HIST201 Midterm IDs

Emancipation Proclamation

-1863 -Released slaves in the North -Opened up the door for blacks to fight

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. Helped develop settlement homes Opened the first settlement house called the Hull House in Chicago in 1889 Transnational Movement during Progressive Era Social Gospel Hull House, Chicago, Ill. Middle-class, college-educated women Faith in the Social Sciences Settle in ethnic enclaves n the 1890s, Hull-House was located in the midst of a densely populated urban neighborhood peopled by Italian, Irish, German, Greek, Bohemian, and Russian and Polish Jewish immigrants. During the 1920s, African Americans and Mexicans began to put down roots in the neighborhood and joined the clubs and activities at Hull-House. Jane Addams and the Hull-House residents provided kindergarten and day care facilities for the children of working mothers; an employment bureau; an art gallery; libraries; English and citizenship classes; and theater, music and art classes. As the complex expanded to include thirteen buildings, Hull-House supported more clubs and activities such as a Labor Museum, the Jane Club for single working girls, meeting places for trade union groups, and a wide array of cultural events. The residents of Hull-House formed an impressive group, including Jane Addams, Ellen Gates Starr, Florence Kelley, Dr. Alice Hamilton, Julia Lathrop, Sophonisba Breckinridge, and Grace and Edith Abbott. From their experiences in the Hull-House neighborhood, the Hull-House residents and their supporters forged a powerful reform movement. Among the projects that they helped launch were the Immigrants' Protective League, the Juvenile Protective Association, the first juvenile court in the nation, and a Juvenile Psychopathic Clinic (later called the Institute for Juvenile Research). Through their efforts, the Illinois Legislature enacted protective legislation for women and children in 1893. With the creation of the Federal Children's Bureau in 1912 and the passage of a federal child labor law in 1916, the Hull-House reformers saw their efforts expanded to the national level.

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration. If you were HOH, age 21 yrs or older, you can for a small filing fee claim 160 acres of land out in the West, if you improved the land it would become yours

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs Divide 40 acre lands up for sale/rent to ex-slaves Provide humanitarian relief Establish schools During Reconstruction Established by Congress, March 1865 Divide confiscated and abandoned lands into 40-acre for rent or sale to ex-slaves Provide minimum humanitarian relief Establish schools The Freedmen's Bureau, formally known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, was established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. The Freedmen's Bureau provided food, housing and medical aid, established schools and offered legal assistance. It also attempted to settle former slaves on land confiscated or abandoned during the war. However, the bureau was prevented from fully carrying out its programs due to a shortage of funds and personnel, along with the politics of race and Reconstruction. Put into place during the reconstruction era. It affects newly freed slaves. Established in 1860's immediately following the civil war. It provides an opportunity for newly freed slaves better access to schools, land, and churches for Newly freed slaves. It was established in order to begin to allow Newly freed slaves to become independent and care for themselves. It is historically significant because it helped give newly freed salves a way to begin to govern themselves and came right after the civil war. (Talk about if it is successful or not) In Addition talk about the end of it b/c Andrew Johnson did not renew the act b/c he did not believe too much in it.

Reconstruction Acts (1867)

1867 created five military districts, required Congressional approval for new state constitutions, Confederate states give voting rights to all men, and former Confederate states must approve the 14th amendment Divide South into five military districts Called for the creation of new state govs in the South Times of Western Expansion The Reconstruction act divided the south into 5 different military districts and required each state to create a new government. Process for readmitting the Confederate states back into the union Made the south much less complacent with rejoining the Union; they found ways around everything Ex: Jim Crow laws

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States 1882 Passed by congress and signed by president Chester Arthur This Act provided a 10 year temporary prohibition on chinese labor immigration. Significant because this was the first time federal law prohibited entry of an ethnic working group on the premise that it endangered the good order of certain localities Believed that the Chinese were to blame for the decline in the standard of living

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners Divided up reservations and disbursed them instead in homestead plots Goal -- Help Native Americans assimilate to American culture The legislation was out of supreme cultural arrogance Plain Indians were used to a nomadic lifestyle and struggled to assimilate to American culture Violance between whites + tribes intensified 1887 Split up reservations and granted allotments to individual Native Americans Not all of the land was used so some American farmers could use it Significance is that this was just one way that the government was trying to Americanize the Native people. They hoped that the Native Americans would become like American farmers.

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement." Late 19th century, early 20th century. Went out in 1907. Constructed lots of naval ships at a fast rate, never seen before in the U.S. Showed off U.S. military, industrial, economic, strength to indicate to the world we were an emerging power. Also led away from traditional isolationist policies, leading towards imperialism

New Freedom

1912 -- Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters More traditional progressivism Lower tariff Fed. income tax Strengthen antitrust legislation Proposed by President Woodrow Wilson a democrat. Wanted small farmers and small businesses. Attacked what Wilson thought to be the "Triple Wall of Privilege" in 1912 these included The Tariffs, the banks, and trusts. Unlike Roosevelt Wilson saw all big businesses as bad. Woodrow Wilson leads progressive democrats More traditional progressivism Lower tariffs Federal income tax Strengthen anti-trust acts In favor of states rights Laissez-faire

Robert F. Wagner

A Democratic senator from New York State from 1927-1949, he was responsible for the passage of some of the most important legislation enacted through the New Deal. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 was popularly known as the Wagner Act in honor of the senator. He also played a major role in the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937. German-American NY senator (1927-1949) Later served as a justice in the NY Supreme Court Embraced reform to help the working class Part of Tammany Hall Chairman of the State Factory Investigating Committee (created after the Triangle Shirt Factory fire) Leader of the New Deal coalition & all of FDR's new policies helped to write the social security act Helped pass the national labor relations act (wagner act) Guaranteed the right of collective bargaining The boss has to now talk to you Emphasis on labor movement Emphasis on labor movement

George Washington Carver

A black chemist and director of agriculture at the Tuskegee Institute, where he invented many new uses for peanuts. He believed that education was the key to improving the social status of blacks. Born a slave Worked with Booker T Washington at the Tuskegee Institution Taught crop rotation to poor farmers He thought that if there were more educated blacks then they could rise up.

Marian Anderson

A famous African American concert singer who had her first performance in 1935, dazzling the audience and launching herself into fame. The next year she performed at the White House by presidential invitation and performed on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial when the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to let her rent Constitution Hall (Eleanor Roosevelt and several others resigned after this decision). Talented African American singer She attempted to sing at concert facilities in DC but was denied because of her race Eleanor Roosevelt advocated for her Had her sing on steps on Lincoln memorial in front of 100,000 people Shows that dynamic is important New Deal era

Settlement House

A house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. At Settlement Houses, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first Settlement House was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. These centers were usually run by educated middle class women. The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements. institutions of mostly women (college educated, upper-middle class, some with religious motivations) --- who conduct surveys on nuitrition, welfare, workplace conditions, go out and talk to the people --who formulate education and social welfare programs, started in Europe, provided a place to bathe, childcare programs and schooling, cultural teachings in arts and literature, place for athletics Ex. Hull House founded by Jane Addams in 1889 in Chicago, city had high infant mortality rates > The Settlement House Movement Transnational Movement Social Gospel Hull House, Chicago, Ill. Middle-class, college-educated women Faith in the Social Sciences Settle in ethnic enclaves

Great Railroad Strike (1877)

A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike (an example of how government always sided with employers over workers in the Gilded Age). The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men (Westward Expansion/Gilded Age) B&O Railroad cut wages of workers three times in one year leading to the strike Took place in multiple states Ended by state militias and federal troops Showed that when workers were treated poorly, they had the numbers to do damage

National Origins Act (1924)

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s. severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas blatantly discriminated against immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe 2% quota from 1890 census for European immigrants Completely banned Asian immigrants Stayed in effect until 1965 Emergency Quota Act (1921) : 3% quota, based on 1910 census National Origins Act (1924): 2% quota based on 1890 census The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. It completely excluded immigrants from Asia.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed duing WW2 to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part. 3 million women entered into war production, Rosie Riveter, 50% growth rate Rosie the Riveter is a cultural icon of World War II, representing the women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies. These women sometimes took entirely new jobs replacing the male workers who joined the military Women entered into previously male-dominated fields Women roll up sleeves, enter workplace, doing "male work" Used as propaganda Men go to war, women go to factories Gender ideals are still apparent Cartoon was feminized after going to congress

Dumbbell Tenement

A tenement building that narrowed in the middle, forming air shafts on either side and allowing light and air into the rooms Gilded Age living The "solution" to the terrible housing crisis Every apt. needed to have access to fresh air Buildings had to be dumbbell shaped w/ air shafts First major tenement house law/ attempt at reform

Ida Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores African American Journalist and activist who led anti-lynching crusade in the US in the 1890s one of the founders of NAACP (National Association for Advancement of Colored people) - this is important to mention da B. Wells established several civil rights organizations. In 1896, she formed the National Association of Colored Women. After brutal assaults on the African-American community in Springfield, Illinois, in 1908, Wells sought to take action: The following year, she attended a special conference for the organization that would later become known as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Though she is considered a founding member of the NAACP, Wells later cut ties with the organization; she explained her decision thereafter, stating that she felt the organization, in its infancy at the time she left, lacked action-based initiatives.

Helen Hunt Jackson

American poet and writer A Century of Dishonor An activist on behalf of Native Americans United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885) She was significant because she was the first open white female activist for Native Americans. Sharply critical of the United States government's cruelty toward Native Americans, this monumental study describes the maltreatment of Indians as far back as the American Revolution. Focusing on the Delaware and the Cheyenne, the text goes on to document and deplore the sufferings of the Sioux, Nez Percé, Ponca, Winnebago, and Cherokee — in the process revealing a succession of broken treaties, the government's forced removal of tribes from choice lands, and other examples of inhuman treatment of the nation's 300,000 Indians. Stirring and eloquently stated, A Century of Dishonor was written in the hope of righting the wrongs inflicted upon this nation's first inhabitants. Within a year following its publication (1881), the book helped create the powerful Indian Rights Association

Gustavus Swift

An American meat business owner who lived during the 1840's to 1900's. He was known for starting a large meat business, keeping it clean, and creating the refrigerated railroad cars in the United States. Gustavus Swift is significant because thanks to his invention of the refrigerated railroad cars he was able to revolutionize the meat packing industry. This meant more products could be shipped for longer periods of time which meant more people could purchase products and result in an increase in profit.

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement. Explosion of creativity and culture, artists like Duke Ellington, Langston Hughes Demonstrated a rise of black culture becoming a fundamental part of American culture

Hooverville

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress Named after Herbert Hoover Shanty towns built by unemployed and destitute people during the Great Depression Showed how unpopular Hoover had become and how bad the situation was at the time

The New Women

Feminist ideal - Rebelling (fashion, defying gender norms, drinking and smoking more openly) - Recreating what was expected of them - 1920s Made women more independent

Carrie Nation

Founded WCTU to outlaw selling/drinking alcohol. She was married to an abusive man that she killed with an axe and she didn't get punished for it. She formed a group that walked into bars with axes. Radically urged the prohibition movement during the gilded age Seen as a social cure by getting rid of alcohol and was a broader ideal of reform Nation organized a chapter of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). The WCTU had helped pass a Kansas law against selling alcohol. In Missouri, each county could decide to be wet or dry. Carry Nation's work paved the way for two amendments to the United States Constitution. The Eighteenth Amendment , passed in 1919, prohibited the sale of alcohol, and the Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920, allowed women to vote. In 1933 Prohibition ended with another constitutional amendment.

Four Freedoms

Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear; used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured Speech given during FDR's 1941 (Jan. 6) State of the Union address FDR stated how all people are guaranteed freedom of Speech Worship From want No one should be homeless, going hungry, or suffering From fear Security in home, job, knowing tomorrow your family will be okay FDR stated that the US would eventually aid its allies in war, but they had not yet entered WWII which happened about 11 months later Significance = showed a new post-depression progressive state of mind Showed move away from isolationist attitudes in IR

Colfax Massacre

In 1837, armed whites assaulted the town of Colfax, Louisiana, with a small cannon, killing hundreds of former slaves and fifty black militia members after they surrendered. Easter Sunday 1873 150 black men were murdered by white southerners Reconstruction KKK White southerners didn't want to accept reconstruction Out of fear that local Democrats might try to seize control of the Grant Parish regional government, which was almost evenly split between black and white citizens, an all-black militia took control of the local courthouse in April 1873. Soon after, a mob of more than 150 white men, most former Confederate soldiers and members of the Ku Klux Klan and the White League arrived and surrounded the courthouse, Bill Decker writes for the Lafayette Advertiser. After firing a cannon on the militiamen inside the courthouse on April 13, the two forces fired at each other until the black defenders were forced to surrender. But when they surrendered, the white mob murdered many of the black men, shooting at them and hanging some. Historians aren't sure how many people died in the end, but while records show that the massacre resulted in the deaths of three white men, it's estimated that anywhere from 60 to 150 African-Americans were killed. A battle turned massacre in Colfax Louisiana. The Massacre resulted in a fight against black freedmen and whites. Happened as a result of the whites wanting to get revenge and take control of the Louisianan government. The Colfax Massacre is significant because it made clear the inequality that existed between white and black citizens. It demonstrated the privilege and discontent of white democratic republicans. In addition, it portrays the radical actions that Democrats can take when racial tensions are high and their power is challenged.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers Coined in mid-1890s (Gilded Age Imperialism) Hearst's New York Journal vs Pulitzer's New York World The two papers sensationalized stories because they were in a circulation war Made stories more crazy than they were to sell better Exaggerated issues with Cuba and led to America supporting imperialism Once the term had been coined, it extended to the sensationalist style employed by the two publishers in their profit-driven coverage of world events, particularly developments in Cuba. Cuba had long been a Spanish colony and the revolutionary movement, which had been simmering on and off there for much of the 19th century, intensified during the 1890s. Many in the United States called upon Spain to withdraw from the island, and some even gave material support to the Cuban revolutionaries. Hearst and Pulitzer devoted more and more attention to the Cuban struggle for independence, at times accentuating the harshness of Spanish rule or the nobility of the revolutionaries, and occasionally printing rousing stories that proved to be false. This sort of coverage, complete with bold headlines and creative drawings of events, sold a lot of papers for both publishers. The peak of yellow journalism, in terms of both intensity and influence, came in early 1898, when a U.S. battleship, the Maine, sunk in Havana harbor. The naval vessel had been sent there not long before in a display of U.S. power and, in conjunction with the planned visit of a Spanish ship to New York, an effort to defuse growing tensions between the United States and Spain. On the night of February 15, an explosion tore through the ship's hull, and the Maine went down. Sober observers and an initial report by the colonial government of Cuba concluded that the explosion had occurred on board, but Hearst and Pulitzer, who had for several years been selling papers by fanning anti-Spanish public opinion in the United States, published rumors of plots to sink the ship. When a U.S. naval investigation later stated that the explosion had come from a mine in the harbor, the proponents of yellow journalism seized upon it and called for war. By early May, the Spanish-American War had begun.

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war 1898 Bill passed by congress stating that the US can only aid Cuba after the Spanish-American War and once they are done we have to relinquish power and let cuba be governed by its people Attempt to appease anti-imperialism By the so-called Teller Amendment to the war resolution, Congress had declared that the United States would not annex Cuba. This pledge was kept, although Cuba was forced in 1903 to sign a treaty making it virtually a protectorate of the United States. The Hawaiian Islands, annexed by Congress on July 7, 1898, were made a territory in 1900 and were hence, technically, only briefly part of the American empire. Puerto Rico was given limited self-government in 1900, and the Jones Act of 1917 conferred full territorial status on the island, gave U.S. citizenship to its inhabitants, and limited its self-government only by the veto of a governor appointed by the president of the United States. Establishing any kind of government in the Philippines was much more difficult because a large band of Filipinos resisted American rule as bravely as they had fought the Spanish. The Philippine insurrection was over by 1901, however, and the Philippine Government Act of 1902 inaugurated the beginning of partial self-government, which was transformed into almost complete home rule by the Jones Act of 1916.

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's proximity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico. Telegram sent from Germany to Mexico telling Mexico to regain their land they lost to the U.S. The message was intercepted by the British Was a big reason for U.S. involvement in WW1 Most historians agree that American involvement in World War I was inevitable by early 1917, but the march to war was no doubt accelerated by a notorious letter penned by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann. On January 16, 1917, British code breakers intercepted an encrypted message from Zimmermann intended for Heinrich von Eckardt, the German ambassador to Mexico. The missive gave the ambassador a now-famous set of instructions: if the neutral United States entered the war on the side of the Allies, Von Eckardt was to approach Mexico's president with an offer to forge a secret wartime alliance. The Germans would provide military and financial support for a Mexican attack on the United States, and in exchange Mexico would be free to annex "lost territory in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona." In addition, Von Eckardt was told to use the Mexicans as a go-between to entice the Japanese Empire to join the German cause.

Triangle Fire

Mostly women, child and Jewish laborers working under poor conditions 146 people were killed Raised public alarm for working conditions Democrats had just come to power (Tammany Hall) --- called for reform, conducted factory inspections alongside women and labor activists, pass dozen of labor regulations and eventually social welfare laws 1920 - Al Smith becomes governor Factory owners were acquitted of manslaughter Took place during the Progressive Era March 25, 1911 Work conditions are not good People should have listened to the women Warned of bad conditions If you worked in the factory you had no rights Women worked on the 13th floor in this factory Doors were always locked, afraid women would take shirts Fire broke out and 189 women died Fire escape is locked People jump out windows Many were killed Everyone saw this Did not live far from the factory See the women die right in their face Changes were made about workers rights Cannot lock the doors Takes a tragedy to make a change Country is outraged but especially NYC Tammany hall is in charge Investigation on how to fix and move on Women are the experts The settlement house women All write that the memories are burned into their minds How bad conditions are Politicians are galvanized and get dozens of regulations NY goes to being in the forefront Far and away out in the lead of progressive reforms

Civilian Conservation Corps

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on nature conservation projects most popular New Deal program took young, unemployed men in the cities and offered them jobs out in the countryside/ gov. land, pressure taken off industrial workforce Created by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. An innovative federally funded organization established in 1933. Helped provide jobs to people in projects with environmental benefits during the Great Depression. Significant b/c it was long lasting and successful and it provided a model for future state and conservation programs. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environmental projects during the Great Depression. Considered by many to be one of the most successful of Roosevelt's New Deal programs, the CCC planted more than three billion trees and constructed trails and shelters in more than 800 parks nationwide during its nine years of existence. The CCC helped to shape the modern national and state park systems we enjoy today Young men who could not have jobs went to countryside Would build cabin to live in, roads and do many projects Plant millions of trees Flood control Trails and campsites Many benefits

Thirteenth Amendment

Passed by Senate, April 1864 Rejected by House, June 1864 Endorsed by Lincoln during 1864 campaign Passed by House, January 1865 Ratified by the states, 1865 Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude The first of three amendments passed during the reconstruction era. It formally abolished slavery in the United States. Affected enslaved African Americans. The Thirteenth Amendment is significant because unlike the emancipation proclamation that was seen as a temporary solution for the civil war, the 13th amendment completely abolished slavery in every state. It historically liberated African Americans after the civil war turmoil made a giant step towards reconstruction.

Tammany Hall

Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed. New York political machine Operated throughout the Gilded Age Stole money from the governments and give big business a lot of power. Gave jobs to immigrants, empowering them which led to resentment and racism against immigrants. Symbolic of the corruption during this time. Tammany Hall, also called Tammany, the executive committee of the Democratic Party in New York City historically exercising political control through the typical boss-ist blend of charity and patronage. The name was derived from a pre-Revolutionary association named after Tammanend, a wise and benevolent Delaware Indian chief. When Tammany was organized in New York in 1789, it represented middle-class opposition to the power of the "aristocratic" Federalist Party. Incorporated in 1805 as a benevolent body, the Society of Tammany became identified with the Democratic Party by means of identical leadership within both organizations. The makeup of the society was substantially altered in 1817 when Irish immigrants, protesting Tammany bigotry, forced their right to membership and benefits. Later Tammany championed the spread of the franchise to white propertyless males. Nevertheless, the society's appeal to particular ethnic and religious minorities, the doling out of gifts to the poor, and the bribing of rival political faction leaders, among them the notorious "Boss" William M. Tweed, made the name Tammany Hall synonymous with urban political corruption. Tammany's power was formidable in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but its control over New York politics was diminished when Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt reduced its status to a county organization after it failed to support him in 1932. It further declined in power during the reform administrations of mayors Fiorello H. La Guardia (1933-45) and John V. Lindsay (1966-73). Tammany Hall, also called Tammany, the executive committee of the Democratic Party in New York City historically exercising political control through the typical boss-ist blend of charity and patronage. The name was derived from a pre-Revolutionary association named after Tammanend, a wise and benevolent Delaware Indian chief. When Tammany was organized in New York in 1789, it represented middle-class opposition to the power of the "aristocratic" Federalist Party. Incorporated in 1805 as a benevolent body, the Society of Tammany became identified with the Democratic Party by means of identical leadership within both organizations. The makeup of the society was substantially altered in 1817 when Irish immigrants, protesting Tammany bigotry, forced their right to membership and benefits. Later Tammany championed the spread of the franchise to white propertyless males. Nevertheless, the society's appeal to particular ethnic and religious minorities, the doling out of gifts to the poor, and the bribing of rival political faction leaders, among them the notorious "Boss" William M. Tweed, made the name Tammany Hall synonymous with urban political corruption.

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution Used by robber barons; coined by Gustavus Swift (wealthy meat entrepreneur) Used during Gilded Age combined all production factors into a single enterprise Decreased competition by allowing for monopolies to be created Allowed for robber barons to control product prices and worker's wages Allowed them to have control over socioeconomic conditions/divides Uneven power dynamic This refers to the method used by Andrew Carnegie and other industrialists to gain control over their industries. It involved controlling all aspects of the production process. In Carnegie's case, he owned not just steel mills, but also coal mines, coke refineries, iron ore barges, and railways. utilized by Carnegie to bring stability to the steel industry

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US Railroad that went across the continent Good news for white man, bad for natives Government hired two railroad companies, whoever got more land won Competition between two railroad companies, who ever covered the most land, got free land Met up at promontory point West coast won Many died making this Amazing achievement Connected the country Made the United states of america feel united Unites west coast to the east coast Progress for the white american, pain for the native americans out west Beginning of the end for the natives Very modern technology Made possible by government investment and cheap labor

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force Extension of Monroe Doctrine --- called for European powers to stop expansion into Western Hemisphere 1904 Promote the US as a world power --- Stop european colonization Intervene in global crisis Big stick diplomacy --- intervene, show our strength Extension of the Monroe Doctrine in 1904 Promoted the U.S. as a world power and that we would police the Western Hemisphere and be the big guy in the West Keep Europeans from colonizing rest of the West Big Stick Diplomacy: International negotiations backed by the threat of force. The phrase comes from a proverb quoted by Theodore Roosevelt, who said that the United States should "Speak softly and carry a big stick." Theodore Roosevelt

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice Strong gov. regulation Interest in social welfare Big business is natural and efficient Progressive Party Theodore Roosevelt leads Progressive Party Teddy Roosevelt leads progressive republicans Progressive party Big business is natural and efficient Strong government regulation Interest in social welfare New Nationalism, in U.S. history, political philosophy of Theodore Roosevelt, an espousal of active federal intervention to promote social justice and the economic welfare of the underprivileged; its precepts were strongly influenced by Herbert Croly's The Promise of American Life (1910). Roosevelt used the phrase "New Nationalism" in a 1910 speech in which he attempted to reconcile the liberal and conservative wings of the Republican Party. Unsuccessful, he became a Progressive and went on to promulgate his ideas as that party's presidential candidate in the election of November 1912. His program called for a great increase of federal power to regulate interstate industry and a sweeping program of social reform designed to put human rights above property rights. With the Republican vote split, Roosevelt and his New Nationalism went down to defeat before Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson and his New Freedom. See also Croly, Herbert David.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Republican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff). Signed by Taft in 1909 Goal: lower tariff Result: raise tariff Made it worse Progressives dismayed Outrage Passes law anyway Taft looks weak, wants a tariff bill so passes this Breaks more trusts than Roosevelt, who warned him Although the original goal was to lower tariffs, senators made reductions to increase them, and Taft still signed outraging progressives

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. Survival of the fittest Hard worker, climb the ladder yourself If people are in poverty, who cares that's how you worked to get there No guilt over the poor If they want to not be poor then they should work harder A justification for territorial expansion and taking Indian lands

Nineteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. Women's right to vote Part of the "roaring 20s" movement The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women's suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. In 1848 the movement for women's rights launched on a national level with the Seneca Falls Convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Following the convention, the demand for the vote became a centerpiece of the women's rights movement. Stanton and Mott, along with Susan B. Anthony and other activists, raised public awareness and lobbied the government to grant voting rights to women. After a lengthy battle, these groups finally emerged victorious with the passage of the 19th Amendment. Women's Suffrage During America's early history, women were denied some of the basic rights enjoyed by male citizens. For example, married women couldn't own property and had no legal claim to any money they might earn, and no female had the right to vote. Women were expected to focus on housework and motherhood, not politics. The campaign for women's suffrage was a small but growing movement in the decades before the Civil War. Starting in the 1820s, various reform groups proliferated across the U.S.—temperance leagues, the abolitionist movement, religious groups—and in a number of these, women played a prominent role. Meanwhile, many American women were resisting the notion that the ideal woman was a pious, submissive wife and mother concerned exclusively with home and family. Combined, these factors contributed to a new way of thinking about what it meant to be a woman and a citizen in the United States. Seneca Falls Convention It was not until 1848 that the movement for women's rights began to organize at the national level. In July of that year, reformers Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York (where Stanton lived). More than 300 people—mostly women, but also some men—attended, including former African-American slave and activist Frederick Douglass. In addition to their belief that women should be afforded better opportunities for education and employment, most of the delegates at the Seneca Falls Convention agreed that American women were autonomous individuals who deserved their own political identities. Declaration of Sentiments A group of delegates led by Stanton produced a "Declaration of Sentiments" document, modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which stated: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." What this meant, among other things, was that the delegates believed women should have the right to vote. Following the convention, the idea of voting rights for women was mocked in the press and some delegates withdrew their support for the Declaration of Sentiments. Nonetheless, Stanton and Mott persisted—they went on to spearhead additional women's rights conferences and they were eventually joined in their advocacy work by Susan B. Anthony and other activists. National Suffrage Groups Established With the onset of the Civil War, the suffrage movement lost some momentum, as many women turned their attention to assisting in efforts related to the conflict between the states. After the war, women's suffrage endured another setback, when the women's rights movement found itself divided over the issue of voting rights for black men. Stanton and some other suffrage leaders objected to the proposed 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which would give black men the right to vote, but failed to extend the same privilege to American women of any skin color. In 1869, Stanton and Anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) with their eyes on a federal constitutional amendment that would grant women the right to vote. That same year, abolitionists Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell founded the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA); the group's leaders supported the 15th Amendment and feared it would not pass if it included voting rights for women. (The 15th Amendment was ratified in 1870.) The AWSA believed women's enfranchisement could best be gained through amendments to individual state constitutions. Despite the divisions between the two organizations, there was a victory for voting rights in 1869 when the Wyoming Territory granted all female residents age 21 and older the right to vote. (When Wyoming was admitted to the Union in 1890, women's suffrage remained part of the state constitution.) By 1878, the NWSA and the collective suffrage movement had gathered enough influence to lobby the U.S. Congress for a constitutional amendment. Congress responded by forming committees in the House of Representatives and the Senate to study and debate the issue. However, when the proposal finally reached the Senate floor in 1886, it was defeated. Carrie Chapman Catt In 1890, the NWSA and the AWSA merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). The new organization's strategy was to lobby for women's voting rights on a state-by-state basis. Within six years, Colorado, Utah and Idaho adopted amendments to their state constitutions granting women the right to vote. In 1900, with Stanton and Anthony advancing in age, Carrie Chapman Catt stepped up to lead the NASWA. The turn of the 20th century brought renewed momentum to the women's suffrage cause. Although the deaths of Stanton in 1902 and Anthony in 1906 appeared to be setbacks, the NASWA under the leadership of Catt achieved rolling successes for women's enfranchisement at state levels. Between 1910 and 1918, the Alaska Territory, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota and Washington extended voting rights to women. Also during this time, through the Equality League of Self-Supporting Women (later, the Women's Political Union), Stanton's daughter Harriot Stanton Blatch introduced parades, pickets and marches as means of calling attention to the cause. These tactics succeeded in raising awareness and led to unrest in Washington, D.C. Did you know? Wyoming, the first state to grant voting rights to women, was also the first state to elect a female governor. Nellie Tayloe Ross (1876-1977) was elected governor of the Equality State—Wyoming's official nickname—in 1924. And from 1933 to 1953, she served as the first woman director of the U.S. Mint. Protest and Progress On the eve of the inauguration of President Woodrow Wilson in 1913, protesters thronged a massive suffrage parade in the nation's capital, and hundreds of women were injured. That same year, Alice Paul founded the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, which later became the National Woman's Party. The organization staged numerous demonstrations and regularly picketed the White House, among other militant tactics. As a result of these actions, some group members were arrested and served jail time. In 1918, President Wilson switched his stand on women's voting rights from objection to support through the influence of Catt, who had a less-combative style than Paul. Wilson also tied the proposed suffrage amendment to America's involvement in World War I and the increased role women had played in the war efforts. When the amendment came up for vote, Wilson addressed the Senate in favor of suffrage. As reported in The New York Times on October 1, 1918, Wilson said, "I regard the extension of suffrage to women as vitally essential to the successful prosecution of the great war of humanity in which we are engaged." However, despite Wilson's newfound support, the amendment proposal failed in the Senate by two votes. Another year passed before Congress took up the measure again. The Final Struggle On May 21, 1919, U.S. Representative James R. Mann, a Republican from Illinois and chairman of the Suffrage Committee, proposed the House resolution to approve the Susan Anthony Amendment granting women the right to vote. The measure passed the House 304 to 89—a full 42 votes above the required two-thirds majority. Two weeks later, on June 4, 1919, the U.S. Senate passed the 19th Amendment by two votes over its two-thirds required majority, 56-25. The amendment was then sent to the states for ratification. Within six days of the ratification cycle, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin each ratified the amendment. Kansas, New York and Ohio followed on June 16, 1919. By March of the following year, a total of 35 states had approved the amendment, one state shy of the two-thirds required for ratification. Southern states were adamantly opposed to the amendment, however, and seven of them—Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, South Carolina and Virginia—had already rejected it before Tennessee's vote on August 18, 1920. It was up to Tennessee to tip the scale for woman suffrage. The outlook appeared bleak, given the outcomes in other Southern states and given the position of Tennessee's state legislators in their 48-48 tie. The state's decision came down to 23-year-old Representative Harry T. Burn, a Republican from McMinn County, to cast the deciding vote. Although Burn opposed the amendment, his mother convinced him to approve it. Mrs. Burn reportedly wrote to her son: "Don't forget to be a good boy and help Mrs. Catt put the 'rat' in ratification." With Burn's vote, the 19th Amendment was fully ratified. When Did Women Get the Right to Vote? On August 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment was certified by U.S. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby, and women finally achieved the long-sought right to vote throughout the United States. On November 2 of that same year, more than 8 million women across the U.S. voted in elections for the first time. It took over 60 years for the remaining 12 states to ratify the 19th Amendment. Mississippi was the last to do so, on March 22, 1984.

The Bloody Shirt

The symbol of the Republican political tactic of attacking Democrats with reminders of the Civil War Waving the bloody shirt During the Gilded age, post-civil war, used by politicians against their opposing party to tell people "why vote for him when it was his people who killed your brothers in arms" In the American election campaigns in the 19th century, "waving the bloody shirt" was a phrase used to ridicule opposing politicians who made emotional calls to avenge the blood of the northern soldiers that died in the Civil War. Bloody shirt, in U.S. history, the post-Civil War political strategy of appealing to voters by recalling the passions and hardships of the recent war. This technique of "waving the bloody shirt" was most often employed by Radical Republicans in their efforts to focus public attention on Reconstruction issues still facing the country. Used in the presidential elections of 1868, 1872, and 1876, the strategy was particularly effective in the North in attracting veterans' votes.

First Hundred Days

This is the term applied to President Roosevelt's first three months in taking office. During this time, FDR had managed to get Congress to pass an unprecedented amount of new legislation that would revolutionize the role of the federal government from that point on. This era saw the passage of bills aimed at repairing the banking system and restoring American's faith in the economy, starting government works projects to employ those out of work, offering subsidies for farmers, and devising a plan to aid in the recovery of the nation's industrial sector. Franklin D Roosevelt first 100 days in office 1933 Referring to FDR's rapid stream of reform and legislation set to fix the Depression and keep it from happening again Set a precedent (presidents tend to be judged by their first 100 days in the US) 3 R's (relief, recovery and reform) March 5: Congress called into extraordinary session beginning March 9 March 6: Halts transactions in gold, proclaims a National Bank Holiday --- shutdown all the banks in the country March 9: Emergency Banking Act of 1933 --- gave Roosevelt permission to reopen banks when he feels that they are stable, print $2 billion worth of new currency March 11: The 12 Federal Reserve Banks reopen to begin distributing cash to banks March 12: First "Fireside Chat" --- Projects air of confidence, communicates directly w/ the people via radio talk show, first politician to understand the medium of radio Week of March 13: Banks begin reopening- deposits are greater than withdrawals, more money went into banks than pulled out, ends banking crisis Unemployment Relief FERA: Took billions of dollars of gov money and distributed to state local relief programs CCC: most popular program, took young, unemployed men in the cities and offered them jobs out in the countryside/ gov. land, pressure taken off industrial workforce meant PWA: warning of how this can go wrong, Herold Ickkeywas a cheap stake, CWA (1934) comes out of it TVA: WPA (1935): Mortgage Relief

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892) Robber baron in Gilded Age In railroad industry Cause of black friday Jay Gould, original name Jason Gould, (born May 27, 1836, Roxbury, New York, U.S.—died December 2, 1892, New York, New York), American railroad executive, financier, and speculator, an important railroad developer who was one of the most unscrupulous "robber barons" of 19th-century American capitalism. Gould was educated in local schools and first worked as a surveyor in New York state. He then operated a tannery, and by 1859 he had begun speculating in the securities of small railways. He continued to deal in railroad stocks in New York City during the American Civil War, and in 1863 he became manager of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railway. He bought and reorganized the Rutland and Washington Railway, and in 1867 he became a director of the Erie Railroad. In 1868 he joined Daniel Drew and James Fisk in a struggle to keep Cornelius Vanderbilt from wresting away their control of this railroad. To this end, Gould engaged in outrageous financial manipulations, including the issue of fraudulent stock and the payment of lavish bribes to New York state legislators to legalize that stock's sale. Gould ended up in control of the railroad, and he and Fisk then joined forces with William ("Boss") Tweed and Peter Sweeney to profit from further unscrupulous speculations using Erie stock. The four men's attempt to corner the market in loose gold caused the panic of "Black Friday" (September 24, 1869), when the price, in paper money, of $100 in gold specie, after being driven up to $163.50 by market bidding, fell to $133 when the U.S. Treasury placed $4 million in specie on the market. The disastrous panic that ensued ruined many investors and led to a public outcry against Gould, who was finally forced to relinquish control of the Erie Railroad in 1872, after Fisk had died and the Tweed Ring in New York City had been broken up. Now possessed of a fortune of $25 million, Gould turned his attention to railroads in the West. He began buying large blocks of Union Pacific Railroad stock and acquired control of that railway by 1874. He bought other lines as well, so that by 1881, at its peak, his railroad empire was the largest one in the nation, totaling about 15,800 miles (25,500 km) of track, or 15 percent of the United States' total rail mileage. Having made large profits from manipulating the company's stock, Gould pulled out of the Union Pacific by 1882. He began building a new railway system, centred on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, that constituted one-half of all trackage in the Southwest by 1890.

Dust Bowl

Was the name of severe droughts that occurred during the 1930's in the southwest United States. States such as Texas, Kansas and Oklahoma were greatly affected by these droughts. The Dust Bowl mostly affected farmers in this area. The Dust Bowl is significant because it forced tens of farmers to leave their homes and become homeless. Midwest was struck with decades of drought, dust storms swept the region 350,000 fled the south plains for the California gold rush, recruited for cheap labor California lacked jobs for and discriminated migrant workers Hoover reluctant to provide relief Mother nature makes things much worse, particularly in the south Decade of terrible droughts struck that led to this Corn dies and goes to dirt and deserts Dust goes everywhere People lose farms

Wm. Jennings Bryan

William Jennings Bryan was an American orator and politician from Nebraska. Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, standing three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States. A politician/lawyer active in the late 1800s to 1920 Democratic pres candidate Anti-imperialist Populist He represented the underrepresented people who felt the corruption of the gilded age. Nebraska congressman Democrat Espouses the Populist platform, especially silver "Cross of Gold" speech: The Cross of Gold speech was delivered by William Jennings Bryan, a former United States Representative from Nebraska, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896. In the address, Bryan supported bimetallism or "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. The most famous speech in American political history was delivered by William Jennings Bryan on July 9, 1896, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The issue was whether to endorse the free coinage of silver at a ratio of silver to gold of 16 to 1. (This inflationary measure would have increased the amount of money in circulation and aided cash-poor and debt-burdened farmers.) After speeches on the subject by several U.S. Senators, Bryan rose to speak. The thirty-six-year-old former Congressman from Nebraska aspired to be the Democratic nominee for president, and he had been skillfully, but quietly, building support for himself among the delegates. His dramatic speaking style and rhetoric roused the crowd to a frenzy. The response, wrote one reporter, "came like one great burst of artillery." Men and women screamed and waved their hats and canes. "Some," wrote another reporter, "like demented things, divested themselves of their coats and flung them high in the air." Born in Illinois, William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) became a Nebraska congressman in 1890. He starred at the 1896 Democratic convention with his Cross of Gold speech that favored free silver, but was defeated in his bid to become U.S. president by William McKinley. Bryan lost his subsequent bids for the presidency in 1900 and 1908, using the years between to run a newspaper and tour as a public speaker. After helping Woodrow Wilson secure the Democratic presidential nomination for 1912, he served as Wilson's secretary of state until 1914. In his later years, Bryan campaigned for peace, prohibition and suffrage, and increasingly criticized the teaching of evolution.

Whiskey Ring

a scandal, exposed in 1875, involving diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors. Scandal in 1875 Tax revenue diversion Among govt. agents, politicians and whiskey distillers and distributors Symbolic of corruption 1875 scandal (Gilded Age) Distillers bribed government workers to help them evade federal taxes Symbolic of corruption during the gilded age and the power of big businesses

Sherman Antitrust Act

an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States 1890 Was not taken seriously/was not a big deal Outlawed trusts $5000 fine Outlaw any contracts, combinations that damage the markets = trusts Approved July 2, 1890, The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was the first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts. ... Several states had passed similar laws, but they were limited to intrastate businesses. herman Antitrust Act, first legislation enacted by the United States Congress (1890) to curb concentrations of power that interfere with trade and reduce economic competition. It was named for U.S. Senator John Sherman of Ohio, who was an expert on the regulation of commerce.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations international organization to mediate conflict between countries, Americans did not want to be a part of it b/c of isolationist sentiments,rejected by Senate,Germans were not allowed to join An organization created to maintain world peace after the Great War All countries that participate in the war has the right to join, except for Germany America is not a member, wanted to preserve the isolationist ideology Congress wanted to keep their power to declare war Failed mostly bc Germany was left out

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing 1894 Whole town worked for the company Company provided everything the people needed Wanted to cut pay but keep rent at the same price which resulted in workers walking out and going on strike Unions refused to switch any train with a pullman car 40,000 workers went on strike Pullman Strike, (May 11, 1894-c. July 20, 1894), in U.S. history, widespread railroad strike and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest of the United States in June-July 1894. The federal government's response to the unrest marked the first time that an injunction was used to break a strike. Amid the crisis, on June 28, President Grover Cleveland and Congress created a national holiday, Labor Day, as a conciliatory gesture toward the American labour movement. On July 7, at the height of the violence, federal officers arrested Debs and four other ARU leaders for contempt of court (for violating the injunction) and for criminal conspiracy to interfere with the U.S. mail; all five were soon released on a $10,000 bond. In December 1894 Debs and his codefendants were tried before Judge Woods, who found them in contempt and sentenced them to three to six months in prison (the conspiracy charge was withdrawn during the trial). Debs and the others remained free on bail, however, while their attorneys, who by now included Clarence Darrow, appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court on the grounds that the defendants had been denied their constitutional right to trial by jury in a criminal case (see Sixth Amendment). In May 1895 Justice David J. Brewer delivered the unanimous (9-0) opinion of the court, which rejected Darrow's argument and upheld the government's use of the injunction against the strike (see In re Debs). The ARU leaders surrendered themselves at the McHenry County Jail in Woodstock, Illinois, in June 1895, and, while confined, Debs began his journey from labour activism to socialism.

People's Party

formed in 1892, the populist party was created by farmers' alliances. The peoples' party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads Active in 1890s (Gilded Age) "Populist party" for farmers Worked to make things better for farmers with things such as lower tariffs and graduated income tax Had electoral success for a time but ultimately died out, signifying that farmers were never really supported by the government until later on Third Party movement built on the Farmers' Alliances Sought a producers' alliances Electoral success: 1893 Presidential election of Weaver, held a couple seats in Congress Although historians often speak of a "Populist movement" in the 1880s, it wasn't until 1892 that the People's or Populist Party was formally organized. The Omaha Platform, adopted by the founding convention of the party on July 4, 1892, set out the basic tenets of the Populist movement. The movement had emerged out of the cooperative crusade organized by the Farmer's Alliance in the 1880s. The preamble was written by Minnesota lawyer, farmer, politician, and novelist Ignatius Donnelly. Delegates to the convention embraced the platform with great enthusiasm. Many of the specific proposals urged by the Omaha Platform—the graduated income tax, the secret ballot, the direct election of Senators, the eight-hour day—won enactment in the progressive and New Deal eras of the next century. Yet at least one historian has argued that the fundamental cooperative and democratic spirit of the agrarian radicals was lost along the way.

National Consumers' League

formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions. Founded 1899 Workplace inspections Boycotts Legislation and lawsuits --- lobby at city and state levels, child labor laws, safety regulation Muller v. Oregon (1908) Lead by Florence Kelley Because women were chief consumers of the household Would conduct factory inspections Depending upon whether or not the factory past inspection, the factory would be white or black listed Blacklisted any factory that promoted child labor Founded in 1898 by Florence Kelley as a conglomerate organization uniting local consumer leagues from New England, the Mid-Atlantic and the Midwest, the National Consumers' League worked to promote decent working conditions by encouraging the sale of items produced under a loose set of regulatory guidelines. Although the movement had originated in England, it quickly took root in the United States where the league implemented a system of inspecting goods and labeling them with white tags if approved. To accomplish this task, the league inspected production sites of all varieties including factories and apartment houses, and sought to educate consumers about the negative effects of subsidizing sweatshop labor. Many responded by refusing to purchase any product that did not carry the white label, providing an economic incentive for producers to reform their employment practices. Eventually, much of the league's legislative agenda - including a minimum wage and the abolition of child labor - were enacted, forcing producers to reform anyway.

W.E.B Du Bois

fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP co founder of NAACP in 1920s - this is extremely important to know Wanted more rapid change than Booker T. Washington (opposed Booker T. Washington) Harvard educated Most important protest leader Advocated political action and civil rights agenda Niagara Movement is Founded in 1905 Impact of the Niagara Movement The Niagara Movement was a civil-rights group founded in 1905 near Niagara Falls. Scholar and activist W. E. B. Du Bois gathered with supporters on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls to form an organization dedicated to social and political change for African Americans. n 1905, Du Bois was a founder and general secretary of the Niagara Movement, an African American protest group of scholars and professionals. Du Bois founded and edited the Moon (1906) and the Horizon (1907-1910) as organs for the Niagara Movement. In 1909, Du Bois was among the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and from 1910 to 1934 served it as director of publicity and research, a member of the board of directors, and founder and editor of The Crisis, its monthly magazine. response to the New South

Knights of Labor

labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms Founded in 1869, peaked in 1886 Inclusive, brought in immigrants, skilled & unskilled workers Precipitous decline after 1886 Founded in 1869 Peaked in 1886 Fought for an 8 hour work day Wanted political influence Broadly inclusive; immigrants, females/males, african americans (hated the Chinese)

Red Summer

summer of 1919 brought race riots, began in July when whites invaded a black section of Longview, Texas and burned shops and houses. It was a lash out against the growth of blacks in cities Post-WWI Summer with hundreds of deaths as a result of race riots The Red Summer refers to the summer and early autumn of 1919, which was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the United States, as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities and one rural county. In most instances, whites attacked African Americans. Several factors came into play precipitating the riots. Labor Shortages: Industrial cities in the North and Midwest profited greatly from World War I. Yet, the factories also encountered serious labor shortages because white men were enlisting in World War I and the United States government halted immigration from Europe. The Great Migration: To fulfill these job shortages, at least 500,000 African-Americans moved from the South to Northern and Midwestern cities. African-Americans were also leaving the South to escape Jim Crow laws, segregated schools, and lack of job opportunities. Racial Strife: Working class white workers in Northern and Midwestern cities resented the presence of African-Americans, who were now competition for employment.