HISTORY 1301 CHAPTER VIII
*Jefferson was committed to an open democracy for all Americans. (All white males rich or poor.)* An open election would make it cost prohibitive to purchase votes. "Those who labor in earth are the chosen people of God, if ever He had a chosen people." - The Yeoman Farmer
What was Jeffersonian Democracy?
Jefferson left office at the lowest point of his career. His handpicked successor, James Madison won an easy victory. The Embargo, however, had failed to achieve its diplomatic aims and was increasing violated by American shippers. In 1810, Madison adopted a new policy. Congress enacted a measure known as Macon's Bill No. 2, which allowed trade to resume but provided that if either France or Britain ceased interfering with American rights, the president could *not* reimpose an embargo on the other. With little to lose, since Britain controlled the seas, the French emperor Napoleon announced that he had repealed his decrees against neutral shipping. *But the British continued to attack American vessels.* In the spring of 1812, Madison reimposed the embargo on trade with Britain.
What was Madison's dilemma? (Britain's Orders of Council.)
New England Federalists.
Who were the most opposed to the war?
*Everyone loves Jefferson, second term, everyone spits on Jefferson.* *It was a blow to Jefferson's prestige.*
How did the Burr Conspiracy impact Jefferson's presidency?
The Federalists could not free themselves from the charge of lacking patriotism. Within a few years, their party no longer existed. Yet in their dying moments Federalists had raised an issue-southern domination of the national government- that would long outlive their political party. And the country stood on the verge of a profound economic and social transformation that strengthened the very forces of commercial development that the Federalists had welcomed and many Republicans feared.
How was the Federalist Party discredited?
Jefferson, who hailed the French Revolution, reacted in horror against the slave revolution. (A little hypocrisy, hmm?) He was against any military alliances. He made sharp cuts for the military (which is going to bite him in the butt.) He supported smaller government, strictly defining the role of federal government, make sure congress passes no major legislation that further restricts the freedoms of the people. He promised to pay off the national debt, stimulate the economy. He did repeal the whiskey tax. He allowed the Alien and Sedition acts to expire. But when it comes to what Hamilton did, when it comes to establishing the National Bank and America's Economic foundation, Jefferson didn't touch it. It was working quite well. He left a lot of things alone. He always said, "Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle." "Don't worry about anything being tested here, just understand walk the walk and talk the talk."
How were Jefferson's actions compared to his ideology?
This lead Stephan Decatur to row out to the Philadelphia and engage in hand to hand combat in the middle of the night. They would defeat the pirates, and take back the Philadelphia. Can you say U.S Marine Core. Anyway, they set fire to the ship. A friggin' battleship on fire. We then had a military presence in Tripoli for a while. Later, for 60,000 dollars the pirates would release the crew and promise to never touch U.S ships again.
What did Lt. Stephan Decatur do about these damned pirates?
He meant that nothing will become a law or occur without him seeing it and approving it. When people heard him say this, they trusted him, and he made well on his promise. -A polished paraphrase of a guy on Answers.com
What did Washington mean when he said "No slip will pass unnoticed?"
Well, it had 4 legs, and held stuff in drawers. OH-- you mean the political cabinet? Washing brought into his cabinet some of the nation's most prominent political leaders, including Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state and Alexander Hamilton to head of the Treasury Department. He also appointed a Supreme Court of six members, headed by John Jay of New York. *Harmonious government proved short lived.*
What did Washington's cabinet look like?
Farmers, Jefferson had written, were "the chosen people of God," and that the country would remain "virtuous" as long as it was "chiefly agricultural." Now, Jefferson believed, he had ensured the agrarian character of the United States and its politician stability for centuries to come, with the *Louisiana purchase*.
What was Jefferson's argrarian utopia?
Seven years later, in Fletcher v. Peck, the Court extended judicial review to state laws. Here's the explanation: In 1794, four land companies had paid nearly every member of the state legislature, Georgia's two U.S senators, and a number of federal judges to secure their right to purchase land in present-day Alabama and Mississippi claimed by Georgia. Two years later, many of the corrupt lawmakers were defeated for reelection, and the new legislature rescinded the land grant and subsequent sales. Whatever the circumstances of the legislature's initial action, Marshall declared, the Constitution had prohibited Georgia from taking any action that impaired a contract. Therefore, the individual purchasers could keep their land, and the legislature could not repeal the original grant.
What did the Fletcher v. Peck case accomplish?
Exhibit A: The Lewis and Clark expedition. Within a year of the purchase, Jefferson dispatched an expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, two Virginia-born veterans of Indian wars in the Ohio Valley, to explore the new territory. Their objects were both scientific and commercial-to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to discover how the region could be exploited economically. Jefferson hoped the explorers would* establish trading relations with western Indians and locate a water route to the Pacific Ocean.* In the spring of 1804, Lewis and Clark's fifty-member "corps of discovery" set out form St. Louis on the most famous exploring party in American History. They were accompanied by Sacajawea. Exhibit B: Zebulon Pike. He also lead a military expedition as well, exploring the southern part of Louisiana. Pike's Peak, Colorado was named after him.
What did the Louisiana Purchase do?
*HERE'S WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW:* *The Supreme Court had assumed the right to determine whether an act of Congress violates the constitution- a power known as "judicial review."* You *don't* need to know the play by play. Here's the explanation: The first landmark decision of the Marshall Court came in 1803, in the case of *Marbury v. Madison*. On the eve of leaving office, Adams had appointed a number of justices of peace for the District of Columbia. Madison, Jefferson's secretary of state, refused to issue commissions (the official documents entitling them to assume their posts) to these "midnight judges." Four, including William Marbury, sued for their offices. Marshall's decision declared unconstitutional the section of the Judiciary Act of 1789(and 1801) that allowed the courts to order executive officials to deliver judges' commissions. It exceeded the power of Congress as outlined in the Constitution and was therefore void. Marbury, in other words, may have been entitled to his commission, but the Court had not power under the Constitution to order Madison to deliver it.
What did the Marbury v. Madison case accomplish? [*Ab?*]
Economic Warfare.
What followed the Battle of Trafalgar?
In 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft published in England her extraordinary pamphlet */A Vindication of the Rights of Woman/*. Wollstonecraft did not directly challenge traditional gender roles. Her call for greater access to education and paid employment for women rested on the idea that this would enable single women to support themselves and marred women to perform more capably as wives and mothers. But she did "drop a hint," as she put it, that women "ought to have representation" in government. Within two years, American editions of Wollstonecraft's work had appeared, signaling new opportunities for women in the public sphere. Increasing numbers began expressing their thoughts in print.
What was /A Vindication of the Rights of Woman/, 1792 by Mary Wollstonecraft?
Judith Sargent Murray, one of the era's most accomplished American women, wrote essays for the /Massachusetts Magazine/ under the pen name "The Gleaner." In her essay "On the Equality of the Sexes," written in 1779 and published in 1790, Murray insisted that women had as much right as men to exercise their talents and should be allowed equal educational opportunities to enable them to do so.
What was /Equality of the Sexes/, 1790 by Judith Sargent Murray?
He believed a strong government was *necessary to protect against the "hotheads and crackpots."* He magnified the virtues of the rich and "well born." He wanted to *commercialize and centralize the country.* He *admired British society* and the orderliness of British government.
What was Hamilton's Federalism?
The period from 1800 to 1812 was an "age of prophecy" among the Indians, as many tribal leaders sought to revitalize Indian life. A militant message was expounded by two Shawnee Brothers-Tecumseh, a chief who had refused to sign the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, and Tenskwatawa, a religious prophet who called for complete separation from the whites, the revival of a traditional Indian culture, and resistance to federal policies. White people, Tenskwatawa preached, were the source of all evil in the world, and Indians should abandon American alcohol, clothing, food, and manufactures goods. His followers gathered at Prophetstown, located on the Wabash river in Indiana. Tecumseh meanwhile traversed the Mississippi Valley, pressing the argument that the alternative to Indian resistance was extermination. He repudiated chiefs who had sold land to the federal government: "Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children?" *In 1810, Tecumseh called for attacks on American fontier settlements.*
What was Indian Nationalism? [U]
Meanwhile, the British seized hundreds of American ships trading with the French West Indies and resumed the hated practice of *impressment*-kidnapping sailors, including American citizens of British origin, to serve in their navy. Sent to London to present objections, while still serving as chief justice, John Jay negotiated an agreement in 1794 that produced the greatest public controversy of Washington's presidency. *Jay's Treaty* contained no British concessions on impressment or the rights of American shipping. Britain did agree to abandon outposts on the western frontier, which it was supposed to have done in 1783. In return, the United States guaranteed favored treatment to British imported goods.
What was Jay's Treaty?
He believed that government was "*a necessary evil at best,* for by its nature it restricted the freedom of the individual." He felt that "genius" was a rare quality but one "which nature has shown liberally among poor as rich." He wanted the U.S to remain a society of *small independent farmers* with little political organization. He *feared the growth of cities,* would complicate society and thus requiring more regulation. "The mob of great cities add just as much to the support of pure government as sores do to the strength of the human body." He thought English society immoral and decadent, the *English system of government corrupt.*
What was Jefferson Republicanism?
The growing crisis between the United States and Britain took place against the background of deteriorating Indian relations in the West, which also helped propel the United States down the road to war. Jefferson had long favored the removal beyond the Mississippi River of Indian tribes that refused to cooperate in "civilizing" themselves. He encouraged traders to lend money to Indians, in the hope that accumulating debt would force them to sell some of there holdings west of the Appalachian Mountains, thus freeing up more land for "our increasing numbers." On the other hand, the government continued President Washington's policy of promoting settled farming among the Indians.
What was NW territory settler's perception?
It was a treaty with Spain negotiated by Thomas Pinckney in 1795; established United States boundaries at the Mississippi River and the thirty-first parallel and allowed open transportation on the Mississippi. (the glossary is a beautiful thing.)
What was Pinckney's Treaty?
Opposition in Congress threatened the enactment of Hamilton's plans. Behind-the-scenes negotiations followed. They culminated at a famous dinner in 1790 at which Jefferson brokered an agreement whereby southerners accepted Hamilton's fiscal program (with the exception of subsidies to manufactures ) in exchange for the establishment of the permanent national capital on the Potomac River between Maryland and Virginia.
What was The Bargain?
Burr's reputation was of a politically corrupt womanizer. He ultimately challenged Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton opposed duels, however, he felt his honor was at stake and accepted. (His own son had been killed in a duel.) Hamilton lost. He ded now boi
What was The Duel?
In his Farewell Address (most drafted by Hamilton and published in the newspapers rather than delivered orally; see the Appendix for excerpts from the speech), Washington defended his administration assistant criticism, warned against the party spirit, and advised his countrymen to steer clear of international power politics by avoiding "permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world." G.W's departure unleashed fierce party competition over the choice of his successor. In this, the first contested presidential election, two tickets presented themselves: John Adams, with Thomas Pickney of South Carolina for vice president, representing the Federalists, and Thomas Jefferson, with Aaron Burr of New York, for the Republicans.
What was Washington's Farewell Address?
Loose constructionism means someone favoring a liberal construction of the Constitution of the U.S. to give broader powers to the federal government. Y'know, the elastic clause.
What was loose constructionism?
Because Hamilton insisted that all his plans were authorized by the Constitution's broad "general welfare" clause, many southerners who had supported the new Constitution now became "*strict constructionists*," who insisted that the federal government should exercise only powers specifically listed in the document.
What was strict constructionism?
Andrew Jackson engineered the war's greatest American victory in New Orleans, fighting off a British invasion in January 1815. Although a slaveholder, Jackson recruited the city's free men of color into his forces, appealing to them as "sons of freedom" and promising them the same pay and land bounties as the white recruits.
What was the Battle of New Orleans?
In November 1811, while he was absent, American forces under *William Henry Harrison* destroyed Prophetstown in the Battle of Tippercanoe.
What was the Battle of Tippecanoe? *[W4L]*
An epic showdown between Napoleon and the British, the British navy SHREDS the Napoleon Navy. A huge blow to Napoleon. France still controlled the continent, and England controlled the seas.
What was the Battle of Trafalgar?
Nothing about this in the Textbook, and we'll see in the lecture.. But I'd assume morale would be pretty low for the Indians right about now.
What was the Battle's impact on Indian resistance?
When Jefferson ran for a second term, he kicked Burr off. As Vice President, Burr secretly offered a portion of the western half of the Louisiana Purchase territory to England for a sizeable sum of money. England rejected the offer. No longer the Vice President during Jefferson's second term, Burr led an expedition down the Mississippi River toward New Orleans. His intentions were unclear, but with boats full of mercenaries, gunpowder, guns, and live ammunition, they clearly hinted of treason. Bur was accused of treason and taken to trial. Jefferson became too involved in the case against Burr. Chief Justice Marshall continued throughout the case, to show favoritism to Burr. Marshall ruled there was a difference between treasonous talk and actions.
What was the Burr Conspiracy?
More economic warfare, because of the Chesapeake affair. No more business with Europe. Jefferson thought this would be good.
What was the Embargo Act of 1807?
*Southern slave codes became dramatically more restrictive.*
What was the Haitian Revolution's impact on America?
Inspired by the American Revolution, Toussaint L. Ouverture, "Black Napoleon," led a bloody Haitian slave revolt against their French masters and eventually established a Haitian Republic.
What was the Haitian Revolution?
In December 1814, a group of *New England Federalists* gathered at Hartford, Connecticut, to give voice to their party's longstanding grievances, especially the domination of the federal government by Virginia presidents and their own regions declining influence as new western states entered the Union. *Contrary* to later myth, the Hartford Convention did not call for secession or disunion. But it affirmed the right of a state to "interpose" its authority if the federal government violated the constitution. The Hartford Convention had barely adjourned before Jackson electrified the nation with his victory at New Orleans. In speeches and sermons, political and religious leaders alike proclaimed that Jackson's triumph revealed, once again, that a divine hand oversaw America's destiny.
What was the Hartford Convention?
When Napoleon took over France, he took back France's land that they gave to Spain. He wanted to turn all of that land into a vast French empire, but since Napoleon took over all of this land, it completely invalidated Pinckney's Treaty. Oops. Jefferson sends a delegation to France to try and maintain access to the Mississippi (and New Orleans.) Basically, Napoleon needed more money (war in Haiti.) When the two delegates arrive, their marching orders are to use up to $10 million to maintain access to a tiny part of what now is France's land. Two Delegates: "We would like to have access to New Orleans, we can negotiate up to $10 million." France: "How about the everything for anther 5?" Two Delegates: "f*cking what" And so the whole French presence and territory, Louisiana, in America was bought for $230 million dollars in today's money. Jefferson: "Oh sh*t, is this constitutional?"
What was the Louisiana Purchase?
{IN RELATION TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION} No one advocated that the United States should become involved in the European war, and Washington in April 1793 issued a proclamation of American neutrality.
What was the Neutrality Proclamation(1793)?
With neither side wishing to continue the conflict, the United States and Britain signed the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war. Although the treaty was signed in December 1814, ships carrying news of the agreement did not reach America until *after* the Battle of New Orleans had been fought. The treaty restored the previous status quo. No territory exchanged hands, nor did any provisions relate to impressment or neutral shipping rights.
What was the Treaty of Ghent? {Everything past this line is [W4L]}
Americans did enjoy a few military successes. In August 1812, the American frigate (warship) *Constitution* defeated the British warship Guerriere.
What was the USS constitution?
In 1795, James Madison had written that war is the greatest enemy of "true liberty." Nonetheless, Madison became a war president. Reports that the British were encouraging Tercumseh's efforts contributed to the coming of the War of 1812. In June 1812, with assaults on American shipping continuing, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war. American nationality, the president declared, was at stake- would Americans remain "an independent people" or become "colonists and vassals" of Great Britain? The vote revealed a deeply divided country. Both Federalists and Republicans representing the states from New Jersey northward , were most of the mercantile and financial resources of the country were concentrated, voted against the war. The South and West were strongly in favor. The bill passed the house by a vote of 79-49 and the Senate by 19-13. It was the first time the United States declared war on another country, and it was approved by the smallest margin of any declaration of war in American history.
What was the War of 1812?
The Federalists may have been the only major party in American history forthrightly to proclaim democracy and freedom dangerous in the hands of ordinary citizens. The *Whiskey Rebellion* if 1794, which broke out when backcountry Pennsylvania farmers sought to block collection of the new tax on distilled spirits, reinforced this conviction. The "rebels" invoked the symbols of 1776, displaying liberty poles and banners reading "Liberty or Death." But Washington dispatched 13,000 militiamen to western Pennsylvania (a larger force than he had commanded during the Revolution). He accompanied them part of the way to the scene of the disturbances, the only time in American history that a president has actually commanded an army in the field. The "rebels" offered no resistance.
What was the Whiskey Rebellion?
In 1797, John Adams assumed leadership of a divided nation. His presidency was best by crises. On the international front, the country was nearly dragged into the ongoing European war. As a neutral nation, the United States claimed the right to trade nonmilitary goods with both Britain and France, but both countries sized American ships with impunity. In 1797, American diplomats were sent to Paris to negotiate a treaty to replace the old alliance of 1778. French officials presented the with a demand for bribes before negotiations could proceed. When Adams made public the envoys' dispatches, the French officials were designated the last three letters of the alphabet. This "*XYZ affair*" poisoned America's relations with its former ally. By 1798, the United States and France were engaged in a "quasi-war" at sea. Despite pressure from Hamilton, who desired a declaration of war, Adams in 1800 negotiated peace with France.
What was the XYZ Affair and the Convention of 1800? *[Ab]*
In 1814, having finally defeated Napoleon, the British could now shift their attention to the U.S.
What was the impact of Napoleon's defeat on the War of 1812?
(possible 2.)A number of contemporaries called the War of 1812 the Second War of Independence. 1. Jackson's victory at New Orleans not only made him a national hero but also became a celebrated example of the ability of virtuous citizens of a republic to defeat the forces of a despotic Europe. 3. Moreover, the war completed the conquest of the area east of the Mississippi River, which had begun during the Revolution. Never again would the British or Indians pose a threat to American control of this vast region. In this aftermath, white setters poured into Indiana, Michigan, Alabama, and Mississippi, bringing with them their distinctive forms of social organization. 4. Jefferson and Madison succeeded in one major political aim- the elimination of the Federalist Party. At first, the war led to a revival of Federalist fortunes. With antiwar sentiment at its peak in 1812, Madison had been reelected by the relatively narrow margin of 128 electoral votes to 89 over his Federalist opponent, Dewitt Clinton of New York. *But* then came a self-inflicted blow. The Hartford Convention.
What was the impact of the war?
Before assuming office, Jefferson was forced to weather an unusual constitutional crisis. Each party arranged to have an elector throw away one of his two votes for president, so that it's presidential candidate would come out a vote ahead of the vice presidential. But the *designated* (screw you) Republican elector failed to do so. As a result, both Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, received seventy-three electoral votes. With no candidate having a majority, the election was thrown into the HoR that had been elected in 1798, where the Federalists enjoyed a slight majority. For *thirty-five ballots*, neither man received a majority of the votes. Finally, *Hamilton* intervened. He disliked Jefferson but believed him enough of a statesman to recognize that the Federalists financial system could not be dismantled. Hamilton's support for Jefferson tipped the balance. To avoid a repetition of the crisis, Congress and the states soon adopted the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution, requiring electors to cast separate votes for president and vice president. *Adam's acceptance of defeat established the vital precedent of a peaceful transfer of power from a defeated party to its successor.* *The first peaceful and orderly transfer of power on the basis of an election result all parties accepted.* Adam's lost the election because he refused to go to war with France. The country was left with an all-dressed-up-but-no-place-to-go feeling and took out their displeasure on him.
What was the significance of the Election of 1800? *[H-Ab]*
In retrospect, it seems remarkably foolhardy for a *disunited* and *militarily unprepared* nation to go to war with one of the world's two major powers. Fortunately for the United States, Great Britain at the outset was preoccupied with the struggle in Europe. But it easily repelled two feeble American invasions of Canada and imposed a blockade that all but destroyed American commerce.
What was the stupidity and incompetence of the war?
Political divisions first surfaced over the financial plan developed by the Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton in 1790 and 1791. Hamilton's immediate aims were to establish the nation's financial stability, bring to the government's support the country's most powerful financial interests, and encourage economic development. His long-term plan was to make the United States a major commercial and military power. a. The Bank. The third part of Hamilton's program called for the creation of a Bank of the United States, to serve as the natino's main financial agent. A private corporation rather than a branch of the government, it would hold public funds, issue bank notes that would serve as currency, and make loans to the government when necessary, all while returning a tidy profit to its stockholders.
What were Hamilton's economic reforms?
England refused to respect our Neutrality. The Royal Navy resumed the practice of impressment. By the end of 1807, it had seized more than 6,000 American sailors (claiming they were British Deserters). Things come to a head with the Chesapeake affair. The HMS Leopard got info that there were three British Sailors had deserted to the USS Chesapeake. The Leopard Captain says: "drop your sails, we're gonna look for our AWOL sailors." The Chesapeake captain says: "that's an act of war, we're not stopping. You don't control us." The Leopard captain says "alright," does a 180, and then lights up the Chesapeake like its New Year's day. The British board, grab their suspected AWOL soldiers, and leave. The Americans are royally pissed.
What were Impressments, especially in relation to the *USS Chesapeake*?
The debates of the 1790s produced not only one of the most intense periods of partisan warfare in American history but also an enduring expansion of the public sphere and with tit the democratic content of American freedom. More and more citizens attended political meetings and became avid readers of pamphlets and newspapers. The establishment of early 1,000 post offices made possible the wider circulation of personal letters and printed materials. The era witnessed the rapid growth of the American press- the number of newspapers rose from around 100 to 260 during the 1790s, and reached nearly 400 by 1810.
What were newspapers and post offices?
But the greatest crisis of the Adams administration arose over the *Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798*. Confronted with mounting opposition, some of it voiced by immigrant pamphleteers and editors, Federalists moved to silence their critics. A new Naturalization Act extended from five to fourteen years the residency requirement for immigrants seeking American citizenship. The Alien Act allowed the deportation of persons from abroad deemed "dangerous" by federal authorities. The Sedition Act (which was to expire in 1801, by which time Adams hoped to have been reelected) authorized the prosecution of virtually any public assembly or publication critical of the government.
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?
Erie: Commodore Oliver H. Perry defeated a British naval force in September on *Lake Erie*. Thames: In 1813, pan-Indians forces lead by Tecumseh (who had been commissioned a general in the British army) were defeated, and he himself was killed, at the Battle of Thames, near Detroit, by an American force led by William Henry Harrison.
What were the Battles of Lake Erie and Thames?
Britain invaded the United States. Its forces seized Washington, D.C., and burned the White House, while the government fled for safety. Later, a British assault on Baltimore was repulsed when Fort McHenry at the entrance to the harbor withstood a British bombardment. *This was the occasion when Francis Scott Key composed "The Star-Spangled Banner,"* an ode to the "land of the free and home of the brave" that became the national anthem during the 1930s.
What were the British invasions of New York and Washington D.C.? [W4L]
1. War Hawks. 2. Canada Land grab and punishment of Britain [W4L] 3. Indian problems. [p-W4L]
What were the Causes of the War of 1812?
The American people were pissed, because most of our business was with Europe. Jefferson now is hated like never. The Economy is in the toilet.
What were the Economic Repercussions of the Embargo Act?
When Jefferson became president at the height of the French revolution, the Federalists were freaking out that all of this head chopping would come to America. They were afraid that America would fall into Anarchy after a Republican got in office. Did it happen? Nope. It showed that democracy works, and that they the other party wouldn't destroy all of what the other had done.
What were the Federalist's fears? (Fears unrealized(?))
The Sedition Act thrust freedom of expressions to the center of discussion of American liberty. Madison and Jefferson mobilized opposition, drafting resolutions adopted by the Virginia and Kentucky legislators. Both resolutions attacked the Sedition Act as an unconstitutional violation of the First Amendment. *No other state endorsed the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions.*
What were the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions?
*The Federalists*, supporters of the Washington administration, favored Hamilton's economic program and close ties with Britain. Prosperous merchants, farmers, lawyers and established political leaders (especially outside the South) tended to support the Federalists. Their outlook was generally elitist, reflecting the traditional eighteenth-century view of society as a fixed hierarchy and of public office as reserved for men of economic substance- the "rich, the able, and the well-born," as Hamilton put it. Freedom, Federalists insisted, rested on deference to authority. Federalists feared that the "spirit of liberty" unleashed by by the American Revolution was degenerating into anarchy and "licentiousness." *Republicans*, led by Madison and Jefferson, were more sympathetic to France than the Federalists and had more faith in democratic self-government. They drew their support from an unusual alliance of wealthy southern planters and ordinary farmers throughout the country. Enthusiasm for the French Revolution increasingly drew urban artisans into Republican ranks as well. Republicans were far more critical than the Federalists of social and economic inequality, and more accepting of broad and domestic participation as essential to freedom.
What were the ideological differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans? *[Ab]*
Major Pierre-Charles L'Enfant, a french-born veteran of the War of Independence, designed a grandiose plan for the "federal city" modeled on the great urban centers of Europe, with wide boulevards, parks, and fountains. When it came to constructing public buildings in the nation's new capital, most of the labor was performed by slaves.
Who was Pierre Charles L'Enfant?
Jefferson was a Southern farmer that grew tobacco, but he never smoked. He ate meat sparingly, and drank little. He never hunted nor gambled, though he was a fine horsemen, enjoyed dancing, and music. He hated controversy, he was very much a pacifist. (I'm not sure that any of this is important..)
Who was Thomas Jefferson?
The pirates are doing a really good job at being pirates in Tripoli, Africa. If you wanted to get through to the Mediterranean, you had to pay an extortion fee, or else they'd steal your ship and hold the sailors for ransom. Jefferson really didn't like this, so he sends what little navy he has to put the smack on them damned pirates, to teach them not to mess with American ships. As they try to make their attack on the pirates, the USS Philadelphia gets stuck on a sand bar. Very quickly, the pirates were being pirates. They held the sailors for 3 million dollars ransom.
Who were the Barbary Pirates?
Meanwhile, a group of younger congressmen, mostly from the West, were calling for war with Britain. Known as the War Hawks, this new generation of political leaders had come of age after the winning of independence and were ardent nationalists. Their leaders included Henry Clay of Kentucky, elected Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1810, and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. The War Hawks spoke passionately of defeating the national honor against British insults, but they also had more practical goals in mind, notably the annexation of Canada and the conquest of Florida, h haven for fugitive slaves owned by Britain's ally Spain. Members of Congress also spoke of the necessity of upholding the principle of free trade and liberating the United States once and for all from European infringements on its independence.
Who were the War Hawks?
