History 1302 Exam 2

What was the result of the King-Crane Commission?

Discovery that most inhabitants of the Middle East favored an independent state free of European control.

How did the United States respond to the Bolshevik Revolution?

Opposed the Revolution and sent American troops, who remained in Russia until 1920

Hughes' Campaign

-Downplayed the war issue -Criticized Wilson for intervening in the Mexican Civil War -Criticized Wilson for being pro-labor -Hughes in California

James Weldon Johnson

-Field secretary for the NAACP -Red Summer -Harlem Renaissance

Where did Germany first invade?

Belgium

The Triple Entente united all of the following nations except

United States

Of the over 110,000 Japanese-descended Americans who were detained in internment camps, approximately how many were American citizens?

70,000

Roughly _________ of all German casualties in World War II came in the battle against the Soviet Union.

80%

What was the top tax rate during World War II?

94%

What was the Zimmerman Telegram?

A German offer to help Mexico recover land lost in the Mexican-American War if Mexico would side with Germany during World War I.

One of the intellectual leaders of the Harlem Renaissance wrote that "we are achieving something like a spiritual emancipation." Who was this intellectual?

Alain Locke

What was the relationship between the federal government and the economic growth in the aftermath of World War II?

Federal spending created more economic growth.

A vibrant homosexual culture developed during the 1920s in which American city?

New York

Before turning to military expansionism, Japanese leaders were also considering which of the following strategies?

Pan-Asian anti-colonialism

What was the Red Summer of 1919?

Racial violence in twenty-five American cities

Two events are widely credited with inspiring the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan. One is the release of the film The Birth of the Nation. What was the second?

Lynching of Leo Frank

How did attitudes toward sex change in the 1920s?

Many college-educated white women rebelled against "Victorian" notions of sexuality, leading to an increase in premarital sex.

Which of the following describes the place of the labor movement during the 1920s?

Membership declined

What is the name of the University of Chicago economist who helped to develop the intellectual position of libertarian economics?

Milton Friedman

Which of the following statements regarding immigration during the Great Depression is true?

More people left the United States than entered it during the Great Depression.

What was the message of NSC-68?

a call for a tripling of the annual defense budget for the purpose of stopping communism

What was the Bonus Army?

a group of World War I veterans who petitioned the government to make an early payment on bonuses scheduled to be released in 1945

Warren G. Harding won office by campaigning on which theme

a return to normalcy

Marcus Garvey created a movement encouraging black Americans to migrate to Africa. To do this he created the following:

a shipping company called the Black Star Line

What is the definition of Herbert Hoover's "Associationalism"?

a system where businesses would voluntarily limit harmful business practices for the greater economic good

The churches most common in suburban America tended most frequently celebrated which of the following cultural values?

economic individualism

What was the primary purpose of the failed Equal Rights Amendment?

eliminate all legal distinctions based on sex

What theme dominated American popular entertainment in the 1920s?

escape

Which of the following issues most concerned American diplomats prior to World War I?

expanding transatlantic trade

How did increased availability of consumer credit in the 1920s influence American expenditures?

expenditures increased

Louisiana Senator Huey Long criticized Roosevelt's New Deal program for ________.

failing to redistribute wealth

The environmental catastrophe of the Great Depression was partly the result of agricultural mismanagement. Which of the following was the most consequential example of this mismanagement?

farmers plowed up natural ground cover to grow more crops, cover that had taken ages to form in the relatively dry sates of the Plains

Which of the following best describes the marketing techniques early television executives?

finding programming that would appeal to the widest possible audience

What disease proved most deadly during the immediate aftermath of World War I?

influenza

What was the consequences of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930?

international trade collapsed

Britain and France declared war on Germany after which invasion?

invasion of Poland

Joseph McCarthy first achieved national prominence in February 1950 by waving a piece of paper that he claimed 205 communist currently working in what capacity?

members of the Department of State

Which of the following actions did FDR take to advance civil rights for African Americans?

none of these occurred

The Teapot Dome Scandal sent several prominent members to the Harding administration to jail. The scandal involved the leasing of government land to what group?

oil companies

How did the Federal Reserve respond to the financial collapse?

overcorrected by raising interest rates and tightening credit

What did the Works Progress Administration do?

put unemployed men and women to work on projects designed and proposed by local governments

Which group of Americans benefited the least from the economic changes of the 1920s?

southern farmers

Which of the following best characterized German military tactics?

speed and maneuverability

What was the most dramatic result of the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act?

the creation of a national minimum wage

Who were the "Brass Hats?"

the leadership of the National Association of Manufacturers who created advertising campaigns supporting free enterprise

What prompted President Roosevelt to pass Executive Order 8802?

the planned march on Washington led by A. Philip Randolph

After a victory in Europe, the United States suffered a setback in the Pacific. What was that setback?

the surrender of American forces in the Philippines

Cold War Ideologies

· Communism · Complete state control of economy, production and supply and demand · Capitalism · Based on the idea of the Free Market

Bonus Army

· Congress agreed to pay World War I veterans a pension in 1924 · In June 1932, thousands of veterans demanded payment of the pension · Hoover relied on General Douglas MacArthur to remove the Bonus Army

Dawes Plan

· Congressman Charles Dawes · Provided partial relief to Germany for World War I reparations

National Union for Social Justice

· Control of Wall Street · Stronger restrictions on banks and bankers · Blamed Jewish bankers for the Great Depression · Supported some fascist policies of Hitler and Mussolini

Great Mississippi Flood of 1927

· Coolidge did not believe visiting the affected region would matter · Did not want to spend federal money to support those damaged

The Federal Emergency Relief Administration

· Coordinated the Federal government with state and city governments · Organized by Harry Hopkins · Funded college education

The Montgomery Bus Boycott

· December 1, 1955 · Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat · The Women's Political Council and the NAACP organized a one-day boycott · Extended it "indefinitely" · Montgomery Improvement Association · Formed by area ministers · Designed to support and sustain the boycott · Pursued legal challenges to segregation

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

· Designed to protect American goods · Raised tariffs on more than 20,000 imported goods · Canada and France retaliated

The Marshall Plan

· Devised by Secretary of State George C. Marshall · Designed to rebuild and modernize Europe during the post-war era · The United States spent over $12 billion from 1948-1952

Winston Churchill

· Discontented with current leadership, Churchill is appointed Prime Minister · May 1940

The Rise of Conservatism

· Dovetailed with increased fears of immigration and communism · Reaction to the Roaring 20's · Manipulated by the Klan

The Dust Bowl

· Droughts · Lack of crop rotation · Boll weevil (bug that eats up plants)

The Election of 1952

· Dwight Eisenhower (R) vs Adlai Stevenson (D)

Adolf Hitler

· Elected Chancellor of Germany in 1933 · Consolidated power, which resulted in the abolishment of democracy · Began a massive rearmament campaign · Jews became a scapegoat in Germany

Fireside Chats

· Engaging the American people through the radio · Outlined and explained policies

National Recovery Administration

· Established industry wide standards · 40-hour work week · Minimum wage ($13/week) · 16 was the youngest you could hire -declared unconstitutional

Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929

· Established the Federal Farm Board · Intended to stabilize prices and to promote the sale of agricultural products · Hoover's response to the impending depression

Results of the New Deal

· Expanded the power of the Federal Government · Restored public hope in the system · Forever changed the public view of the role of government

The Hollywood Ten

· Fall of 1947 · Writers and directors that refused to testify · Denounced the committee during their HUAC appearances · All sentences to prison · All blacklisted in Hollywood

Signs leading to the Depression

· Farm crisis · Saturation of consumer goods · Widening of income inequality · Speculation

Yalta Conference

· February 1945 · Divided Germany into zones of occupations · Tabled the issue of reparations

Infrastructure

· Federal Highway Act of 1921 · Government spent over $160 million · Regulation of radio frequencies · Regulation of the aviation industry

Coolidge and Industry

· Federal Trade Commission · Interstate Commerce Commission · Regulations were "thin to the point of invisibility" -Robert Ferrell

Al Smith's Candidacy

· First Roman Catholic to be nominated by a major party · Openly opposed prohibition · Opposed Ku Klux Klan

The Daughters of Bilitis

· First lesbian civil and political rights group · Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon · San Francisco-1955 · "The Ladder" · Published in 1956

American Liberty League

· Formed by Jouett Shouse · Members were wealthy businessmen and politicians who opposed the New Deal and Roosevelt

Montgomery Improvement Association

· Formed by area ministers · Helped to support and sustain the boycott · Asked for first-come, first-serve seating · Asked for African Americans to be hired as bus drivers · Bus companies and city officials refused to compromise · Bus boycott lasted over a year · In June 1956, a federal court ruled that segregated seating on busses was unconstitutional · The Supreme Court upheld that decision later in the year

The Mattachine Society

· Founded by Harry Hay · CPA member · Labor organizer · Los Angeles-1950 · Discussed topics specific to the homophile · Attempted to encourage cultural and political liberation

The House of Un-American Activities (HUAC)

· Founded in 1938 · Used to investigate communist and fascist sympathizers during the Great Depression · Used subpoena power to call citizens to testify before Congress · Those who refused to answer questions faces prison · To plead the fifth left the impression of guilt

The Election of 1940

· Franklin D. Roosevelt - D (unprecedented third term) · Wendell Willkie - R

The Election of 1936

· Franklin D. Roosevelt-D · Alf Landon-R

Eleanor Roosevelt

· Frequently attended events and gave speeches in place of FDR · Redefined the roll of First Lady · FDR would cheat a lot · Said they'd never have any more kids, so they sleep in different beds · Slept in separate rooms

Benito Mussolini

· From 1922-25, Mussolini lead the Fascist movement in Italy · Once in control, he demolished representative democracy and pushed for an aggressive expansionist policy · "New Roman Empire" · Nicknamed "Il Duce" which means "The Leader"

April 1940

· Germany invaded Denmark and Norway · Denmark fell within hours · Norway fell in two months · Germany invaded France · Sitzkreig

The Invasion of Poland

· Germany invades Poland · Britain demands that the Germans cease military action · Mid-September, the Soviet Union invades from the East · Blitzkreig

Tennessee Valley Authority

· Government ran co-op · Created public waterways and generated power

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

· Government-secured loans to: · Banks · Mortgage Companies · Savings and Loans Companies · Railroads

Willkie's Campaign

· Had not previously held public office · Revived Republican support in the Midwest · Argued the New Deal was wasteful · Concerned about electing a president for a third term · World War II · Favored aid to the British

Share Our Wealth

· Heavy taxation · Pensions for the elderly · Free college education · Many argued it was a redistribution of money

The Election of 1928

· Herbert Hoover- R · Al Smith- D

The Election of 1932

· Herbert Hoover-R · Franklin D. Roosevelt-D

Roosevelt's Campaign

· Highly popular among the American people · Addressed many of his opponent's issues during the 1935 legislative cycle · Wagner Act · Social Security Act · Revenue Act of 1935

The Death of Hitler

· Hitler and Eva Braun married days before · Tested a cyanide pill on his dog, Blondi · Braun died from taking a cyanide pill · Hitler shot himself

The Invasion of Czechoslovakia

· Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia in March of 1939 · Also took part of Lithuania

Revenue Act of 1932

· Hoover's tax plan · Discontinued much of Mellon's policies · The wealthiest were taxed at 63% of their net income · Doubled the estate tax rate · Removed personal income tax exemptions · Raised corporate taxes

Blame Hoover

· Hoovervilles · People became homeless and lived in shanty towns · Hoover shoes · Ratty shoes

The Ku Klux Klan

· Immigrants · Jews · African Americans · Anarchists · Pacifists · Communists · Revolutionists · Bootlegging · Gambling · Adultery · Birth Control

The United States and Japan

· In 1939, the United States ceases trading aviation gasoline with Japan · Japan occupied French Indochina in an attempt to pressure China

Harding's Civil Rights

· Initially called for anti-lynching legislation · Endorsed literacy tests for voting in the South · Eugene v. Debs

Melba Pattillo

· Inspired by Rosa Parks · Relocated to California to complete high school · Graduated from · San Francisco State · Columbia University · University of San Francisco · Taught journalism

The Death of Mussolini

· Intercepted as they were trying to escape to Spain · Executed on April 28, 1945 · Bodies transported to Milan · Hung in the Piazzale Loreto

Operation Overlord

· Invasion of Northern France (June 6, 1944) · Liberation of Paris (August 25) · 160,000 Allied troops · 5,000 ships · 800 planes dropped over 13,000 paratroopers · 300 planes dropped bombs

Immigration

· Issued an executive order that required immigrants to have employment before entering the country · Secretary of Labor, William Doak, supported the prosecution of illegal immigrants · About one million Mexicans were sent back to Mexico · 60% were American citizens

Leading to War

· Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) · Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) · Japanese invasion of China (1937)

The Mediterranean

· Italy attacks Malta (June 1940) · Italy moves into Greece (October 1940) · Germany moves an expeditionary force into North Africa

June 1940

· Italy invaded France (10th) · Germans close in on Paris · France surrendered (14th) · Charles de Gaulle fled to England · Established the French government in Exile

The Scopes Monkey Trial

· John Scopes · Butler Act · Tennessee law that prevented the teaching of evolution · Defense financed by ACLU · Found guilty and fined $100

Potsdam Conference

· July 17-August 2, 1945 · Agreed prosecute Nazi war criminals · Truman's first official meeting with Stalin

Operation Barbarossa

· June 1941 · German forces invade the Soviet Union · Baltic region · Moscow · Ukraine · Hitler accused the Soviets of plotting against him · The Soviet Union signs an alliance with Britain (July)

The Battle of Midway

· June 1942 · Japan wanted Midway to launch attacks on Samoa, Fiji and Hawaii · Japanese naval codes had been broken

Huey Long

· Known as the Kingfish · "Share our Wealth" · Promoted himself as a "radical egalitarian" · From Louisiana

The Lavender Scare

· Lacked moral and mental strength · Executive Order 10450 · Signed by Eisenhower · Excluded "sexual perverts" from federal employment · No federal workers were outed by the government

Response to Hoover

· Many prominent Republicans did not support Hoover · Most Americans blamed him for the Great Depression · The Bonus Army · Unemployment rate at 23.6%

Hitler takes the Rhineland

· March 1936 · Violation of the Treaty of Versailles · Met with little resistance from Britain or France

The Anschluss of Austria

· March 1938 · Very little push back from European powers · Austrians later claimed they were invaded · Hitler determines to move into the Sudetenland

Federal Home Loan Bank Act

· Mimicked the Federal Reserve · 12 district banks · Supervised savings and loan companies · Attempted to lower the cost of home ownership

The Depression of 1920-1921

· Nation was in post-war depression · Called for: -Reduction of the income tax -Raising of the tariffs on agricultural goods

Operation Torch

· November 1942 · Cut off oil supplies to the Axis powers · Secure a position for a Southern Europe invasion · General George Marshall was hesitant

Western Allies Respond

· On September 3, Britain, France, Australia and New Zealand declare war on Germany · South Africa and Canada join days later · No direct military support to Poland · Began a naval blockade of Germany

President Hoover

· Opposed government intervention · Volunteerism · Commissions · Used to study issues and problems

The Atlantic Charter

· Outlined Allied goals in the post-war era · Established the United Nations · Bicameral · General Assembly · Security Council · The United States · The United Kingdom · France · Russia · China

The Agricultural Adjustment Act

· Paid farmers to cut back on production · Created an artificial demand · Declared unconstitutional in United States v. Butler

December 7, 1941

· Pearl Harbor · 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft · American losses · 8 battleships were damaged · 188 aircraft were destroyed · 2403 killed · 1178 wounded · Japanese losses · 29 aircraft · 5 midget submarines · 64 servicemen killed

Armistice with Germany

· Philippe Petain agreed to end the war with Germany on June 22, 1940 · Known as the Vichy government · Rolled back liberal policies · Extreme control of media · Anti-Semitic · Anti-Bolshevic

Hideki Tojo

· Prime Minister and General of the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II · Ordered the attack on Pearl Harbor

Owen Lattimore

· Professor at Johns Hopkins University · Leading expert on China and former advisor to Chiang Kai-shek · McCarthy named him the number one Soviet spy in America

Social Security Act of 1935

· Provided a national identity number · Issued pensions to person 65 or older and/or their survivors

The Civil Works Administration

· Provided competitive federal jobs · Ultimately failed due to cost

The G.I. Bill

· Provided immediate assistance and benefits for soldiers returning home from World War II · Signed into law in 1944 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt · Key pillar of Truman's Fair Deal · Benefits included payments for school, low cost mortgages, low-interest rates for business loans and one year of unemployment compensation · By 1956 almost 8 million veterans used the educational benefits

The Civilian Conservation Corps

· Provided jobs for young, working-class men · Built roads, public facilities, fought forest fire, etc.

Revenue Act of 1935

· Raised the federal income tax on high incomes · Took up to 75% in the top tax bracket · Known as the "Wealth Tax"

Andrew Mellon

· Recommended Congress lower the income tax rate and abolishment of excess profits tax on corporations · Income tax created under Woodrow Wilson

The Jones Act

-1917 Congress granted US citizenship to Puerto Ricans

Who first challenged segregation on buses?

Sarah Keys

America's mood after WWI

-Disillusioned by Woodrow Wilson -Violation of Washington's warning in his farewell address

Prohibition

-1920-1933 -Wartime Prohibition Act- 1.28% -18th Amendment- January 17, 1920 -Increase in organized crime

The Emergency Quota Act

-1921 -3% of the 1910 immigrant population from each country (Europe) would be allowed to come to the United States

1924 Immigration Act

-2% of the 1890 census -Barred immigrants from outside the Western hemisphere -Could prevent "criminals and sick people" from entering the country

The Chicago Race Riots

-38 people died -More than 500 injured -Eugene Williams -Mayor William Hale Thompson -Governor Frank Lowden: doesn't want attention from this -White guy throws a rock at black people, hits Eugene Williams in head, kid drowns, police officer ignores black guy

American Neutrality

-After avoiding war for over two years, the United States entered into the Great War -Some segments of the American public demanded that the United States enter as a neutral combatant -Irish Americans and German Americans

Women and the Home Front

-American suffragettes linked patriotic efforts of women in the war with voting rights -In 1920, the United States Congress ratified the 19th amendment, which guaranteed women the right to the franchise

Nativism

-Americans feared the spread of communism -Feared immigrants taking their jobs

Testing the Waters in the Atlantic

-At 2:10pm on May 7, U-20 fired a gyroscopic torpedo at the Lusitania -The Lusitania sank in 18 minutes, but it took several hours for help to arrive from the Irish Coast

American Business before the Great War

-Between 1914 and 1917, American industrial production increased over 30% -American steel companies benefited from unrestricted commerce with European nations

Socialists

-Branded the conflict as a "capitalist war" -Eugene V. Debs, Victor L. Berger and Morris Hillquit

Allies Failing in Europe

-By 1917, Russia experienced political upheaval from the Bolsheviks -Britain and France were running low on supplied and credit -Germany appeared to be gaining power in Europe

President Warren G. Harding

-Charles E. Hughes- Secretary of State -Andrew W. Mellon- Secretary of Treasury -Herbert Hoover- Secretary of Commerce -Albert B. Fall- Secretary of the Interior -Harding lets all his secretaries make most decision, takes a step back, relegate responsibilities to cabinet members

The United States and the World

-Determined not to join League of Nations -Russian Famine of 1921 -American Relief Administration -Washington Naval Conference

The Committee on Public Information

-Directed by George Creel -Rumors linked African Americans to pro-German efforts leads to violent wave of lynching across the South

Approximately how many women served in the military during World War II?

350,000

The Harding Campaign

· "Return to normalcy" · Harding won the votes of Irish and German Americans · Tennessee votes Republican

Levitt and sons

· Utilized assembly lines techniques to construct houses · Most houses had 27 steps and could be built in one day · Levittown homes included modern appliances, a white picket fence and green lawns · The first round of sales began in March 1947 · 1,400 homes were sold within 3 hours

Roosevelt's Campaign

· Vowed not to get involved in the war in Europe · Maintained support from: · Labor Unions · Solid South · Minorities

The election of 1920

· Warren G. Harding- R · James M. Cox- D

Red Baiting

· Wheeling, WV · February 9, 1950 · 250 Communists active in the State Department · Played upon America's fear of communism · Also alleged that fascists, alcoholics and "sexual deviants"

The Rise of Levittowns

· William Levitt expanded housing into suburban areas after World War II · The Veterans Administration and the Federal Housing Administration guaranteed that veterans would be able to purchase homes at a fraction of rental costs

Battle of the Ardennes

· Winter 1944 · German forces attempting to retake France · Also known as the Battle of the Bulge

Teapot Dome Scandal

· Wyoming · Naval Oil Reserve · Albert Fall had Harding transfer the oil reserves to the Department of Interior · Navy Secretary Edwin Denby signed off · Edward Doheny and Harry Sinclair · Will give Albert Fall and $500,000 to let them drill the oil

The Voyage of Understanding

·Harding went to Alaska, then down the Pacific Coast, and then by naval ship to Panama and Puerto Rico · Seattle · Harding went to dinner and complained of chest pain · Said it was gas · Next day he's unresponsive · When he gets to San Francisco he is dead

"He Kept Us Out of War"

-During the election, there were two major wars in the world -Mexican Civil War -The Greatest War in Europe -The democrats campaigned that a Republican victory would lead to war in both regions -This argument was critical in winning Western states

The United States Food Administration

-Herbert Hoover launched a massive campaign to encourage Americans to voluntarily economize their food

Organized Crime

-Homicides, burglaries and assaults increase between 1920-1933 -Bureau of Investigation

The Zimmerman Telegram

-In a coded telegram, Germany attempted to entice Mexico into the war -They promised that Mexico would regain the territories lost during the Mexican-American War, Mexico declined to enter war with US

Chicago's South Side

-Irish athletic clubs -Ragen's Colts -Hamburg Athletic Club -The Black Belt: predominately black community

The Battle of Britain

-July 1940 -German attacks on shipping, harbors, and major cities

What is "roaring" about the twenties?

-Modernization of goods -Entertainment -Credit economy

American Entry into the War

-More than 1.3 million men enlisted the serve in the war effort -About 20,000 women enlisted to support American soldiers in combat -US government propaganda sought to mobilize Americans through patriotism and civic duty

Pre-War Relations

-Most Americans viewed Germany as the aggressor during the war -American banks made huge loans to the British and French -Until 1917, Wilson did not expand the Army, but he did increase the size of the American Navy

The Lusitania

-Ocean liners became targets by enemy combatants

Aftermath of the Lusitania

-Of the 1,959 passengers and crew, 1,195 were lost -Less than 300 bodies were recovered -65 bodies were never identified

American Response

-Of the 139 Americans on board, 128 died during the attack -Woodrow Wilson urged Americans to remain neutral, America has always wanted to stay neutral

Journey to New York

-On 17 April 1915, the Lusitania left Liverpool for her 201st transatlantic voyage -She was scheduled to arrive in New York on the 24th of April -The Imperial German Embassy advertised in 50 American papers that the Lusitania would be vulnerable to U-boat attacks

Eddie Rickenbacker

-Racecar driver -Most decorated fighter pilot -Enemy was Red Baron

Courting Roosevelt

-Roosevelt hated Woodrow Wilson -Super genius

Democrats take over

-Roosevelt won over 57% of the votes -Took control of the House and the Senate

The Harlem Hellfighters

-The 369th Infantry Regiment -An infantry regiment of the NY Army National Guard -Fought in the French 16th Division -Unit earned a Croix de Guerre for their actions at Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood and Sechault

American Forces in the War

-The British and French wasted American forces to reinforce their troops -General John J. Pershing refused to break up American units

The Selective Service Act of 1917

-The federal government authorized the conscription of military manpower

Anti-Interventionalists

-William Jennings Bryan, Henry Ford, Robert La Follette, Jane Addams

Compromise and Restraint

-William Jennings Bryan, Secretary of State, urged "compromise and restraint" -Wilson insisted that Germany apologize for the sinking of the Lusitania

The Election of 1916

-Woodrow Wilson (D), strong personality, progressive -Charles E. Hughes (R), boring

Red Scare

-World War I led many to embrace strong nationalistic and anti-immigrant sympathies -The Bolshevik Revolution -Decline of production -Bombs mailed to prominent Americans

Quentin Roosevelt

-Young son of Theodore Roosevelt, favorite son -Roosevelt believes all able-bodied men should go to war -Flies' planes -Malfunction in plane, dies, never made it to combat -Teddy died a few days after hearing about Quentin's death

What percent of married women worked outside of the home in the 1920s?

10%

Approximately how many civilians were killed by the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

180,000

What percent of Americans were investing in the stock market prior to the crash?

2.5%

What was the first military action taken by the United States against international communism?

American soldiers fought against the Red Army during the Russian civil war.

What groups experienced the increased fertility rates associated with the baby boom?

Americans from all racial, social, and class lines

Why did the League of Nations fail?

Americas refusal to join.

All of the following events related to Korean War are true except

An armistice was never officially signed.

Who first advocated the policy of containment?

George Kennan

Why did Hitler stop the Blitz in June 1941?

Germany needed the resources of the Luftwaffe to invade the Soviet Union.

Why was Douglas MacArthur removed from command?

He was publicly insubordinate to the Commander-in-Chief.

Which of the following statements are true regarding Soong May-ling, known to the public as Madame Chiang?

Her American education made her an effective diplomat of Chinese-American relations.

Which of the Allied Nations was the first to reach Berlin?

Soviet Union

How did many black leaders, including W. E. B. DuBois, responded to the war?

Supported the war effort and lobbied to include black soldiers in front-line combat positions.

Which of the following nations were not part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?

Sweden

Why did the United States fail to help more of the decolonization independence movements during the 1940s-1970s?

The Cold War alliance with Western Europe led the United States to support many colonial powers.

Fundamentalist Christianity coalesced around a series of ideas best articulated in a pamphlet commissioned by oil barons Lyman and Milton Stewart. What is the name of this pamphlet?

The Fundamentals

What was the result of the Kaiserschalcht?

The Germans launched five failed major attacks.

Greece and Turkey were early flash points in the Cold War. How did the United States respond to unrest in Greece and Turkey in 1947?

The United States sent $400 million to both nations to be used in resisting communism.

What was the particular spark that ignited World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and the Grand Duchess Sophie.

Roosevelt tried to create relief for American farmers through the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA). What did the AAA do?

aimed to raise the prices of agricultural commodities by offering cash incentives to voluntarily limit farm production, thereby increasing prices

How did federal housing programs discriminate against Americans of color?

all of the above

What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan?

all of the above

What was the result of Brown v. Board of Education?

all of the above

Which of the following advantages did the Soviet Union achieve during the Cold War?

all of the above

Which of the following enabled the rising purchase of consumer goods?

all of the above

Which of the following most accurately describes religious commitment during the early Cold War years?

all of the above

Why was the "loss" of China to communism so upsetting to Americans?

all of the above

Why was Emmett Till murdered?

allegedly whistling at a white woman

What was FDR's "court-packing scheme?"

an attempt to appoint up to six new justices who would be friendly to his interests

The United States responded to Japanese aggression in the Pacific with the 1940 American Neutrality Act. What did this Act attempt to do?

applying economic pressure to Japan to deter military expansion

What was the name of the 1950s counterculture that rejected the values of conformity and domesticity?

beats

When was the Atlantic Charter issued?

before the United States entered World War II

Congressional opposition from which faction plagued Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration?

both

Which of the following right wing think tanks were created in the first decade following World War II?

both of these

How did President Eisenhower attempt to prevent a Soviet Attack on the United States?

by promising "massive retaliation" and appealing to the logic of "mutually-assured destruction"

Women served in the armed forces during World War I. They served in all of the following positions except

commissioned officers

Hitler and Mussolini helped to topple which government in Spain?

communists

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 accomplish?

created a Civil Rights Commission in the Department of Justice to investigate claims of racial discrimination

Upon assuming office, how did Roosevelt respond to the collapsing bank system?

declared a bank holiday and then pushed through the Emergency Banking Act

Army General John "Black Jack" Pershing used all of the following technologies in his attempt to capture Pancho Villa except

destroyers

The National Origins Act restricted the number of immigrants from any given country ________ percent of the number of current Americans from that country.

two

Which group accounted for 90% of household expenditures in 1920s homes?

women

Roosevelt's Campaign

· "Happy Days are Here Again" · Targeted prohibition (repealed it, 21st amendment) · Promoted government assistance for the impoverished

Brown v. Board of Education

· 1954 · Argued by Thurgood Marshall · Established the precedent that "separate-but-equal" was not equal · Violated the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

· 1st American civilians to be executed for espionage · Active members of the American Communist Party · David Greenglass claimed his sister and brother-in-law turned over information to Soviet spies · Convicted on March 29, 1951; executed June 19, 1953

Calvin Coolidge

· 1st VP to attend Cabinet meetings · "Silent Cal" · Oath of Office · Endorsed most of Harding's policies and initiatives · Took a nap everyday and loves to sleep

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

· A non-aggression pact · Secret portion that identified spheres of influence · Germany: Western Poland and Lithuania · Soviet Union: Eastern Poland, Finland, Estonia, Ukraine and Latvia

Taking the Sudetenland

· A predominately German area of Czechoslovakia · France, Britain and Germany convene at the Munich Meeting (September 1938) · They get Hitler to say he won't invade anyone else

Long's Last Year (1935)

· About 25 million Americans listened to his radio programs · Believed there was a growing gap between the rich and everyone else · Many thought he'd challenge Roosevelt for the Democratic nomination in 1936

Eleanor's Politics

· Advocated for women in the workplace · Championed civil rights for African Americans and Asian Americans · Urged the United States to join the United Nations

National Labor Relations Act (1935)

· Aka the Wagner Act · Guaranteed the right to form a union · Established the National Labor Relations Board · Mediated disputes between owners and labor unions

The End of World War II

· Allied forces called for an unconditional surrender from Japan in July 1945 · On August 6 and August 9, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki · Japan surrendered on August 15 · Surrender documents were signed on September 2

Operation Husky

· Allied invasion of Sicily · July and August 1943 · Enabled the Allies to invade Italy

Lend-Lease Act

· An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States · March 1941

Charles de Gaulle

· Appeal of June 18 · Urged the French to resist Nazi forces · The Free French

Spring 1939

· April 1939- Italy takes Albania · The United Kingdom and France vow to protect Poland · Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Pact of Steel (alliance)

Supreme Court Packing

· Attempted to add 6 members to the Supreme Court · Congress did not approve this reform · Created backlash among Roosevelt's supporters

The Wiley-Dondero Act

· Binational construction project · 1954-1959 · Made ocean traffic to major cities along the Great Lakes

Initial Responses

· Brought businesses and labor leaders together · Convinced railroads and public utilities to increase spending · Federal reserve cut interest rates · $100 million to the Federal Farm Board

The Little Rock Nine

· Brown v. Board of Education II · Remanded future desegregation cases to lower federal courts · Courts should proceed with desegregation "with all deliberate speed" · Orval Faubus called the state National Guard to prevent black students from enrolling at Little Rock Central High

The Election of 1924

· Calvin Coolidge-R · John W. Davis-D · Economy is doing great so voters wanted everything to stay the same

Father Charles Coughlin

· Catholic priest based out of Detroit · Used the radio to reach his followers · National Union for Social Justice · Not popular with many in the Catholic Church · Antisemitic

McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill

· Charles McNary and Gilbert Haugen · Created a federal farm board · Opposed by Coolidge · Hoover called to increase profitability by modernizing agriculture

General George Patton

· Commanded the US Third Army · Supreme Commande conference · "Play Ball" · Bastogne · 4th Armored division, 80th infantry division and the 26th Infantry · January 29-March 22 · Killed or wounded almost 100,000 · Captured more than 140,000 German Soldiers

Issues between the Soviet Union and the United States

· Red Scare · ComIntrn Movement · Nazi/Soviet Pact · Delayed Western Front fighting by the United States · USSR delated declaring war on Japan · Soviet refusal for a Western voice in Eastern Europe

The Works Progress Administration

· Replaced the FERA · Lasted from 1935-1943 · Employed 3 million people at any given time

Joseph McCarthy

· Republican Senator from Wisconsin · Beat Robert La Follete in 1946 (was in Senate when Teddy R. was President) · Called for the end of a coal miners strike · Personal investigations · Military service · Pepsi-Cola

Gallup Polling-1940

· Results indicated that Roosevelt would win a third term · Polling suggested if there hadn't been a war in Europe, Americans would have preferred Willkie

Roosevelt's Challenges

· Revive the economy · Relieve human misery · Restore American agriculture

Alliances

· Rome-Berlin Axis · October 1936 · Military alliance between the Germans and Italians · Anti-Comintern Pact · November 1936 · Germany and Japan (really wanted control Russia) · Alliance against communism · Italy joins in 1937

The Brain Trust

· Roosevelt surrounded himself with well-educated and talented professionals · Government intervention to positively guide the economy

The Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt

· Roosevelt visited the Little White House in Warm Springs, Georgia · Passed away on April 12 of a cerebral hemorrhage

Arsenal of Democracy

· Roosevelt's promise to support Britain in her fight against Nazi Germany · Roosevelt called it "a call to arm and support" allies · Roosevelt criticized the European policy of appeasement · Just wanted to provide weapons and supplies to Europe

Reichstag Speech- October 1939

· Said the future of Poland would be determined by Germany and the Soviet Union · Offering peace to Britain and France

Frances Perkins

· Secretary of Labor · Supported · 40-hour work week · Minimum wage · Worker's compensation · Unemployment compensation · Regulations against child labor · Social Security

Kellogg-Briand Pact

· Secretary of State- Frank B. Kellogg · The United States, France, Britain, Germany, Italy and Japan · Renounced war

Germans in the Eastern Front

· Seized oilfields in the Caucasus · Germans were unable to secure Stalingrad before winter set in · Soviets surrounded the Germans at Stalingrad · Surrendered in Spring 1943

Initial Opponents of McCarthy

· Senator Millard E. Tydings · The Tydings Committee · McCarthy's staff distributed photos of Tydings with Early Browder · Senator William Benton · Spoke out against McCarthy's smear tactics · Aiding communists

Japanese Dominance in the Pacific

· Severe losses for Allied forces · Japanese took a large number of prisoners of war · May 1942, the Philippines fall to the Japanese · The Battle of the Coral Sea · Allied forces prevent the Japanese from invading Australia

Berlin Falls

· Soviet and Polish forces capture Berlin · Germany signs surrender terms on May 8, 1945

October 1929

· Stock Market Crash · Worldwide economic struggle · Hoover tried to aid the economy through positive statements

Taxation

· Supported Mellon's taxation recommendations · Revenue Act of 1924 · By 1927, only 2% of the wealthiest paid taxes · Flat federal spending

The First 100 Days

· The Banking Relief Act · Created the FDIC · Slashed government pensions · 21st amendment · Farm Credit Administration · System where farmers can borrow money at a low interest rate · Created the Securities and Exchanges Commission · Regulates Wall Street and Banks

Aftermath of World War II

· The United States experiences a high economic boom · The Soviet Union and the United States will enter into the Cold War conflict · This effects multiple aspects of American life

Economic Boom

· The number of cars produced annually quadrupled between 1945-1955 · The housing market soared due to low-rate mortgages for veterans · The rise in Cold War defense spending also stimulated the market

Chester Nimitz

· The only US Navy Admiral from Texas · Commander-in-Chief, United States Pacific Fleet during WWII · Halted Japanese advances at the Battle of Midway

Elizabeth Eckford

· Tried to enter school on September 4, 1957 · Stopped by the Arkansas National Guard · Fled from a crowd to a bus stop

Harry Truman and the Fair Deal

· Truman's domestic program · Believed the federal government should guarantee economic opportunities and social stability for all Americans · Presented a 21-point plant to congress that included protections against unfair employment practices and a higher minimum wage

Dr. Francis Townsend

· Urged for government to provide pensions for the elderly · Townsend's ideas directly influenced Roosevelt's Social Security Act