History 115 Final Exam

Results of the Allied Planning

- Development of new techniques of warfare Amphibious attacks using specialized landing craft Strategic decision to mass produce these craft and allocate them

Total War

-Total mobilization, the use of all available resources, Very important for a successful war effort economic , social, and political

Black Thursday (14 oct 1943)

14 oct 1943 of the 251 B-17s on the mission 60 were shot down and 138 were damadged 600 men were lost over enemy territory, and 5 dead and 43 wounded flyers in damaged aircraft In this one week a total of 148 heavy bombers were shot down

the Holocaust (jewish resistance)

18 January 1943 Jewish revolt in Warsaw Ghetto Resistance continues with full scale attack on Ghetto on 19 April -the 750 fighters hold out until 26 may Treblinka: revolt of camp workers, 2 aug, working crematoriums realized they had about 6 months, smuggled explosives, blowing up crematorium and killing guards, all involved were killed immediately sept 1943: riot at Sobibor death camp, large riot, one of the few successful revolts Germans order camps demolished: they order planting of trees and building of farms to hide their true purpose.

(Arsenal of Democracy) aircraft

1940 US produces just 6,000 aircraft • 1942 45,000 vs 27,000 for Germany, Italy, and Japan combined

Dramatic Increases in Production

1942-43 miracle turnaround in USSR and USA Economies soviet Union command economy evacuation of hundreds of factories to the east, simply if you refused you would die, stalin organized propaganda to fight against the germans, industrial workers would live on less than subsistence food, work more than 16 hours a day, would keep themselves alive with vegetable gardens USA capitalism dollar a year men, these were execs who took next to nothing to run companies and save the US money fordism and war, industrial production on a moving industrial assembly line, everything would be built on these industrial assembly line, american production would increase a 648% after this implementation.

Defeat of Germany (USSR)

1943-45 After Kursk Soviet launch series of offensives to destroy the German Army • Hitler refuses to allow the Wehrmacht to retreat • Soviet Surprise Assault against Army Group Centre June 1944 • 400,000 German casualties • By August 1944 Soviets recapture most occupied territory • Take Warsaw January 1945 • Siege of Budapest December to February 195 • Battle for Berlin April - May 1945 RESULT Germany's early commitment to the doctrine of the short war was a continuing handicap; neither plans nor state of mind were adjusted to the idea of a long war. Nearly all German sources agree that the hope for a quick victory lasted long after the short war became a long one. Germany's armament minister

Air Craft (science at war)

A decisive weapon • Acquisition of VLR aircraft delayed by objections of Bomber Command • US made B24 Liberators • Once air gap closed in May 1943 the Uboats were defeated

British Commonwealth Air Training Plan

Agreement signed between britain and Canada in 1939 British sent pilots into combat with little skill needed fully trained pilots with hundreds of hours of flying time before combat british didn't have resources to train pilots in britain, so gave this training program to the canadians vast numbers of peoples would be trained by canada under this program canada paid 1.6 billion out of the 2.2 billion dollars for the program 1941 USA began similar program to mass train pilots Japan and Germany delayed training pilots in sufficient numbers Japan has few fully trained pilots left alive by 1943 japanese never decided to rotate experienced air crew to train new pilots japanese were quickly losing their exp pilots, no pilots were around to train their new pilots

Science at War

Allies introduce new weapons, (hedgehog) sensors -- radar (magnetron)and sonar, H/F D/F (Huff Duff), techniques • Allies use radio intelligence to track U-Boats • Y Service • Enigma • Ultra • Bletchley Park

Leyte Gulf 20 oct 1944

Americans have overwhelming superiority, Japanese attack from four different directions This almost works, elaborate ruse by the Japanese Aircraft carriers used as bait, they were empty. American attack so ferocious the Japanese get scared and go back home a miricle for the americans who had been very close to being strategically compromised This equates in the destruction of almost the entire japanese navy Japanese just as the leyte battle is ending Turn to desperate measure and history The Kamakazi the devine wind Train pilots just enough to take off not land Dive planes onto the deck of the american warships Americans retake the phillipeans 3 march 1945 100,000 phillippine civlians killed by the japanese

Anti semitism

Anti-Semitism, the irrational hatred of Jews, prevalent in Europe since the Middle Ages • Yet, the 19th and 20th Centuries saw the emancipation of Jews • Germany at the forefront of the renaissance of Jewish culture

Arthur Harris

British when on to run this campaign. Appointed this man as C and C of bomber command feb 1942 Ruthlessly pursued objectives of dehousing German population. believed firmly that strategic bombing could win the war

The Final Solution

Codified anti-Semitism in Germany • 31 July 1941 Hermann Goering orders Heydrich to prepare the final solution of the "Jewish question." • by late summer construction of permanent gas chambers is underway at Belzec and Auschwitz, in Poland • Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour • judges Jews to be impure and inferior to Aryans, also outlaws mixed marriage, normal fraternization between Jews and other citizens • later laws strip Jews of German citizenship

American Submarine Campaign

Decide to destroy the japanese merchant navy, American submarine offensive American subs annihilate the Japanese merchant marine Are large and capable of holding huge torpedoes equipt with good radar system Had a range of 10,000 miles 1942 subs ink 180 japanese ships Code breaking and faulty torpedo 1944 600 japanese ships sunk 2.7 million tons ⅔ of the merchant marine In total US and allied subs unk 1,300 ships, including a large # of warships Japan had 6 million tons of merchant shipping in 1941 and built another 3 million tons during the course of the war 5, 053,000 tons of merchant shipping sunk by subs Destruction of the Japanese war economy in a big way. Subs further sunk 214 japanese warships, that is 30% of the japanese navy This is the 1 submarine campaign in history that is truly successful Of the 319 boats taht slipped their mooring lines, 52 of them never tied

the Holocaust (Perpetrators, Collaborators, Rescuers and Bystanders)

Denmark: snuck jews out of the country to sweden, Nazi's didnt think much of denmark as they thought tehy would be good arains. Bulgaria: refused permission to give away their jews to the germans Ukraine: hated jews, however some partisan groups Poland: large number of people that saved jews, children would be saved loosing their identity never learning of their hertitage, many collaborated with the germans over the rounding up of jews.95% of jews were killed, 5% could not go back to Poland. France, French police gleefully rounded up non french refugee jews prior to the occupation of Paris, Even did this before the germans asked, French jews mostly survived Holland: many who would assist jews, most famous Anne Frank, Highest # of collaborators with the germans during the war, Who would help the Jews, peoples life were at stake Schindler's list a conman petty criminal and a drunk, however when setting up factory to make german military utilities, he realized what the germans were doing, he fed and saved his jewish workers saving over 150 people from death Rescuers were few and far between

Limitations of Airpower

Douhet • Germany defeated by the Allied Armies • Tactical Air Power vital for their success • German armies, mounted a determined defence in Hungary, Normandy and launched Ardennes Offensive

America (strategic bombing doctrine)

General Eaker, Commander US 8th Air Force • Casablanca Conference 17 January 1943 • Directive 166/I/D • Operation Pointblank Americans believed in daytime precision bombing • Heavily armed and armoured bombers, like B-17 to fight their way to the target

Soviet Strategy (Stalingrad)

General Greogry Zhukov, began to comfront that he perhaps was not a brilliant strategist and left things to his most brilliant strategist Zuhkov would argue with stalin that a plan was needed to win the battle, need to build up massive force norht and south of the city to launch a massive counterattack Nov 19 1942 soviets launched a massive counter-attack designed to rescue Stalingrad and Trap the Attacking Germans would target weaker troops on the outside of the germans flanks. these troops were largely Italian and Romanian troops soviets further used another tactic of night attacks with soviet troops advancing into the the enemies lines with massive artilery bombardments at day break, as well as troops attacking the germans, and then tanks entire romanian and italian divisions were destroyed within hours northern and souther offensives would come together, isolating the german forces into stalingrad. Inside stalingrad was the entire german 6th army had 200,000 troops in the city Von Palus reaction was to order his men to fight their way out of the encirclement, Hitler sent a message you are not to surrender one square inch had to retreeat back to almost the caspian sea, troops had to retreate

Costs of defence

German commit 1,000 fighters to home defence • 7,000 88mm Anti- Aircraft/Anti-Tank Guns • Mustangs and Other US Fighters destroy the Luftwaffe on D Day on 6 June almost no German aircraft present

Russia 1942 offensive

Germans delayed their offensive till the end of may 1942 at this point hitler was becoming convinced of his competence as a strategist and the military's incompetence, taking more control In the North an advance to the Don rivers and then south to Stalingrad Broad attack over two fronteirs This was to be followed by two assaults towards the Caucasus took vast territories almost hitting turkish boarders hoped to be able to capture huge # of soviet troops driving north toward the don River and their front lines, huge encirclement. A german Officer travelling near the front lines was carrying with him the entire master plans two weeks before the op, soviets at first though it was a plant after shooting down the officers plane and getting the plans, SOviets evacuated most of their troops and the germans gained the territory however did not find the troops

Full Mobilization of the Economy

Germany - before war germany built up a major lead in aircraft and tank production hitler did not wish to disrupt german people with a full mobilization of the economy wanted to continue the manufacturing of domestic or unnecessary items to make sure that germany would not feel as if it was fighting a world war. Also no central control of the economy until 1942, for germany this was too late the germans were outbuilding in aircraft, but the british were producing more in weight Britan - in 1939 Britain committed to full economic mobilization by 1942 Britain build twice as many aircraft and almost as many tanks Dramatic increases in production

Stalingrad

Hitler believed that Stalin would do anything to save the city named after him, Stalingrad was a model city huge amounts of money spent to make the city beautiful Germans began offensive by bombing the city, soviets even though they knew the raid was coming failed to tell their citizens killed almost 60,000 people. Hitler insisted that German troops enagage in street to street and house to house fighting The soviets fighting biterly to the last man huge number of casualties in these urban fighting for the germans, army said we should surround the city Hitler refused German military was drawn into a brutal urban battle of attrition, in which the army wanted to avoid at all cost however the germans were forced to press in attempting to get into the city the Soviets refused to surrender ground, any soviet soldier that would flee to save themselves would be in greater harm from the NKVD fighting was feirce, etire summer 1943 germans inched foreward at a grindingly slow pace. city is a thin narrow strip along the river However the soviet Union turned this into a fight of national importance, loose stalingrad we loose the nation, every available soldier was placed, women would fight fighting was total chaos

Hitler and the Jews

Hitler had an irrational hatred of jews believe in Aryan Racial purity jews an easy target, a scapegoat of sorts, downfalls of proportional representation 1933 first laws of hitlers government limit rights and remove jews from civil service dachau: First Concentration camp, established early 1934 Nazi's promote hatred of Jews throughough german society, even in childrens books anti-jewish laws become increasingly harsh jews encouraged to emigrate "none is to many" nuremberg laws 1935 codified anti-semitism in germany reich citizenship law and the law for the protection of german blood and honour judged jews to be impure and inferior to aryans, outlawed mix marriages, normal fraternization between jews and other citizens later laws strip jews of german citizenship rising Sept 21 1939 reinhard heydrich head of the SD the german security police formed the Einsatgruppen how wrote about the intermediate and final goals of dealing with the jews ordered formation of Ghettos, clearing way fo settlement of poland by Aryans Winter 1939-1940 hitler authorized the so called euthanasia program physically or mentally handicapped put to death in institutions in germany and austria using gas chambers built for that purpose dubbed useless mouths Einsatzgruppen Summer of 1941 einsatzgruppen begin mass killing of jews in Eastern Europe, with support of the German army,

Ideology interwar and ww2

Hitler's hatred of Communism combined with his racial beliefs fuel the blood bath of the Great Patriotic War • Japanese beliefs of racial superiority fuels the widespread killing of Chinese, both civilians and soldiers • Perhaps as many as 35 Million Chinese die • Japanese refused to apply international rules of war to the Chinese • At end of war only 56 Chinese prisoners of war reported in Japanese Army's hands

Results of Euro Bombing

In the attack by Allied air power, almost 2,700,000 tons of bombs were dropped, • more than 1,440,000 bomber sorties and 2,680,000 fighter sorties were flown. • number of combat planes reached a peak of some 28,000 • 1,300,000 men were in combat commands. • The number of men lost in air action was 79,265 Americans and 79,281 British. • More than 18,000 American and 22,000 British planes were lost or damaged beyond repair.

situation winter spring (invasion of USSR)(Kursk)

Jan. 1943 german army on the eastern front had 495 tanks even with the now superior german tanks give ground to soviets, huge bulge in lines at kursk general von manstein's counterattack february, with the remainder of the forces he has resulting in a stop of the soviet advance bulge at the lines, Germans saw oppurtunity to attack and cut off soviet pocket, Germans had rebuilt their forces with 3000 superior tanks and 1900 aircraft germans believe in this massive offensive they could gaint the upper hand Russians had time to deploy 4,000 tanks of their own, along with artillery and Anti-tank guns heavily dug in, in depth defences and massive air support choose the third option to poure into the bulge at kursk every available force, stop GErmans attacked 5 july 1943 only were able to penatrate a mere ten miles in the north and in the south 30 miles before the soviets shut down the attack, Soviets outnumbered the germans so the higher soviet causalites did not matter Germans lost all of the tanks they had harboured for the offensive entire descions ceased to exist, soviet numbers, qualty of equipment, and tactis improve After Kursk Soviet #'s and quality of equipment and tactis improve German armies were ground down and destoryed in a series of attrition battles

Wannsee protocol and conference

January 20 1942 Heydrich convenes Wannsee Conference • SS Lt.-Colonel Adolf Eichmann, head of the Jewish Affairs and Evacuation, outlines the plan for the "industrialization of Death" • many of the attendees hold Ph.D in engineering and chemistry • ordered to find more efficient means to kill millions of people In the course of the final solution and under appropriate direction, the Jews are to be utilized for work in the East in a suitable manner. In large labour columns, and separated by sexes, Jews capable of working will be dispatched to these regions to build roads, and in the process a large number of them will undoubtedly drop out by way of natural attrition. • Those who get by will have to be given suitable treatment, because they unquestionably represent the most resistant segments, and therefore constitute a natural elite that, if allowed to go free, would turn into a germ cell of renewed Jewish revival

Japanese advances 1942

Japan continues its offensive, invading Burma. Japanese occupy Manila in the Philippines. The siege of Bataan begins. MacArthur proclaims the Bataan Peninsula the center of American-Filipino resistance to the Japanese invasion of the Philippines. But the jungles, swamps, and mountains make supply difficult and the Bataan Defense Force suffers shortages of food and medicines throughout the three-month ordeal. Japan invades Singapore and Sumatra. British forces in Singapore surrender. U.S. Navy launches air and surface attacks against Japanese bases in the Marshall Islands. The Battle of Java Sea on February 27-28 results in most severe U.S. naval losses since Pearl Harbor and leads to the collapse of organized Allied military resistance in that area. Japanese land in New Guinea and threaten Port Moresby, the last defensive post held by the Allies to protect Australia. US forces on Bataan, in the Philippines, surrender to the Japanese. 75,000 American and Filipino troops are captured by the Japanese and transferred to prison camps in the 60-mile "Bataan Death March," during which thousands died of disease, starvation, untreated wounds, and execution. Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle leads sixteen B-25 bombers from the carrier Hornet to bomb targets in Tokyo, Yokohama, Yokosuka, Kobe, and Nagoya. The last US troops in the Philippines surrender. Japanese forces capture the remainder of Burma and reach India. In the Battle of Coral Sea, May 7-8, the US gives Japan its first defeat of the war. It is the first naval battle ever fought entirely by aircraft, without the opposing ships ever sighting each other. The US defeats Japan in the Battle of Midway, stopping the Japanese advance across the Pacific islands. Japan postpones plans to invade Midway. Japanese occupy Attu and Kiska in the Aleutian Islands. Japanese troops begin Papaun Campaign to capture Port Moresby on the southern coast of New Guinea. In the months that follow, Australian and U.S. forces frustrate every attempt to take the port and eventually drive the Japanese back. U.S. Marines invade Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands in the first American offensive of the war. Subsequent Japanese efforts to drive the Americans off the island are consistently unsuccessful. Fighting on and around Guadalcanal continues through the fall and winter. The decisive American victory in the naval Battle of Guadalcanal prevents the Japanese from landing reinforcements and makes possible the final conquest of Guadalcanal by U.S. forces.

Japanese Strategy

Japanese army and navy failed to coordinate planning army fought a separate campaign in China and Burma Navy focused its efforts in the pacific neither properly supported the others efforts support new guinea islands navy wanted support from the army, build garrisons Japanese army and navy had no idea how they were going to win the war. no clear idea how to win

Invasion of Port Moresby (Battle of the Coral Sea)

Japanese had captured the northern half of new guinea Japanese wanted to finish capturing the rest of new guinea to pose a threat and perhaps invade Australia. Instead of attacking through the mountains Japanese would take invasion force around to the southern side of new guinea and attack port moresby from the ocean Americans however had broken japanese naval codes, and had dispatched aircraft carriers The Battle of the Coral Sea, which was fought mostly in the waters south-east of Papua in early May, diverted a Japanese naval attack against Port Moresby and removed the immediate threat. However, by May 1942 the Japanese had established themselves in the arc of islands north and east of the island of New Guinea as well as in the region around Lae and Madang on the north coast of the mainland. Although a tactical victory for the Japanese in terms of ships sunk, the battle would prove to be a strategic victory for the Allies for several reasons. The battle marked the first time since the start of the war that a major Japanese advance had been checked by the Allies. More importantly, the Japanese fleet carriers Shōkaku and Zuikaku - one damaged and the other with a depleted aircraft complement - were unable to participate in the Battle of Midway, which took place the following month, ensuring a rough parity in aircraft between the two adversaries and contributing significantly to the US victory in that battle. The severe losses in carriers at Midway prevented the Japanese from reattempting to invade Port Moresby from the ocean. Two months later, the Allies took advantage of Japan's resulting strategic vulnerability in the South Pacific and launched the Guadalcanal Campaign that, along with the New Guinea Campaign, eventually broke Japanese defenses in the South Pacific and was a significant contributing factor to Japan's ultimate defeat in World War II.

The Battle of the Philippines Sea

Large naval battle US fleet consists of 15 carriers Japanese attack with 450 aircraft 330 shot down 2 japanese carriers sunk, Americans call this the Marianas Turkey shoot Cost of taking these islands is taking its toll on the americans and the American people, and the people of the islands Invasion of Saipan Of 25,000 civilians on the island over 20,000 are killed many commit suicide after the emp offered them a special place in heaven among the solidres Japanese convinced them that the americans would rape and murder them anyway Japanese forced civilians to kill themselves or be killed. Brings home to the Americans what might lie ahead if they attack japan Americans begin to approach the Philippines

The Siege

Lufwtafe goering believed he could supply the germans, this failed 10 january, 1943 the soviets under the cover of 7000 guns attacked and split the germans defences Finally, after weeks of more brutal fighting, the last german unit was wiped out on 2 febuary.

Macaruthur Nimitz dispute

Macarthur had fought in philippines escaped to australia had taken over command from the australians in the new guinea campaign Created the plan of island hopping small advances thorugh the south pacific Nimizt said no we should go through the south pacific as their were fewer islands to take and we will do it with maraines and aircraft Roosevelt had to decide Decided to do, as american industry was really picking up Main goal to bomb Japan and then invade Japan.

German offensive counterattack (Stalingrad)

Massive German counteratttack from 12 to 18 december could not get within twenty five miles of stalingrad as Germans Soviets beat this offensive back easily after a six day battle could not get had to retreeat back to 25 miles near stalingrad

Humour and Propaganda

Motivation Using propaganda constant reminder of WHY we are sacrificing our livelihood in the war.

kokoda trail

Narrow track over the rugged mountains of Papua new guinea. Trail walked by thousands of young Australian soldiers in defense of theor nation, fighting against the japanese in WW2. Battle that determined whether Australia would be invaded by the Japanese. July 1942-January 1943, Japanese embarked on moving overland along Kokoda trail to Australia's important military, port moresby, planned to attack and take over base and intercept Australia's communications with America

Battle for Berlin

November 1943 to March 1944 Harris launches all-out assault • 9,000 sorties against Berlin • 11,000 against other cities • 1,047 of Bomber Command's Aircraft Shot Down, another 1,682 damaged • Loss rate 5.1 %

War Crimes Trails after the war

Nuremberg Trials : first war crimes tribunals, states have limits of what they can do to people, lots of evidence left by the germans ONly targeted few high ranking officials of the state, judges, party officials, vast # of people involved in the War crimes were allowed to go scott free Of those that survived the war 95% were not brought to justice after the war survivors were placed in displaced persons camp, many could not go home to poland Not until 1948 until doors would be opened to the Jews in Canada and the United States. IRan supports and funds holocoust denial groups lunitics also on the far right David Irving, prolific writer in 60s and 70s on Germany during the Second World War, fluent in German, claimed to have found secret diaries, all found to be fraud. ALL HIS WORK WAS FALSE HISTORY, distorted evidence, and MADE THINGS UP.

Guadalcanal

On 7 August 1942, Allied forces, predominantly United States Marines, landed on the islands of Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida in the southern Solomon Islands, with the objective of denying their use by the Japanese to threaten the supply and communication routes between the US, Australia, and New Zealand. The Allies also intended to use Guadalcanal and Tulagi as bases to support a campaign to eventually capture or neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain. The Allies overwhelmed the outnumbered Japanese defenders, who had occupied the islands since May 1942, and captured Tulagi and Florida, as well as an airfield (later named Henderson Field) that was under construction on Guadalcanal. Powerful US naval forces supported the landings. Surprised by the Allied offensive, the Japanese made several attempts between August and November to retake Henderson Field. Three major land battles, seven large naval battles (five nighttime surface actions and two carrier battles), and continual, almost daily aerial battles culminated in the decisive Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in early November, in which the last Japanese attempt to bombard Henderson Field from the sea and land with enough troops to retake it was defeated. In December, the Japanese abandoned their efforts to retake Guadalcanal and evacuated their remaining forces by 7 February 1943 in the face of an offensive by the US Army's XIV Corps. The Guadalcanal campaign was a significant strategic combined arms victory by Allied forces over the Japanese in the Pacific theater. The Japanese had reached the peak of their conquests in the Pacific. The victories at Milne Bay, Buna-Gona, and Guadalcanal marked the Allied transition from defensive operations to the strategic initiative in that theater, leading to offensive operations, such as the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, and Central Pacific campaigns, that resulted in Japan's eventual surrender and the end of World War II. Casualties 14,000 soldiers plus 9,000 more to disease 1,000 prisoners Americans , 1,600 killed, 4,200 wonded, 2000 more to disease Guadalcanal ends the Japanese imperial ambitions and conquest in the pacific.

Defeat (Stalingrad)

Only 91,000 Germans were left alive to surrender. • All told since November the Germans had suffered over 300,000 casualties, nearly 1/10 of all their forces on the Eastern Front.

the Holocaust (medical experiments)

Posted to Auschwitz in 1943, Dr. Joseph Mengele, with other SS doctors, dispatch Jews to the gas chambers. • Mengele conducts experiments using Jewish and Gypsy twin subjects. He either kills or ordered killed some of his subjects so that organs may be harvested for study

General Eisenhower

Relatively unknown officer • No combat experience • Diplomatic abilities

Dresden, Feb 1945

Series of raids launched by Bomber Command and 8th Air Force • 50,000 Germans killed culminating at the end of the war, at the last german city not damadged by bombing Harris to show just how effictive this could be • Question of Morality of Bombing Campaign raised

Nuremberg Laws - 1935

Sparked by assassination of German official in Paris • Orchestrated attacks on synagogues, Jewish businesses • Hundreds die, thousands arrested, and sent to concentration camps

Kristallnacht, 9 November 1938

Sparked by assassination of german officials in Paris, desperate young jewish man shot a German official he believed was the ambassador, jewish man had lost his citizenship and left to starve and freeze to death between german and polish boarders Orchestrated attacks on synagogues jewish businesses hundreds die, thousands arrested, and sent to concentration camps call this a spontaneous uprising

Russia - German 1942 Offensive

Spring of 1942 both the Germans and Soviets began planning an offensive for May. a large Soviet force under General Timoshenko attacks first on 12 May

Taran Conference

Stalin and Roosevelt ganged up on Churchill to agree to a sooner invasion of Europe all three also agreed to the idea that any of the axis powers were only to surrender unconditionally no separate surrender, this war would be fought to the bitter end. STALIN FORCED THIS main outcome of the Tehran Conference was the Western Allies' commitment to open a second front against Nazi Germany. The conference also addressed the Allies' relations with Turkey and Iran, operations in Yugoslavia and against Japan, and the envisaged post-war settlement. A separate protocol signed at the conference pledged the Big Three to recognize Iran's independence.

Treatment of soviet peoples

Starvation was widespread, with Soviet civilians forced to eat dogs - until the dog supply ran out and people were forced to turn to rats, crows and birch bark. • In the Ukrainian town of Kharkov, which was administered by the German army, 100,000 people died of starvation and disease.

American and British Tanks (Arsenal of Democracy)

Tanks such as the m4 sherman tanks were inferior to newer german tanks but they were massed produces and very reliable 45,000 shermans built, however the allies had so many more decent tanks than the germans as well as ways to destroy tanks than the germans

Battle of Savo Island

That night, as the transports unloaded, two groups of screening Allied cruisers and destroyers, under the command of British Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley VC, were surprised and defeated by a Japanese force of seven cruisers and one destroyer from the 8th Fleet based at Rabaul and Kavieng and commanded by Japanese Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa. In the Battle of Savo Island one Australian and three American cruisers were sunk and one American cruiser and two destroyers were damaged. The Japanese suffered moderate damage to one cruiser.[41] Mikawa, who was unaware Fletcher was preparing to withdraw with the U.S. carriers, immediately retired to Rabaul without attempting to attack the transports. Mikawa was concerned about daylight U.S. carrier air attacks if he remained in the area. Bereft of his carrier air cover, Turner decided to withdraw his remaining naval forces by the evening of 9 August and in so doing left the Marines ashore without much of the heavy equipment, provisions and troops still aboard the transports. Mikawa's decision not to attempt to destroy the Allied transport ships when he had the opportunity proved to be a crucial strategic mistake.[42]

The Shoah

The Final Solution - die Endlösung - Nazi Term • sho'ah - Hebrew for Catastrophe • Holocaust - from the Greek translation of the Hebrew word olah, refers to completely consumed burnt offerings. • Porrajmos - Gypsy term means great devouring

Hitlers plan German offensive 1942

The Germans hoped to trap large numbers of Soviet troops before they could cross the Don River • a German officer was captured with the plans for the entire operation and the Soviets withdrew most of their troops out of harms way. • the Germans captured large amounts of territory, but few enemy troops.

planning for a global war (British and Americans/allies)

The United States and Britian began joint planning for the US entry into the war. Americans formed this committee, combined chiefs of staff, Where the joint international war effort would be directed, big war decision and strategy. was also a permanent body that met every day in the United States differs from the combined british american Chiefs of staff changed focus of the war from Germany to japan already close coordination between Churchill and Roosevelt, began to meet before pearl harbour meetings plan out allied grand strategy Agreed to Europe First strategy in 1942 and unconditional surrender coordination with soviets less formal until 1943 when Stalin begins attending some conferences, important party in fighting the naizis

Warfare and Ideology

The second world war marks a shifting point in the context of nation states from 1700-1939 major wars were fought primarily state vs state nationalism and imperialism dominate motivations alliances based on realpolitik: practical purposes, ex catholic france allies itself with protestant england, to fight catholic spain and catholic hapsburg empire, armies vs. armies in battles, except in the imperial context irregular wars occur, ie: arabs vs. Tukrs: terrorism, guerilla warfare, hit and run raid, war is fough for lagely ideological reasons including religion and extremism, this starts during ww1 and cements itslef in ww2 and onward soviet union and spread of communism: USSR was trying to get communist in the west to overthrow the democratically elected gov anti-imperialism fascism and Nazism fuel to these ideological views racism and social darwinism these ideologies influence the conduct of war and create new forms of organized mass violence many of these movements did begin in the first world war but came to prominance in the second world war or inter war period

rationing in Britain

The system was extremely complex as products were rationed at different times and in different ways. Butter, bacon and sugar were the first goods to be rationed in January 1940. They were followed by meat and preserves in March 1940, tea, margarine and cooking fats in July 1940 and cheese in 1941.

Dramatic Change May 1942-May 1943`

Within one year allied losses soon transformed into allied wins and an allied upper hand in all theaters of war. - one reason for this turn around was Total war. -british and Americans fighting a closely coordinated war - planning for a global war

Cherwell, (march 30, 1942)

a pathological liar, did an investigation of the bombings of british cities by the germans, showed that having ones house demolished that bombing houses and loosing houses was the most damaging to morale. BUT.... Zukerman and Bernal, did detailed surveys on morale, found opposite to Chrewells claims, found that destroying houses just pissed people, SIr henry Tizard believed this was a colossal waste of efforts.

Island Hopping Campaign

a tactic used by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan. The idea was to bypass the Japanese and instead concentrate the limited Allied resourced on important islands that were not well defended. The allies used submarine and air attacks which weakened the Japanese. It had an element of surprise and reached Japan more quickly

mobilization of resources (total war)

all human resources are put toward the war effort saving animal fats and taking them to deli to be used in bombs women involved in the war effort working in industry. Everyone Sacrifices

Timoshenko's defeat

at first Soviets successful • gaining large amount of ground and pushing Germans back • 17 May Germans counterattack • Stalin refused to sanction withdrawal • Timoshenko was cut off: 214,000 surrendered together with 1,200 tanks and 2,000 guns Stalin refused to retreat another military catastrophe for the soviets.

North Africa change in generals

before invasion of north africa real issue was how to safeguard egypt Germans had reached El alamein which is close to teh suez British had had a series of incompetent generals in North Africa THen Selected General Montgomery had talent in his knowledge of the incompetence of the British, wanted carefully planeed attacks like th first world war we also needed massive logistical advantage over the Germans and Italians.

Holocoust (outcome of the final solution)

by end of 1942 gas chambers were being used in 6 major death camps on Polish soil: Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek, and AuschwitzBirkenau • clearing of Ghettos • In Warsaw, from Jul to Sept 1942, some 350,000 sent to the death camps Some 12 million murdered • 6 million Jews, including 1.5 million children • 2/3 of European Jewry killed • Other victims: Gypsies, homosexuals, political prisoners, and religious minorities

impact of partisans

cannot verify their activity the central staff that controlled partisans activtiy stated that in just two yeras the partisans in belorussia had killed 300 thou german, attacked rail lines 3000 times, destroyed 3,263 brgies, 1911 tanks 4097 lories and 895 store rooms CANNOT TRUST THE STATS but hampered the German efforts greatly

operation pointblank

combine efforts to bring germany to it's knees through bombing. Americans were to bomb during the day with pinpoint accuracy of German industry heavily armed and armoured bombers like the B-17 to fight their way to the target. British scoffed at this idea, americans believed their bombers would be supreme American flying fortress, were very expensive. However, as the Americans began their campgain discovered that the british were right loss rates began to climb,

Origins of Nighttime Area Bombing

contiue and expand strategic bombing campaign of German cities British did not believe in this at the beggining of the war, but rather were interested in destroying military targets, however radar made these attack costly. British decided to attack germany they would have to do this with small scale raids at night. in order to create mass damage to german morale and help win the war by 1941 the effectiveness of these bombing raids was questioned.

set piece attack

doctrine to fighting battles, carefully plan everything and reherese all one stage at a time and one attack at a time, contoured maps of the terrain, use similar terrain to train the troops. NOt rapid movement but to depend on fire power, concentration of artillery to pulverize german resistance and defences

Tarawa

first major assault of the south pacific campaign Japanese had built huge defensive network, 5000 japanese in pill boxes 3,000 Americans were killed or wounded only 17 japanese defenders survive

Hamburg Raids (july-aug 1943)

harris dispatched 3,095 sorties in 4 raids only 86 shot down dropped incendiary bombs, using chemical gelly couldn't be put out by water, and created a firestorm 40,00 to 50,00 killed 40,000 wounded. ½ of the city of hamburg was destroyed 1.5 million fled the city in panic seemed as if harris's proposal would be true as a result of hamburg however the Germans dramatically improved night defences radar guided night fighters serachlight and AA guns British loss rates increase dramatically. British loses began to increase dramatically, became a long range battle of attrition. the Americans, as british loses began to mount Americans want to enter their own forces in the campaign

Lancaster Bomber

harris geven new 4 engine bombers Mass production by early 1943, 7300 delivered, 420 built in Canada almost 4,000 lost during the war. British war production directed at building bombers 40% of total production.

Henderson Field

important strategic location Americans hold small perimeter around airfield Entire campaign fought within meaters of the airfeild Japanese arriave attempting to take back henderson feild Japanese are convinced by this point that all western troops are inferior to them Japanese underestimate Americans That well trained western troops are at least their equal Japanese would launch series of frontal assaults on marines defending henderson field Almost all japanese that attack are killed At one attack out of 12,000 70% are killed or wounded

(Arsenal of Democracy) Quantity and Quality

in 1941 soviet tank design superior to german t-34's and KV-1 1942 soviets produce 25,000 tanks to 9,000 german tanks germans forced to introduce new designs like the panther and tiger tanks in 1943 total production of just 6,000 of these tanks during the war Germans believed that speed was most important Soviet tanks far superior germans found them hard to destroy, however soviet generalship continued to equate to wins for the germans germans only produced 6,000 panther and tiger tanks which were actually good tanks, unlike anything else they had. They industrial capabilities were totally inefficient

French North Africa

in french north africa an amphibous assult was primed to commence french NA was under the command of the vichy france gov Admiral Darlan was between supporting the germans and the italians fought the free french who wanted to continue the war under charles degaule was a hated figur was not clear what side that Vichy was really on although they aligned with the axis allies landed at algiers, Casablanca and oran 9, nov 1942 large amphibous assault ships were used issues French north african troops had been turned to fight for the allies, darlan assassinated American High command was inexpereinced believed they would end the campaign no later than christmas 1943, this was not correct when french AFB was invaded in NA by the Germans the french commander simply surrendered, silly Battle of Kasserine pass, febuary, 1943. Americans and Britsh army suffered horendous defate in NA, learned that the Germans are hard to defeate deployed first tiger tanks, which had been used in the soviet union Eisenhower appointed their best offensive commander, gen George Patton. was able to throw the germans and italians back well into 1943 they forced the end of the NA campaign Germans had poured troops into NA only after they had been defeated Germans were pushed by american and british forces into a smaller pocket of tunisia 250,000 germans and italians wurrendered on 12 april, 1943. first great victory over the axis forces NA campaign ended in sucess, however the lingering length of the campaign raised question. • 250,000 Germans and Italians surrender on 12 April, 1943

Butt Report (september 1941)

investigation of the effectiveness of british bombing on germany discovered, that british bombers could not bomb at night, crews never been trained how to fly at night

Partisans in the USSR

june 1941 soviet gov order the formation of guerilla units, combat units of enemy armies, to kindle partisan warfare everywhere to destory bridges and roads and telephones and telegraph lines and set fire to supply dumps NKVD primary objectives of the partisans was to kill soviet citizens percieved to be collaborating with the germans many partisans were soviet soldiers trapped behind german lines eventually germans turn to anti soviet supporters to hunt down partisans german treatment of jews, slvaas, popularize the partisans

Casablanca Meeting

meeting deciding what to do in the war in the approaching summer. Major descions: plans for invasion of Sicily. Decision for cross-Channel invasion in 1944. Stepped up battle of the Atlantic. Unconditional surrender declaration by roosevelt. british wanted indirect appraoch, find other ways to attack germany, step up battle of atlantic and if conditions are correct would invade france in 1944 british then said that they shoudl first invade italy the "soft underbelly of europe" decided to invade italy through sicily,

Second Battle of El Alamein

montogermy waited into the fall to attack, churchill pressing for an attack, mont says when he has the power to crush rommels army for sure 8th army: 200,000 men with 1,100 tanks and 8000 artillery pieces germans and italians had 96,000 men and 500 tanks montg bulding morale with his forces, would visist and talk to his troops, the common touch, montg was a man of immense ego, and was sure of his brilliance as a military commander attack began on 23-24 oct 1942, montg also aware that another attack was to come simmilarly in french NA bombardement of guns, and then pinpoint attacks on german art concentrations Had also began to break german codes, read enigma codes quite well, british blocking supply lines germans and italians were desperatly low in supplies 18 Days of fighting • A battle of firepower and logistics • 8th Army inflicts 40,000 casualties on the Africa Corps • Africa Corps begins to retreat westward

Axis Strategy

no coordination between Axis Powers in Germany Hitler promotes a competitive rather than coordinated strategy Hitler had old command fighting the western powers, and his personal one fighting the USSR these two groups were not coordinated, and battled each other to gain resources for their wars. responsibility divided between two army commands and the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine The Luftwaffe refused to supply aircraft for the battle of the Atlantic germans internal competition hampered their war effort taking orders for more than the factory could produce, all parts of the factory trying to build exponentially more than it's capacity, no production coordination Germans never coordinate with the Japanese or really the Italians

Invasion of Italy(Operation Husky)

patton and Mongomery, planning was done by mongomery, but was tested by the incredible ego of patton, both hated eachother and both believed they were both incompetetent,Eisenhower was to keep the two from strageling eachother Canadians suffered great causalities from malaria 5 times more than combat as forces moved inland, patton and montgomery would compete against eachother to win sicilian towns, this peaked when patton would meet troops, saw men who did not look to be wounded, and he struck enlisted personel with doctors and reporters present, Eisenhower fired patton for this offense. Sicily was taken but the failure to coordinate efforts, allowed much of the german forces and italians to escape back into italy, 80,00 troops evacuated on barges. in sept 1943 three pushes were made days from eachother, in different regions of the lower parts of italy Montogermy, and Eisenhower begin planning invasion of france, and other gererals are put into command. Several days before this musolini was overthrown in italy, new italian government surrendered, allies had suggested otherwise, after they surrenedered italians put down their arms and went home, created a vaccum. Germans raced into italyand met the allied invasion at Silarno, came close to being driven back into the sea, came within 150m of the ocean, allied naval ships came close pushing the germans tanks back. Americans and british had to face the reality that they were involved in a real campaign in italy, Italy is a very difficult place to fight a modern war, alot of italy is very mountounais, costal planes are few adn far between, Italy was the best country in the world to mount a defence against a modern attacking force. Germans retreated to a prepeared defensive position known as the Gustav line. Went over mountainous area when allied forces reached this line, 7-8 months this line was unbreakable. few sucesses, Canadian core in italy fought a battle at the town of Ortona house to house room to room combat awful fighting, pushed the germans back a little bit. every effort to break through the line Monte cassino, great midevial monestaries of europe. \ Allies repeated to take this were thrown back, allies believed that the germans were in the monestary this was not true. American airforce destroyed the monestary, just created rubble which the germans crawled into bettering their defences Americans and british launch attack at Anzio, attempted to get behidn the GUstav line. only had small invasion force, most landing craft had been diverted to england to launch and invasion of france. Gerans surrouned and the beach head was contained was not until may 1944 THAT THE allies launched an assualt, using moutain troops from french morrocco to get in to the regions using massive arilitry assualt and finally breaking through the line, and meeting up with the anzio forces, anzio get behind the german forces however american Mark Clark ordered the troops to not listen to british general Alexander, and take rome wannted to seem like a hero, instead of destorying the german army in Italy. Mark Clark's descion cost tens of thousands of lives. 2 days later no one cared

Different forms of conflict

soviet union: vast area conquered by germans in 1941 thousands of russian soldiers escape into woods and swamps and begin to organize into guerrilla bands and stage raids, to damage german armies germans hung alll of those even associated with these groups yugoslav: ustase croatian chetniks and the partisans, tito 1.7 million China - Communists stage successful guerrilla hit and run raids against the japanese armies, use this as a building block for their conquest of the country later indonesia; initially welcomed japanese as liberators, didnt want annyone back after this formed guerilla movements when the dutch attempted to come back, they defeated the dutch Resistance movements in almost every occupied country, also 5th columists, who were supporters of the invaders

Effect of Total War Mobilization on the Battle of the Atlantic

total war mobilization very important in the battle of the atlantic in series of battles between march and may 1943 allied navies defeat the u-boat threat allies build high numbers of small ships canada made 120 corvettes small basic and river class frigates, 151 built, 60 in Canada Liberty Ships, 10,000 tons mass produced like a car on an assembly line the ship was laid down and launched in 4 days, in reality could build these in 12 days 2,751 built STANDERDIZED DESIGNS IMPORTANT ALLIES BUILD MORE SHIPS THAN THE GERMANS CAN SINK

Battle of Midway

was a crucial and decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II.[6][7][8] Between 3 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea, the United States Navy under Admirals Chester Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance decisively defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto, Chuichi Nagumo, and Nobutake Kondo near Midway Atoll, inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet that proved irreparable. Military historian John Keegan called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare."[9] The plan was handicapped by faulty Japanese assumptions of the American reaction and poor initial dispositions. Most significantly, American codebreakers were able to determine the date and location of the planned attack, enabling the forewarned U.S. Navy to prepare its own ambush. All four of Japan's large aircraft carriers—Akagi, Kaga, Soryu and Hiryu, part of the six-carrier force that had attacked Pearl Harbor six months earlier—and a heavy cruiser were sunk, while the U.S. lost only the carrier Yorktown and a destroyer. After Midway and the exhausting attrition of the Solomon Islands campaign, Japan's capacity to replace its losses in materiel (particularly aircraft carriers) and men (especially well-trained pilots and maintenance crewmen) rapidly became insufficient to cope with mounting casualties, while the United States' massive industrial and training capabilities made losses far easier to replace. The Battle of Midway is considered a turning point in the Pacific War. Typical of Japanese naval planning during World War II, Yamamoto's battle plan was exceedingly complex,[17] requiring the careful and timely coordination of multiple battle groups over hundreds of miles of open sea. His design was predicated on optimistic intelligence suggesting that USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, forming Task Force 16, were the only carriers available to the U.S. Pacific Fleet. During the Battle of the Coral Sea one month earlier, USS Lexington had been sunk and USS Yorktown damaged so severely that the Japanese believed she too had been lost.[18] Yorktown deployed, after being hastily repaired at Pearl Harbor, and played a critical role in the discovery and eventual destruction of the Japanese fleet carriers at Midway. Much of Yamamoto's planning, coinciding with the general feeling among the Japanese leadership at the time, was based on a gross misjudgement of American morale, which was believed to be debilitated from the string of Japanese victories in the preceding months

Cost to Germany

• In Germany, 3,600,000 dwelling units, approximately 20% of the total, were destroyed or heavily damaged. • some 300,000 civilians killed and 780,000 wounded. • The number made homeless aggregates 7,500,000. • The principal German cities have been largely reduced to hollow walls and piles of rubble. Economic Costs • Little production lost by bombing, • German production peaked in late 1944 • Huge slack in German economy • Late 1944 USAF disrupts oil industry • Bomber Command cripples transportation system in early 1945

Great Historical Debate

• Was the strategic bombing campaign worth the cost? What did it achieve? • Was it Morally Justified? • George Bell, Bishop of Chichester: ""How can the War Cabinet fail to see that this progressive devastation of cities is threatening the roots of civilization." • Death By Moonlight, 1990 • Canadian War Museum • German revisionist historians • Bomber Command Memorial, 2012

cost of the battle of the Atlantic

• total U-boats lost from all causes during the war vary between 777 and 821. • U-boat crews rated with those of Allied bomber crews as the highest in any branch of any armed services in World War II. Of a total of 40,900 men who served in U-boats, 28,000, or 70%, of all that served • 2603 merchant ships were sunk with the loss of 30,000 Allied seamen.