History 104 - Exam 1
Crazy Horse
When: 1842-1877, battle: 1876 Who: Native American Sioux leader What: Where: Dakota, Little Bighorn (Greasy Grass) Significance: defeated George Custer in battle, fought for their land, and didn't move because the whites found gold there; worked with Sitting Bull to defeat Custer
Alexander Grahm Bell
When: 1847-1922 Who: Scottish immigrant from Canada who wanted to transmit the human voice by electrical means; invention of the telephone in 1876 changed the nature of life in the US What: Where: Significance: lead to 1877- possible to make telephone calls between NY and Boston; New Haven, Connecticut- established the first telephone exchange; President Hayes had a telephone installed in the White House; 1884- long distance service between some cities
Thomas Alva Edison
When: 1847-1931 Who: inventor of the phonograph, electric lights, and countless other products, telegrapher during the Civil War What: Where: Significance: 1876- established the first industrial research laboratory at Menlo Park, NJ; 1877- devised the first phonograph, decade to be perfectly correct; 1879- invention of the carbon filament incandescent lamp
Social Darwinism
When: 1859, Who: came from Charles Darwin; What: political doctrine, 19th century philosophy that argued that the social history of humans closely resembled Darwin's principle of "survival to the fittest," according to this theory, human social history could be understood as a struggle among races, with the strongest and the fittest invariably triumphing Where: came from the harsher aspects of industrialized capitalism Significance: it influenced English writer Herbert Spencer- applied it to human existence, Horatio Alger- book saying men of energy and determination could triumph in the competitive system even against great odds; impact of these ideas was limited, people tolerated considerable gov intervention in the economy and social relations
black codes
When: 1865, after civil war Who: What: laws passed by colonial assemblies to define slavery and control the black population Where: in the South Significance: Although white legislatures already gave black people the right to marry, hold property, and to sue and be sued, the black codes were laws they didn't have and were establishing to have. They were demands to have to the right to move from one job to another, own or rent land, testify in court, and practice certain occupations
suffrage
When: 1870s Who: What: the right to vote Where: Significance: reflected in the 15th Amendment to black men, BUT not to women; was fought to be for everyone, whether they add it for everyone or for no one
Sharecropping
When: 1880s, after the Civil War Who: to any farmer What: Labor system, tenants worked the land in return for a share of the crops produced, as a wage and instead of paying rent; both depended on local merchants for food, clothing, farm equipment and crop supplies Where: South Significance: a shortage of currency in the south made this a common form of land tenure, and African Americans endured it because it eliminated the labor gangs of the slavery period
Sitting Bull
When: 1831-1890, battle: 1876 Who: Lakota Sioux Chief What: Where: Dakota, Little Bighorn Significance: defeated George Custer in the Battle of Little Big Horn (1876); worked with Crazy Horse to defeat Custer
Andrew Carnegie
When: 1835-1919 Who: Scottish-born industrialist and philanthropist, played a major role in the evolution of the US steel industry; rose from rags to riches What: Where: Significance: Became dominant with steelmaking, his operations between 1873-1889 cut the cost of steel from $58/ton --> $25/ton; put money on new equipment and plowed profits back into the business; led into achieving the vertical integration; his innovations in steelmaking shaped the economy;
Grover Cleveland
When: 1837-1908 Who: 22nd and 24th (1885-1889, 1893-1897) president of US, he was the first democrat elected to the presidency after the Civil war What: Where: Significance: stressed tariffs in the 1888 election, but lost
George Custer
When: 1839-1876<-- death from the battle of Little Bighorn Who: Lieutenant colonel What: Where: Dakota, Little Bighorn Significance: known for being defeated at Little Big Horn by the Sioux Indians
Reconstruction Act of 1867
who: Andrew Johnson what: outlines Congressional power by putting troops in the South (martial law), and implementing the 13th and 14 amendments in southern states' constitutions when: 1867 where: the South why: requires the South to amend all constitutions and accept these changes in order in rejoin the US
Redemption
who: Redeemers (Confederate Army) what: white supremacists in the South disgusted with newly freed slaves gaining rights and made an attempt to reclaim the South as "white man's country" when: 1880's where: the South why: blacks gaining momentum in the government and legislation due to the recent changes in national policy recognizing black citizenship
John Wilkes Booth
who: apart of a group that planned to kill Lincoln and other extremists of the time what: kill Lincoln and revitalize the Confederacy when: April 1865 where: the South why: killing of Lincoln made Reconstruction much more difficult; brought more changes than Lincoln had intended
Andrew Johnson
who: president after Lincoln's assassination what: Freemen's Bureau and the quick unification of the South when: April 1865 where: the North vs. South why: looked at as a tyrant king and harmful to Congress' view of Reconstruction (pardoning Southern officials of crimes committed)
Compromise of 1877
- unwritten agreement - Hayes wins election - southerners appointed to cabinet -withdraws remaining Northern troops from the South - agrees to serve 1 term in presidency - agree to rebuild the South - blacks in the South no longer have federal protection -the final end of Reconstruction
Coxey's Army
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
Farmer's Alliances
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
Gilded Age
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
Homestead Act
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
Iron Horse
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
Laissez-faire economics
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
New Imperialism
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
Panic of 1873
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
Panic of 1893
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
Plessy v. Fergunson
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
The "Splendid Little War"
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
The Gold Standard
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
The People's Party (Populist Party)
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
disenfranchisement
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
industrialization
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
labor unions
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
nativism
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
new immigrants
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
ubranization
When: Who: What: Where: Significance:
Benjamin Harrison
When: Who: won presidency 1889-1893, 23rd president, represented the Republicans, What: Where: Significance: lost the popular vote but won a majority of the electoral college, with the win breaking the stalemated system that had existed since
impeachment
When: Who: What: the act of charging a public official with misconduct in office; constitutional procedure for removing presidents who re found guilty for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors" as interpreted by congress Where: Significance: Johnson was impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act (no president can remove officials who had been confirmed by the Senate)
Horace Greeley
When: 1811-1872 Who: editor of the New York Tribune; Grant's opponent in the 1872 election, representative of the Liberal/Democrats What: Where: Significance: favored protective tariff, unlike other reformers was indifferent about the civil service, main passion was to end Reconstruction; Democrats were ify in accepting him as the nominee, and lost the election against Grant
Samuel Tilden
When: 1814-1886, 1876 (candidate for president) Who: governor of New York and democratic candidate for president 1876, believed in the gold standard, limited federal action, and restraints in spending What: Where: Significance: narrowly lost the most controversial election in American history
Susan B. Anthony
When: 1820-1906; (women's suffrage) 1870s Who: advocate for woman's suffrage and leader in the women's rights movement (the National Woman Suffrage Association) What: Where: Significance: opposed the 15th amendment because it left women out, thought if women can't have the right to vote, then Blacks or Asians shouldn't either, this put her in conflicts with Frederick Douglas
Rutherford Hayes
When: 1822-1893 Who: governor of Ohio, represented Republicans in the election of 1876, 19th president, won the election of 1876 What: Where: Significance: won the most fiercely disputed election in American history by ONE electoral vote; used the "waving the bloody shirt" to influence voters for Republicans to remind them the sacrifices of the Men in Blue
Geronimo
When: 1829-1909 Who: Apache leader of New Mexico who resisted white incursions until his capture in 1886, What: brief surrender periods, but escaped it, but finally captured in September 1886 and exiled to Florida Where: lived in Arizona until 1881 and began to raid across the Southwest Significance: led to the West wanted Indians completely gone, East wanted Indians to adapt to the white society; led to both ideas being combined and creation of the Dawes Severalty Act 1887
John Pemberton
When: 1831-1888 Who: Atlanta druggiest who in 1886 developed a syrup from an extract of the cola nut that he mixed with carbonated water called Coca Cola What: Where: Significance: became a household word
John Rockefeller
When: 1839-1937, 1860s (oil importance), 1870 (found Standard Oil Company) Who: key figure in the development of the oil industry and the growth of large corporations, in charged of Standard Oil What: Where: Significance: he symbolized economic monopolization, obtained rebates from the railroads, created the Standard Oil Company to impose control on a chaotic business, dominated the oil business, controlled 90% of the oil-refining capacity, lead to him achieving a horizontal integration, his Standard Oil Company lead to be the first example of the trust in American Business
Interstate Commerce Act:
When: 1887 Who: What: Congressional legislation that set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to supervise and regulate the nation's railroads Where: Significance: regulated pricing in railroads and behavior in railroads, part of populism which is the idea for the people
temperance movement
When: 19th century (1800s) Who: brought about from women What: reform movement that encouraged the reduction of elimination of alcoholic beverage consumption Where: Significance: lead into a creation of a national meeting: Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), succeeded in eliminating alcoholism
robber barons
When: Industrialization era Who: railroad industry leaders who became renowned for their ruthless methods against competitors, entrepreneurs during this period What: Where: Significance: people disliked them, examples are Jay Gould and Cornelius Vanderbilt; lead to reduction in pricing to lure costumers-would give some shippers a cheaper and other people the listed rate or they had to pay more; they made a pool-worked together and had to remain a certain rate to ensure profit; lead to in the mid-1880s to larger railroads moving toward consolidation as an answer to too many railroads and too much competition
Haymarket Riot
When: May 4, 1886 Who: workmen in Chicago What: anarchists accused of throwing a bomb and sparking a deadly riot (shocked nation); workmen in Chicago gathered to protest police conduct during a strike at a factory of the McCormick company (made reapers for farmers) Where: Chicago Significance: result- the public support for labor's demand for an 8 hour shift and other concessions dried up as anti-radical hysteria spread, led to the end of Knights of Labor, but then created the AFL; long-term consequences created as well
Freedmen Bureau
When: created 1865, during the reconstruction period for the South Who: What: Federal agency created to supervise newly freed people, from slave economy to wage economy; oversaw relations between whites and blacks in the South, issued food relations, and supervised labor contracts Where: in the South Significance: many whites resented the bureau but it helped smooth the transition from slavery to freedom, from war to peace
Dawes Severalty Act
When: created in 1887 Who: What: Congressional legislation that distributed land to the Indians so that it could eventually be sold to whites; allowed president to survey NA reservations and divide them into 160-acre farms; couldn't lease or sell land for 25 years, if they adapted "habit of civilized life" became US citizen, but those that didn't their land would be sold to white settlers, reformers got NA to be citizens, and West got land Where: Significance: result- NA holds decreased (138 mil-47mil), the act undermined the tribal structure and culture of NA and at the same time helped allow whites to start mining and cattle ranching
Knights of Labor
When: during the rise of unions 1860s-1870s Who: embraced workers from skilled craft unions, agricultural laborers in the South, and women who were new entrants into the workforce What: a 19th century labor organization that combines fraternal ritual, the language of Christianity and a belief in the social equality of all citizens; purpose was a system adopted which will secure to the laborer the fruits of his toil; established among coal miners in Pennsylvania Where: Significance: the willingness of the Knights to include women and blacks set it apart from other unions; created strikes- 1st success 1885 against Jay Gould (gained more supporters), 2nd 1886 against Gould (led to Haymarket Riot)
Liberal Republicans
When: formed 1872, during President Grant's term Who: Republicans who weren't content with the political corruption and the policies of President Grant's first administration, alliances with Democrats What: organization of Republicans Where: Significance: *liberal meant they preferred a smaller government, lower tariffs, civil service, and an end to Reconstruction, tolerated violence against African Americans; caused issues in Republican side: people in support of Liberal/Democrats were fired from office, but 1870 the empty seats were given to the Democrats (opponents of President Grant) Republicans were still in charged, but position was weakening
Ku Klux Klan
When: founded in 1866, and then revived in 1915 Who: made up of Whites who were against any white or black men who dared associate with Republicans or support black rights What: organization to terrorize blacks (1866); enforced often through violence and intimidation, the cultural values or rural, prohibitionist America against minority groups including African Americans, Jews and Catholics (1915) Where: South during reconstruction Significance: lead to Republicans into getting control of Congress, governorship and legislature in every northern state, lead to a debate whether there should be indefinite military control over the south or to return to civilian control. Lead to the passing of the Reconstruction Act of 1867
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
When: late 1886 Who: created by Samuel Gompers (use to be part of Knights of Labor) What: an alliance of craft unions and skilled workers, didn't organize the masses of industrial workers; opposed immigrant labor (especially of the Chinese on the west coast), okay with black members Where: Significance: success, it achieved considerable benefits for its members through judicious use of strikes and negotiations with empolyers
vertical integration
a procedure wherein a company gains control of all phases of production related to its product; achieved by Andrew Carnegie meaning he controlled all of the steps in the process of making steel
horizontal integration
a procedure wherein a company takes over competitors to achieve control within an industry, Rockefeller achieve this with oil company
trust
label for the rise of big business
