indies, a natural fortress for the british Sudden popularity of sugar → slavery proved indispensable Early exposure to the humanity of slaves may have had a lasting impression on Hamilton After his cousin's death, hamilton began to clerk for the mercantile house of beekman and cruger

Dynamics at the time of 1663

Iroquois are the most powerful in the nation English and the french are in a recurrent struggle for control of land and trade resources Western PA where struggle among french, english, iroquois is particularly tense English settlers want access to native land, and groups like Iroquois are feeling pressure to negotiate

Treaty of lancaster 1744

Iroquois gave up rights to trade at the forks of the Ohio Affirmed the covenant chain Iroquois signed away land in VA that wasn't really theirs

William Knox's Proslavery Treatise 1768

Knox believed that firm authority would reform troublesome colonists just as firm mastery would enlighten African slaves If the slave trade is not a violation of divine laws, it is proper to encourage colonies to give their slaves instruction

Canassateego's speech background

Lenape killed 3 English traitors Felt Virginia and Maryland settlers had been encroaching on territory they claimed as their own

John Dickinson

Letters from a farmer Says townsend acts were just as bad as the stamp act Thinks the colonists are not reacting angrily enough to the townsend acts

December 1763 Massacre of Susquehannock, depicted in 1841 Lithograph

Litograph of the paxton boys' massacre of the indians at lancaster, PA Paxton boys uprising: attack in 1763 PA upon an indian settlement during the pontiac indian uprising

Extent to which native americans produced for the triangular trade

Main commodity that native americans put into this market is deer (leather) & fur

Lord Mansfield

Most important judge within the English empire Intent on letting colonists know it was the metropole that called the legal shots of the empire, had control over colonies

West Indies

Most settlers lived in Barbados, initially raising livestock and growing tobacco Many workers in Barbados are indentured servants Growth in slave population came from the constant buying of more people from Africa

Expanding importance of commerce during the 1800s

Navigation acts created a sheltered environment where british colonists traded with each other American colonies found strong trading partners within the british carribeans Caribbean sugar is the most lucrative cash crop

Four colonial newspaper articles on the Stamp Act (spring and summer of 1765)

Newspapers protested the stamp act Called for colonists to protest the act

Hamilton's background in the thick of english commerce

Part of the triangular trade right in hamilton's home Grandparents ran a small plantation in this market James hamilton came to the west indies to try to make it as a merchant

The British Treasury Attempts to Reform the Customs Service (1763)

Requiring that customs commissioners were to live in north america Effort to bring order to the chaos of the customs service Raising taxes for the debt that accumulated from the war

Lord North, Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1770-1772

Responded to boycotts to Townsend duties by acting parliament to repeal all the Townsend duties except for the one on tea Mistaken about how the Tea Act would play out in the colonies

Fort Necessity

A flimsy built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender

Stono rebellion

A literate slave led an uprising of 22 African Americans near the stono river, marched with a banner reading "liberty not freedom"

Somerset v. Stewart 1772

A seminal king's bench case on slavery decided by Lord Justice Mansfield in 1772 Mansfield's decision: slavery is an institution so "odious" and so contrary to natural law that it could exist only by statute; unless a law established slave relation, slavery had to be assumed not to exist positive law precedent; relatively narrow anti-slavery decision pivotal moment in the fight to abolish Slavery in britain Somerset's counsel exclaim England's air was too pure for a slave to breathe

Townsend acts 1767

A series of measures introduced into the English Parliament imposed duties on glass, lead, paints, paper and tea New york restraining act 1767 The revenue act 1767 The indemnity act 1767 The commissioners of customs act 1767 The vice admiralty court act 1768

The triangular trade

A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa Facilitated by the metropole, aimed to regulate all this commerce England's navigation act to control shipping to its colonies, to control colonists from shipping on dutch ships Tightly controlled political econonmy

Lt governor of VA, Robert Dinwiddie

Told to erect forts to protect claims, asked house of burgesses to raise money for militia

Effects of a world full of explosive production & consumption

Transformed the material culture of the well-to-do but also of the average folk Revolution in most households was marked by tea as a luxury item

Marquis Duquesne

Unsuccessfully tried to persuade the Iroquois to break their ties to Britain Sent by french to command forces in north america

Phillis Wheatley, "To the Right Honourable William, Earl of Dartmouth" 1772

Uses the poem as a platform to express her hopefulness in the earl's ability to promote the freedom not only of the colonists, but of African American patriots in their struggle Compares the colonies' relationship with England to a slave's relationship with a slave holder

George Washington Scorns Proclamation Line (1767)

Washington opposed britain's desire to restrict growth Washington's believes westward expansion was inevitable, and the proclamation line was only a temporary measure to calm native americans in the wake of french removal Letter: asking for more tracts of land and to push the border further west

George Washington Recalls His Defeats at Fort Duquesne, 1754-1755 (1786)

Washington succeeds in bringing survivors back

John Dickinson, Letters from a Famer 1767, Letter 1

colonies were sovereign to regulate their own internal measures (aka raising revenue) Townshend acts are illegal because they are taxing to raise revenue, which is a power held only by the colonial assemblies

Colonists' sentiments around the stamp act time

colonists are not yet thinking about freedom from the British but are not happy about the way things are going range of how upset they are and a range to how far they want to resist

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies Goal to consider and present a united representation to the king Final draft → all colonies owe due subordination to Great Britain

emerging conflicts after the war

english settlers who used to need native allies are finding themselves more and more uninterested in maintaining diplomatic relations and begin to see them as the enemy paxton boys attack on a peaceful settlement Conflict beginning bewteen elite, more educated city folk (like ben franklin) and backcountry farmers in PA

Elizabeth Freeman (Mum Bett)

enslaved African American who sued for and won her freedom in MA court

Benjamin Lay

firece abolitionist, Quaker Believes slavery is very evil Would make public statements about how slavery is immoral Ideas of bejamin lay begin to move into the mainstream during the 1700s

Patrick Henry, Virginia Resolves (1765)

five resolutions against the stamp act and introduced them to the house of burgesses Acted as an inspiration for a more unified stamp act congress and sparked the realization that there could be unity among the colonies in America

Iroquois perspective of french vs. british

having the french defeat the british is good because it allows them to keep control over their own land

Slavery's role in Hamilton's America

important to the economy & labor system

Proclamation of 1763

law forbidding English colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains --> lands acquired from the French after the French and Indian war Indian territories west of the proclamation line are under authority of the british military

James Otis Jr.

one of the Boston "Loyal Nine", Sons of Liberty, resisting the empire Not a radical

Declaratory act 1766

parliament has authority to pass laws binding on colonies

Mohawk Leader Joseph Brant

part of the iroquois confederacy

Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union (1754)

plan to place the british north american colonies under a more centralized government to secure the support and cooperation of the iroquois in fighting the french & to form a colonial alliance based on a design by benjamin franklin

Pontiac's Speech to an Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Huron Audience in May 1763

pontiac, an ottawa war leader, began spreading the message of the delaware (loup) prophet Neolin who advocated for a new interpretation of Indian-European relations

John Adams & Boston massacre trial

represents british soldiers when on trial for murder Believes in the right to council

Francis Bernard

royal governor of MA, representing the empire 1760-90 Proposes all colonies have royal governments → wanted uniformity among colonists Thinks the colonists should have representation in parliament

Day-to-day ways to rebel against slavery

running away Work as slaves all day then stay up to earn money to buy their freedom On occasion, owners would free a "loyal" slave on their deathbed, but only works with a sympathetic lawyer if the executors of the will do not follow

Theodore Sedgwick

4th speaker of the house of representatives, federalist As a lawyer, helps Elizabeth Freeman in her pursuit of freedom

Early modern english trade

Began to grow when England began its formal involvement in the transatlantic slave trade Initially, Queen Elizabeth found the capturing of slaves against their will detestable, but after seeing Hawkins' huge profit she lends royal ships

Olaudah Equiano Describes the Middle Passage, 1789

Born in what is now Nigeria, and kidnapped and sold into slavery while a child → taken as a slave to the New world Eventually earned the price of his own freedom by careful trading and saving describes experiences on board a slave ship in the "Middle Passage" or the journey between Africa and the New World

Phillis Wheatley

Bostonian enslaved woman whose masters educated her her poems are potent & political in trying to convince the Earl of Dartmouth to see her perspective on slavery

Boston Massacre March 5 1777

Boycotts bring economic difficulty and tensions Group of workingclass men get into it with british soldiers British soldiers fight back and kill 5 men, including Crispus Atticus A cross-class moment, people across classes within the patriots are uniting against what they see as british oppression

Sir william johnson

British superintendent of indian affairs for the northern colonies Strong diplomatic relations with the iroquois → extremely useful during the war Begins to centralize relations Recruits more iroquois warriors to the english

Stamp Act Congress Resolutions (1765)

Call for a meeting of all the colonies to present a united front → congress in NY with delegates from 9 colonies Issued the firm but calmly worded declaration of rights and grievances that promised loyalty to the king Insisted taxation without consent broke fundamental english rights Condemned the extension of admiralty cout jurisdiction as subversive of colonial liberties

Haudenosaunee/Six Nations Diplomat Canassatego Speaks at the Treaty of Lancaster (1744)

Canassatego offers an indian interpretation of native-white relations Cannassatego concerned that british colonies lacked a coordinated policy to deal with military threat coming from france

Granville Sharp

English abolitionist Wrote an antislavery tract → catches the attention of an abolitionist in Philadelphia (Benezet)

1664 second anglo-dutch war

English captured new ampsterdam and renamed NY

Transatlantic slave trade & its beginnings in the 1500s

Existed as a tributary mechanism (paying tribute in the form of slaves), a household form of labor European arrival transformed nature and volume, turning it into a global market in human commodity with devastating consequences

British Minister Justifies Customs Reform (1765)

Felt justified in charging taxes because the colonies received the help and benefits of the british troops during the war and thus needed to help pay for that expense

Ron Chernow, "Hurricane," Alexander Hamilton (2004)

First job afforded hamilton valuable insights into global commerce and maneuvers of imperial powers Hamilton's letter to his father about the hurricane was later published in the royal danish american gazette --> generated a sensation → a subscription fund was taken up by local businessmen to send hamilton to north america for education

(First) Treaty of Fort Stanwix between Haudenosaunee/Six Nations and British (1768)

First major treaty to be negotiated according to the royal proclamation of 1763 Intention was to reduce the pressure of encroaching euro-american settlement in areas of NY and PA backcountry that was generating significant violence Intended to serve as a peace treaty between americans and iroquois and secure other indian lands farther west

John Peterson

Free black man Played a crucial role in the capture of Major john Andre, head of the British spy service

The privy council in London

Imperial body that helps administer the colonies: reviewed colonial legislation for constitutionality; oversees and can veto things that happen in the colonies Heard appeals from colonial courts Made some pro-slavery decisions

Quaker John Woolman - Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes 1754

In constructing his arguments to fellow Christians, he urged them to see how the moral imperfections of the slaveholders encouraged whites to distance themselves from the humanity and suffering denounces slavery, advocates for abolitionism

Albany congress of 1754

Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French Where franklin came up with a plan of union to create some sort of confederacy among the colonies

Anthony Benezet

Phildelphia area quaker Read Woolman Goes further than Woolman and says that everyone should abolish slavery, not just quakers

Albany Plan of Union 1754

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; Also linked the colonies more closely to the British empire: forming an intercolonial government with a royal head Explicitly recognized parliament's legislative sovereignty in the empire

Paul Revere, "The Bloody Massacre Perpetrated in King Street Boston on March 5th 1770"

Portrayal of the boston massacre between british soldiers and citizens of boston Became a powerful propaganda weapon in feeding anti-british sentiment leading up to the American revolution

Griffitts, the Female Patriots, poem

Praises the ability of colonists & women to live without British goods Patriotic poetry in opposition to the townshend acts, 1768

George Keith

Publishes a pamphlet where he proposes gradual abolition

North Carolina Regulator Documents (1771)

Regulators: a group of NC colonists, primarily middling farmers, who thought the taxes and fee system was unfair and designed to benefit the colonial officials who imposed it Regulators intensified agitation → closed the hillsborough courthouse in september 1770 and refused to pay further taxes Regulation represented a conflict over which classes could control the debt of the north carolina piedmont

Quakers

Religious minority First group to express moral qualms about slavery Quaker ideas about how to abolish slavery is gradual abolition

Investors in the slave trade

Royal african company coat of arms

Three ways colonies are run

Royal colonies → owned by the British government Proprietary colonies → owned by somebody who runs it (PA) Charter → have their own constitutions

Parliament's response to resistance to townsend acts

Shut down assemblies Bernard asked parliament for soldiers and troops to enforce duties on colonists new round of non-importation agreements adopted Brought hard times to Boston docks → sailors and laborers comepted with off-duty laborers for employment

slavery in the 1600s

Slavery is a fundamental part of the english empire by the late 1600s Institution considered acceptable and legal in the colonies

stamp act period & radical leaders

Stamp act period furnished radical leaders with methods to pressure england Before now, colonies have never been able to unite for any purpose --> enabled colonists to act together

Pontiac

Strongly opposed to british rule, encourages people to fight back against them Indian leader in the ohio country Begins pontiac's rebellion, a rebellion of a lot of native nations that live in ohio country

Two Black Petitions for Freedom in Massachusetts 1773

Submissive, deferential and passionate tone set a pattern for African Americans who sought freedom focus on being submissive to the powers that be, and thanking for the role in looking at the situation

Susannah Johnson Recalls Her Captivity, 1754-1757 (1796)

Susannah Willard → born in MA in 1730 Susannah and her husband James Johnson moved to Charlestown NH English colonists' presence this far northwest caused tensions with Indians and the French who both claimed jurisdiction over the area Indians kidnap Susannah and her family and sold Susannah into slavery to the French who put her and her family into Montreal prison

After the privy council rejects VA's anti-slave trade laws

TJ is ok with having fewer slaves brought in → the internal slave trade is more valuable anyway TJ accuses British empire of preferring the slave merchants - "to the American states"

Henry Laurens to John Laurens (his son) 1776

Telling his son how he abhors slavery

British caribbean atlantic

World in which Hamilton is born Metropole: in charge of organizing everything in the continent

Why chains/treaties between British and Native Americans break down

a group approaches treaties with different cultural-linguistic understandings

Lead up to the 7 years war

albany congress washington surrenders fort necessity Main reason for war: conflict between french and british over the ohio valley English moving further west while french are coming south from canada

end of the seven years war

british acquire colony of new france & louisiana, which entirely expels the french from north america

Social history

the history of ordinary people

Fort LeBeouf

where the french tell george washington to go home DinWittie convinced that fort building is an act of aggression