History 100 GR1 Review, History 100 GR 2

Kesselschlacht

("cauldron battle"). A frontal attack would immobilize the enemy while forces on the flanks would execute a double envelopment, forming a pocket called a ("cauldron") around the enemy. Once surrounded, the opposing army, demoralized and with no chance of escape, would face the choice of annihilation or surrender.

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Battle of Stalingrad

(1942) World War II battle between invading German forces and Soviet defenders for control of Stalingrad; each side sustained hundreds of thousands of casualties; Germany's defeat marked turning point in the war after the whole 6th army was surrounded and captured.

Case White (Invasion of Poland)

1.5 million German troops invade Poland all along its 1,750-mile border with German-controlled territory. Simultaneously, the German Luftwaffe bombed Polish airfields, and German warships and U-boats attacked Polish naval forces in the Baltic Sea. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler claimed the massive invasion was a defensive action, but Britain and France were not convinced. On September 3, they declared war on Germany, initiating World War II.

Battle of Leyte Gulf

1944 World War II naval battle between the United States and Japan. Largest naval engagement in history. Japanese navy was defeated.

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.

Firebombing

A bombing technique that destroys a target through the use of fire; instead of a large blast from bombs incendiary devices are used to cause damage. One of many techniques used during WW2 to cause mass murder and destruction

Maginot Line

A fortification built before World War II to protect France's eastern border, did not extend to belgium

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations. US wanted to keep isolationism, we don't need to fight Europe's war. Limited FDR when he saw Hitler coming.

Air War Plans Division 1

AWPD-1 decided how to use bombers/fighters against Germany. Night bombing, day bombing ect.

This 19th century naval strategist influenced countries such as Germany and Japan especially with his theory of a decisive naval victory.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Operation Avalanche

Allied invasion of Italy. Italy gets out of war.

Operation Husky

Allied invasion of Sicily and Italy; Mussolini forced to leave, Italy lost.

Operation Downfall

Allied plan for the invasion of Japan

Operation Cobra

American offensive aiming to punch through German lines in Normandy using massive bombing raids

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. Strategic failure br Germans.

Combined Bomber Offensive

Anglo-American offensive of strategic bombing during World War II in Europe. The primary portion of the CBO was against Luftwaffe targets which was the highest priority from June 1943 to 1 April 1944.

This form of strategy seeks an immediate effect against an enemy's combat forces.

Annihilation

The month in 1917 that was called "Bloody" because of the high casualty rates of planes and pilots of the Royal Flying Corps (British).

April

This technological Thread of Continuity accounted for 75% of casualties in WWI.

Artillery

What was the single short-term cause of World War I?

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Falkenhayn planned to use this form of strategy against the French at Verdun.

Attrition

This nation, defeated by Prussia during the Seven Weeks War, was treated leniently for the time. Its empire would later fight alongside Germany in WWI.

Austria

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Marianas Turkey Shoot

Battle of the Philippine Sea; Japanese lost 600 aircraft and 3 aircraft carriers, meant that the Japanese didn't have much left, Spruance criticized for not being aggressive enough because there were four more Japanese aircraft carriers

In WWI, Germany unintentionally brought Great Britain into the war by launching its invasion of France through this neighboring nation.

Belgium

Battle of Tarawa

Bloody battle on small island that taught the US many lessons about amphibious assaults. First island taken in island hopping/central pacific.

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition. Purged military leaders.

"Concept of destruction" and "the armored idea"

British doctrine where only tanks are used to penetrate the enemy line and then they just attack to destroy command to paralyze army.

Bernard Montgomery

British general who in an attack at El Alamein was able to drive the Germans away from the Suez Canal

Clausewitz defined it as "the hub of all power and movement, on which everything depends." The goal is to protect yours but negate your enemy's.

Center of gravity

The Germans introduced this toxic tactic at the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, but failed to exploit its use to break the stalemate.

Chlorine Gas

Operation Fortitude

Codename of fake operation to trick the Germans to believing an invasion would occur at Calais

American intervention which led to the Spanish-American War was a direct result of the harsh treatment of this island.

Cuba

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

This German tactic placed minimum troops in the front line and funneled attackers into the killing zone of machine guns and artillery.

Elastic Defense or Defense in Depth

Though this German General won acclaim for the WWI Battle of Tannenberg, he failed to consider strategy for the Michael Offensive, saying he would "punch a hole, then see."

Erich Ludendorff

This form of strategy is exemplified by the strategic bombing of England by Germany in WWI.

Exhaustion

These Threads of Continuity are beyond the control of military leaders, but still have to be accounted for in planning and executing operations.

External: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Geographic

Battle of the Java Sea

Feb 27, 1942. Decisive Japanese victory over combined Allied fleet (British, Dutch, American). Gave the Japanese naval supremacy in South East Asia.

This Frenchmen was named Commander in Chief of all Allied forces in 1918 solving the problem of unity of command.

Ferdinand Foch

P-51 Mustang

Fighter that provided long-range escort to Allied bombers. Drop tanks.

In 1915 Germany introduced this monoplane which featured a synchronized machine gun that could shoot through the propeller arc.

Fokker Eindecker

Battle of Coral Sea

Fought on May 7-8 1942; Caused heavy losses on both sides; Japanese won a tactical victory because they sank US carrier Lexington; Americans claimed a strategic victory by stopping Japan's drive towards Australia

Following victory in this war, Kaiser Wilhelm declared the birth of the German Empire at Versailles.

Franco-Prussian War

Directed Battle

French doctrine in which France would attack only after time had blunted enemy advantages. During the defensive phase, armored and motorized infantry reserves would move quickly to block enemy penetration. Emphasized control. Designed to minimize risk and casualties. Required little initiative from junior and NCOs.

Designed to knock Turkey out of the war, re-supply Russia, and add a front against Austria-Hungary. A defeat for the Allies, it is still celebrated in Australia and New Zealand.

Gallipoli

As part of their military reforms, Prussia established this system to provide their army a "central nervous system."

General Staff

FLAK

German 88 mm anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery gun.

Schweinfurt

German city whose ball bearing factory American strategic bombing targeted at the loss of 60 planes

Case Blue

German drive across southern Russia toward Stalingrad and the Caucasus to get oil after Hitler realized he needed to shift to some economic solutions because war was going to long. Caused Battle of Stalingrad because of poor logistics.

"Wolf Packs"

German submarines that traveled in groups in the North Atlantic Ocean to attack US ships and merchant ships.

Battles of El Alamein

Germans versus the British in Africa for the city gateway to the Suez canal which was essential to provide safe passage of cargo, supplies, and troops throughout the theater. The British wanted to "bite and hold" and to "crumble" the Germans." The British attacked one of Rommel's units on a narrow front using tanks, air and artillery causing the Germans to retreat. Ended German threat to the Suez Canal, the Middle East, and thus the entire British Empire. Rommel was first stopped, he didn't have enough supplies or resources to fight the well supplied British.

Battle of the Atlantic

Germany's naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. Caused Britain and the US to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. After this battle, the Allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war. 1939-1945.

This Italian advocated attacking enemy civilian populations to end wars quickly. He inspired future airpower leaders like Trenchard and Mitchell.

Giulio Douhet

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people who were superior.

Operation Barbarossa (1941)

Hitler's idea to destroy the Soviet Union and achieve his goal of Lebensraum; successful at first but failed to capture the key cities. Lost them the war, became a battle of attrition.

ACTS developed this strategy that sought to break down the fragile web of interconnected services necessary to sustain societies with strategic bombing.

Industrial Web Theory

These Threads of Continuity are factors military leaders can control such as selecting leaders and tactics for a given situation.

Internal

Isoroku Yamamoto

Japanese admiral who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 (1884-1943)

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

He led American Expeditionary Forces in WWI, and was instructed by Wilson to ensure U.S. soldiers fought as an independent force alongside the Allies.

John J. Pershing

Bombing of Hamburg

July 1943; Allies bombed a German city with high temperatures, low humidity, strong winds, incendiary bombs ---> perfect conditions for a firestorm; resulted in 45,000 deaths; shows the beginning of increased brutality from the Allies in retaliation to the extreme Axis brutality and the shift in WWII from a military war to attacks on civilians

Operation Overlord (D-Day)

June 6th 1944, Invasion of the beaches of Normandy France (Largest amphibious invasion ever)

The not so decisive naval engagement that took place between the Royal Navy and the German High Seas Fleet in 1916.

Jutland

Historians have criticized this German leader for giving a "blank check" to Austria-Hungary prior to WWI.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Lend-Lease

Legislation proposed by FDR and adopted by congress, stating that the U.S could either sell or lease arms and other equipment to any country whose security was vital to America's interest -> military equipment to help Britain war effort was shipped from U.S. U.S. out builds what Germany can sink.

The "Miracle" took place here in September 1914 and involved more than 2 million soldiers. It signaled the failure of the Schlieffen Plan.

Marne

Dunkirk Evacuation

Mass effort of British citizens to evacuate soldiers from the shores of France.

This offensive lasted from late September until the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918. The AEF had to shift from St. Mihiel to assist the French assault.

Meuse-Argonne

Red Army

Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background, soviet union army and air force.

Air Corps Tactical School

Military professional development school for officers of the United States Army Air Service and United States Army Air Corps, the first such school in the world. Created in 1920 at Langley Field, Virginia, it relocated to Maxwell Field, Alabama, in July 1931. Instruction at the school was suspended in 1940, anticipating the entry of the United States into World War II, and the school was dissolved shortly after. ACTS was replaced in November 1942 by the Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics.

This German term gave a geographical shape to WWI. Germany and Austria-Hungary, as the "Central Powers," dominated the heartland of Europe.

Mitteleuropa

General Carl Spaatz

Name the general who in 1944 proposed to General Dwight D. Eisenhower that a new priority target must be set - the German synthetic fuels industry.

This piece of technology gave the Prussian Army a distinctive advantage over Austria in the Seven Weeks War, but not against the French Army in the next war.

Needlegun

Known as "The Iron Chancellor," he skillfully balanced strategic diplomacy and the use of military force, resulting in a united German Empire in 1871.

Otto Von Bismarck

Schwerpunkt

Point of main effort, German's never had Blitzkrieg they just evolved the traditional maneuver/annihilation tactics with combined arms

It is a relatively abrupt and dramatic change in warfare, typically the result of society, politics, economics, or technology.

Revolution in Military Affairs

This employment of artillery placed a curtain of moving fire directly in front of advancing infantry.

Rolling or creeping barrage

The Schlieffen Plan was designed to defeat France before this nation could mobilize and present the threat of a two-front war to Germany.

Russia

Battle of Germany

Similar to the Battle of Britain. Establishes Allied air superiority in Germany. A big part of the victory for the Allies was the long-range fighter innovation. The free land fighters also pressured Germany to pull resources away from the front for protection which hurt the land operations in the war Germany is stretched too thin.

The British Army lost more men on the first day of this battle in 1916 than any other battle in their history. They also introduced tanks here.

Somme

Deep Battle

Soviets devised a doctrine: huge armored formations through narrow portions of the enemy line, feeding in more men, tanks and guns along the same axis in echelons, smashing hostile resistance and driving far into the depth of the enemy. Guided by Marshal Tukhachevsky.

This "sliding scale" is based on the sub-factors of objectives, means, and methods; it defines where a war falls between absolute peace and absolute war.

Spectrum of War

The American Expeditionary Forces used a combined arms assault including airpower under Billy Mitchell to collapse a German salient here.

St. Mihiel

German aviators that flew close air support over Allied trenches were called by this name even though they also flew in clear weather.

Stormfliers

German infiltration tactics relied primarily on these specialized soldiers.

Stormtroopers

Germany's Schlieffen Plan sought to solve the problem of fighting a two-front war with France and Russia. Which level of war is this?

Strategic

The German Army under Hindenburg and Ludendorff defeated a larger Russian army here on the Eastern Front during WWI.

Tannenberg

Bushido

The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class. Die for the emperor.

"The Hump"

The Hump was the name given by Allied pilots in the Second World War to the eastern end of the Himalayan Mountains over which they flew military transport aircraft from India to China to resupply the Chinese war effort

Kwantung Army

The Japanese army posted in Manchuria to guard the South Manchurian Railway and other Japanese interests. It was increasingly acting without authorization from the government. They assassinated Zhang Zuolin in 1928 and seized Manchuria in 1931. When the Japanese government ordered them to withdraw, they refused.

Deep Operations

The Soviet Union proposed tactic of achieving effects with the enemy at a distance. These attacks were consecutive and would occur in a series of echelons with each echelon preceding in a "consecutive and unbroken accumulation of operational efforts." This strategy capitalizes on Russia's immense manpower and land space.

Curtis LeMay

The commander of the U.S. Air Force's 21st Bomber Command in the Pacific theater during World War II. LeMay is best known for developing the U.S. strategy of using massive incendiary bomb attacks on Japanese cities in order to break the Japanese will near the end of the war.

Regensburg

The mission inflicted heavy damage on the Regensburg target, but at catastrophic loss to the force, with 60 bombers lost and many more damaged beyond economical repair.

Doolittle Raid

The retaliatory attack by American bombers after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Showed that America could touch Japan, tactical failure, Strategic victory-morale boosting.

Arthur Harris

The wartime leader of the British air force's Bomber Command which was rearmed with 4 bombs per plain. Wanted to bomb German cities to break civilian morale and bring victory. Marshal of the RAF.

B.H. Liddell Hart

This British military theorist argued that encounters between the massive armies of the Great War only produced stalemate. He proposed countering mass with mobility. Instead of seeking to destroy armies, small mechanized forces could paralyze them by rapid penetrations into rear-area command posts, supply depots, and lines of communications.

Operation Typhoon

This was the German assault on Moscow Nov-Dec 1941. It was a tough fight for the Germans as they are getting tired and at the end of their supply lines also winter was approaching and they were not equipped for winter warfare. Russians were allowed to bring Siberian forces used to fighting in winter campaigns because they knew Japanese were not a threat to them. Outcome is Germans were never able to break Moscow defenses and the Russians were able to launch a counter attack.

This Japanese admiral defeated the Russian fleet at the Battle of the Tsushima Straits. He had a tactic or "Turn" named for him.

Togo Heihachiro

This treaty ended WWI and placed heavy restrictions on Germany ultimately leading to WWII.

Treaty of Versailles

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Battle of the Philippine Sea

US advance that sank many Japanese carriers. The Japanese navy never recovered from these massive losses of planes, pilots, and ships.

This German strategy which was designed to strangle Britain of supplies during WWI was a major reason why the U.S. entered the conflict in 1917.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

aircraft carrier

Utilized mainly by the US and Japan. Production wasn't limited by 5:5:3. US had naval aviators run them which was effective.

Germany arranged transportation for this exiled Bolshevik back to Russia if he promised to work for a Russian exit from WWI.

Vladimir Lenin

battleship

Was still considered king. Used for land bombardments as well as naval dominance.

Einsatzgruppen (SS)

Were special German killing squads who rounded up Jews and shot them. By the end of 1941, they had killed around 600,000 Jews.

He led all Allied airpower at the Battle of St. Mihiel. After WWI he demonstrated that airplanes could sink ships like the Ostfriesland.

William "Billy" Mitchell

The Gallipoli invasion was the brainchild of this future PM who served as Britain's First Lord of the Admiralty during WWI.

Winston Churchill

Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF)

Women who began working in the war in response to a worsening European situation. The women were expected to drive, conduct clerical work, and complete the cooking, waitressing, and running of messages. They could also be trained for other purposes such as teleprinter operators. Radar plotting, maintenance, photographic interpretation served important and wide range of roles.

This U.S. president won re-election in 1916 on the platform "He kept us out of the war!"

Woodrow Wilson

Germany used these to strategically bomb England during World War I. Their effectiveness was severely limited by the weather.

Zeppelin

The London Blitz

a German bombing offensive against Britain in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War. The term was first used by the British press and is the German word for 'lightning' The Germans conducted mass air attacks against industrial targets, towns, and cities, beginning with raids on London towards the end of the Battle of Britain in 1940, a battle for daylight air superiority between the Luftwaffe and the Royal Air Force over the United Kingdom. By September 1940, the Luftwaffe had failed and the German air fleets were ordered to attack London, to draw RAF Fighter Command into a battle of annihilation. London was systematically bombed by the Luftwaffe for 56 out of the following 57 days and nights

guns or butter

a phrase that refers to the trade-offs that nations face when choosing whether to produce more or less military or consumer goods

Transportation Plan

a plan for strategic bombing during World War II against bridges, rail centres, including marshalling yards and repair shops in France with the goal of limiting the German military response to the invasion of France in June 1944.

Appeasement at Munich

agreement permitting the Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland; September 1938

Case Yellow (Battle of France)

armoured offensive through the Ardennes Forest, which bypassed the strong French frontier defences of the Maginot Line. The advance would then threaten to encircle French and British divisions to the north, stationed on the Belgian frontier. the main German thrust through the Ardennes met with tremendous success.

Bocage

countryside or landscape marked by intermingled patches of woodland and heath, small fields, tall hedgerows, and orchards.

George C. Kenney

during his service in the Southwest Pacific in World War II, proved to skeptics the tremendous value of Air Force tactical support of ground and naval forces, demonstrating the new technique of skip bombing, to the pain of the enemy.

Battle of Berlin

final major offensive of the European Theatre of World War II; before the battle was over, Hitler and many of his followers committed suicide

"Eastern Workers"

foreign slave workers gathered and occupied from Central and Eastern Europe civilians that were captured to perform forced labor in Germany for the German army during WWII.

Panzer Division

in the German army under Hitler, a strike force of about three hundred tanks and accompanying forces and supplies

Rape of Nanking (1937)

infamous genocidal war crime committed by Japanese military in Nanjing. started in 1937 and lasted a few weeks. japanese army raped, stole and killed prisoners of war and civilians, lots of women and children.

Operation Citadel: Battle of Kursk

largest tank battle serving as a German counter-offensive to the Soviet advance against Operation Barbarossa. Soviets were prepared for the attack, first non-breakthrough for Germany. Hitler only attacked because he needed to show his allies they were winning.

Guadalcanal

one of the Solomon Islands in southwest Pacific, Japanese building airstrip, August 1942 battle, Allies won because the Japanese Navy never told the Army they lost at Midway.

Operation ARGUMENT

operation of winning air superiority by destroying German aircraft manufacturing plants

Operation Market Garden

plan to use paratroopers and tanks to capture bridges leading to Germany

Dual Offensive

the Japanese strategy that planned for two land offensives. One would advance from Burma to India and isolate the British rail junction, severing the flow to the Chinese.

Operation Bagration

the Soviets launched a massive attack and smashed the German Army Group center in Belarus

Battle of Kasserine Pass

the first large-scale meeting of American and German forces in World War II, the untested and poorly-led American troops suffered heavy casualties. Caused a large change in management for America.

Dyle Plan (plan D)

the plan of the Commander-in-Chief of the French Army, Général d'armée Maurice Gamelin to defeat a German attempt to invade France through Belgium

Mobilization

the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war. Changed economy of the all nations involved. Germany focused on Guns and used their women partially in farms and factories. USSR focused on guns and got food from America and had to move its factories away from German reach, they also were only nation to use women in battle on all aspects. Britain used women in basically everything except actually firing weapons. United States used women in factories and in non-armed positions of battle like nurse. Japan never really used women outside of farming.

Vernichtungskrieg

war of annihilation

Ernest J. King

was Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations (COMINCH-CNO) during World War II. As COMINCH, he directed the United States Navy's operations, planning, and administration and was a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was the U.S. Navy's second most senior officer after Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, and the second admiral to be promoted to five star rank.

Final Solution / Holocaust

was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jewry during World War II, resulting in the final, most deadly phase of the Holocaust