History 119 final

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Versailles

A palace that was built for King Louis XIV. It costed 120 million Livres to build and it was huge. It had a lot of eloquent landscaping. The inside was full of marble. This was the center for political life. This is the first notion of having a capital city.

Absolutism

A term that refers to Versailles. Louis XIV had absolute control. He owned a huge place where he had gardens and 25,000 trees. He had a budget of 120million livres. He had many laborers who were in charge of taking care of the land. He taxed like crazy. It has marble on the inside. He controlled the people in his presence.

Bills of Exchange

A written order to pay a sum of money on a given date to the drawer or to a named payee. Daniel loaned money to poor weavers and they would pay him back for things not yet produced which in turn put them in debt.

Monopoly

Daniel possessed 20% of the wealth of the city. Daniel had the exclusion possession and control of the supply of loden. He controlled the men who were in debt to him.

michel de Montaigne

Developed the essay form.

Great Fire of 1666

Fire in London that took out the central parts of the city. It burned the St Paul's Cathedral and most of the buildings for the cities authorities. This allowed them to rethink the city and to build streets.

humors

Galen believed that our body had 4 fluids in it which were blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. He believed that the body was linked to elements like air, water, fire, and earth.

Helvetius

He argued in favor of atheism- the possibility that god does not exist. He used rational proofs for the non-necessity of god. He wrote a book called De I' spirit. This was his book that argued for atheism.

Galen

He believed that our body was linked to elements such as the earth and water

Michel de Montaigne

He believed that the human mind can discern God through reason. He dismantled the conception of reason. He dealt with what do you know. He writes about the religious conflicts.

Daniel Worner

He invested in real estate and made a lot of money. He loaned money to poor weavers and forced them to repay in money or woolens not yet produced. He created ties of dependency. He became super rich and hated by many. All of the weavers in debt were dependent on Daniel. He achieved a monopoly. Daniel possessed 20% of the wealth of the city.

Andreas Vesalius

He made a picture of a dissection happening. He shows the muscles and skin falling off. He tried to make the image look painful.

Thomas Hobbes

He said that men want what is best for them and their isn't enough resources for everyone to get some. He liked to use reason and wanted to maintain peace. He believed in the social contract theory. He said that peoples wants are endless.

Andreas Vesalius

He shows an audience watching them. It shows some religious people watching it happen. He made drawings of every part of the anatomy of the body. His drawings show death. He showed that the body was made of layers and bones

Diderot

He spoke about how some people act in a way that benefits them and hide their true morals. He wrote to challenge the authority and helped push the enlightenment movement

Usbek

He traveled around the world trying to learn knowledge. He writes about how Christians aren't true Christians. He had wives that lived in seraglios and he had complete control over him. He had eunuchs who would watch over them. They had little to no freedom. His wife Roxana in the end commits suicide because she didn't want to be with him anymore

Marco Polo

He was Italian and brought back knowledge from the Chinese such as how to make paper and to print. What he brought back transformed the West.

Marquis de Lauzon

He was Tim Roth in the movie and he was the one who told the king about Vatel and Anne de Montausier.

Francois Vatel

He was a great creator of things for the king. Vatel ended up committing suicide because he didn't like absolutism and because he couldn't be with the girl he wanted. His master sold him to someone else. Vatel was a poker chip to his owner and he was a great entertainer

Louis XIV

He was a king who created Absolutism. The people were completely under his control and he was in charge of creating Versailles. He taxed the people to pay for Versailles. He reduced nobility to courtiers. He strengthened the army.

Matteo Ricci

He was an Italian Jesuit priest. He attempted to learn the Chinese language. He made a Portuguese Chinese dictionary. He tried to convert the Chinese to Christianity.

Rembrandt

He was one of the greatest painters. He made a drawing of Amsterdam where there were windmills grinding grain into water. His paintings are recognizable. He would paint pictures of surgeons, Jewish merchants, and Mennonite preachers and their wives. He understood how to use shadow and light.

Michel de Montaigne

He was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance. He had a tutor who only spoke latin to him because his dad wanted that to be his native tongue

Montesquieu

He wrote the book the Persian letters. He writes about Usbek traveling around and seeing knowledge and about the absolute control that he had over his wives.

Enlightenment

It is a period of time. It is the spread or illumination of knowledge. Knowledge changes nature. Shows that human nature is not determined at birth. This shows that your status doesn't matter so they are showing that the king has no power.

Reason

It is an instrument for discerning truth through the reconciliation of seemingly contradictory claims.

Thirty Years war

It was fought as a war between Protestants and Catholics. It gradually went into a war based more on who wanted what land. Famine and disease decreased the population of those in Europe. It was ended when the Peace of Westphalia came about.

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

King Louis XIV got rid of the Edict of nantes because he only wanted Catholics in French territories.

Courtier

Louis XIV turned the nobles into Courtiers so he could have more power. These were the people who were in attendance at the court of a king. The blood lineage didn't matter anymore. Louis XIV turned the knights into courtiers with manners.

Surgeon

Modern science made an appearance in the persons of surgeons. It created mobs of people who wanted the body. They gave birth to anatomy and surgery. People were intrigued with dissection. The state now has the right to execute now. They would usually dissect criminals. When someone was going to be executed the whole town would know. They needed to get bodies illegally so they would have people rob graveyards. Grave diggers would sell bodies.

Guild

Monarchs wanted to get rid of guilds because guilds can control the value. Guilds will lose their ability to control production

Colonial Board

One of foremost responsibilities, trade in indentured servants. They sent them over to America. They got rid of anyone who wasn't wanted. They would have them agree to labor for passage. They later had to ship in Africans to meet the demands of labor.

Galen

Physician who did not practice dissection or any inside images. He thought our body was made up of 4 fluids.

Friedrich "The Great Elector

Protected the Jesuits. Berlin becomes a great center of Jewish life. He welcomed the Jews in and they brought their wealth with them.

Roxana

Rather then submit Roxanne chooses death over serving another. This shows that she doesn't like absolutism. She killed the head eunuch and then commits suicide at the end of the book. She had no political power.

Thomas Aquinas

Reason is a tool for him. He uses Aristotle and scripture as his authority

Brandenburg-Prussia

Ruled by Hohenzollerns. Landowning nobility - Junkers (resisted kings power). Very aggressive. Brandenburg and Prussia are German states. Fredrick William was the ruler and later known as the great elector.

Thomas Aquinas

Synthesis was the key thing for him. He thought reason was the tool to bring together all human knowledge in harmony. He read through all the Christian theologians and philosophers.

Orientalism

Term introduced to postcolonist theory by Edward Said and refers to the creation of non-European stereotypes that suggest "Orientals" or Asians are indolent, thoughtless, sexually immoral, unreliable and demented.

Debt

The danger of this is that somebody else sets the terms. Daniel set the terms so the weavers could not make any money but they had to keep doing their job to pay Daniel.

Mercantilism

The middle point between feudalism and political economy. Kings want to protect the markets of their citizens. This is the economic policy of the absolutist state. They wanted other nations to lose money and for them to gain money

Defenestration of Prague

The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

Merchants

They could buy things in large bulk and sell it to others. They would undercut the local masters.

Encyclopdia

They invited a whole bunch of authors to contribute knowledge. They wanted to put all human knowledge in a book so anyone can learn. The first one appeared in 1751. The first word under religion was superstition so may people were angered

Slave labor

They were chained into the bottom of the ships for months at end without sunlight and low amount of food. The labor for coffee and sugar is intensive. They needed people who would work all day. They didn't need people with high skill. Slaves now become a necessity.

Shakespeare

This English playwright lived and wrote in Elizabethan times, and his works reflected the world of a strong monarchy. Some plays showed how a single flaw in a ruler can be a disaster, while others had exemplary monarchs with great power and virtue.

Dissection

This got rid of galenic medicine. They believed that the human body was made in God's image so you are not supposed to touch it.

Essais

This is a book written by Michel de Montaigne. Scholars are trying to figure out how it is organized and his mind wanders in it. It talked about epistemology. He tried to describe humans.

Metropole

This is an early modern concept which is a city that is connected. The city was spreading outwards and if you wanted to know what was going on in the world then you go to London. Place where goods that are made by slaves are held and sold.

Putting-Out System

This undercuts the guilds in several ways. The merchants could purchase in large bulk which would undercut the local masters and have it made elsewhere. The peasants will then do the weaving cheaper. This was a system made by Daniel and his peasants made poor quality and used thinner thread.

William Harvey

Used the word pumps for heart. All life comes from an egg. This is revolutionary because people believed in God as the creator. He ended Galenic medicine.

Huguenot

Were fleeing Persecution in France. They were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France. They were inspired by John Calvin. Merchants left and in turn brought their wealth with them.

Dutch Revolt

Where the Netherlands try to get rid of Phillip II. They wanted to get rid of the Spanish presence.

Michel de Montaigne

________ is the finest represent of the early modern skepticism. He developed a new literary genre: the essay. He rejected the claim that one culture may be superior to others and by doing this he inaugurated a new era of doubt.

Absolutism

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) Louis XIV.

The Fronde

a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism

Capitalism

a way of thinking. Economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. Daniel Worner is an example of this.

Censorship

was the control of books and knowledge. This is a turning point because nobody owned knowledge. The pope wanted all catholics to get rid of encyclopedie. The king tried to bankrupt the publishers of the book. The publishers said they were printing the books somewhere else now. Printing was controlled by the king.

Tudors

dynasty founded by Henry VII; includes some of England's most influential monarchs. Increased the wealth of the crown. Drove a lot of people who who practiced different religions which drove out knowledge.

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648. Religious minorities now have rights.

Salons

this was a place where people who were minimally educated would gather. They opened spaces in their house, places called rococos. These rooms were set aside for talk to learn new things and debate. They could talk about different viewpoints without shutting each other down.