History 2020 Exam II Dr. Arthur Banton

Eighteenth Amendment

"Prohibition Law" declared it illegal to make, transport, or sell alcohol in the United States in 1919.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

(FDR following death) nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Johnson-Reed Act

(National Origins Act) 1924 law that severely restricted immigration to the United States to no more than 161,000 a year with quotas for each European nation. The racist restrictions were designed to staunch the flow of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Asia.

Neutrality Acts of 1937

-Belligerents could only purchase non-military goods from US in cash -Banned US citizens from travelling on belligerent ships -Cash-and-carry policy: B's who purchased from US had to pay in cash and send their own ships to collect. -Good for nation's economy, but went against showing peace by supplying other countries with goods.

Guiding ideas of the New Deal

-Capital solutions -Under consumption -Counter balance -Imbalance of wealth

Conversion to a War Economy

-Factories that originally made cars or traveling airplanes, were making tanks, jeeps and fighter airplanes. -Women and Minorities went to working into plants. -Rations of certain materials and the pop ups of Victory gardens and buying of war bonds.

Results of the New Deal

-Succeeded in: relief, recovery, and saving capitalism -Continued depression -Not everyone benefitted from the New Deal (like black sharecroppers) -Several successful organizations

Maggie Gee

-Women Airforce Pilots -1 of 25,000 applications were accepted -Chinese American -Died while on duty

The Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war while the Allied armies pushed German forces backward.

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910 to help fight racial discrimination in federal laws and give legal support.

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Teapot Dome

A government scandal where Albert Fall accepted $400,000 in bribes for leasing oil reserves on public land in Wyoming . It was part of the larger patterns of corruption in Warren G. Hardy's presidency.

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917 by forcing Czar Nicholas II and withdrew from the war.

The Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

The Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 1933

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Kellogg-Briand Act

A second effort to world peace in 1928 when secretary of State Frank Kellogg joined French foreign minister Aristide Briand to make a nearly fifty nation signed solemn pledge to renounce war and settle disputes peacefully.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights. They resurfaced in the 1920s to go against those that went against their beliefs, were Jewish, Asian, ....anyone not white and their kind of religious.

Benny Goodman

A twentieth-century American jazz clarinetist and bandleader. He was known as the "King of Swing."

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

The New Negro

African Americans who challenged the caste system that confined dark-skinned Americans to the lowest level of society confronted whites who insisted that race relations would not change. Saw the rise of the NAACP, UNIA shipping company Black Star Line. There was an extraordinary mix of black artists, sculptors, novelists, musicians and poets in Harlem deliberately set out to create a distinctive African American culture that drew on their identities as Americans and Africans. Also known as the Harlem Renaissance.

"Return to Normalcy"

After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, he promised the US to return to isolationism. The US economy "boomed" but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II. It wasn't to return to the old order, but rather to a normal natural procedure or a easygoing era.

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Welfare Capitalism

An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high. In some businesses it improved safety and sanitation inside factories. Instituted paid vacations and pension plans.

Volstead Act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the govt had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption

Manhattan Project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb in 1942. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. Thousands of Americans who worked on the project at Los Alamos, New Mexico, succeeded by July 1945.

September 1, 1939

Date WWII began with German invasion of Poland

Okies

Displaced farm families from the Oklahoma dust bowl who migrated to California during the 1930s in search of jobs.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's 1933 foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region. Promising to not get involved with the internals and externals of other countries in Latin America.

Executive Order 9066

FDR's 1942 order to place all Japanese Americans in Internment Camps in the south and west.

Executive Order 8802

In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

Bonus Marchers

In the spring of 1932, 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans descended on Washington to demand early payment of a bonus due in 1945. The veterans made a squatter camp on the outskirts of the city. Only to be driven away by federal soldiers led by the army's chief of staff, Douglas MacArthur, due to Hoover's fear that the bonuses would bankrupt the government.

Bhagat Singh Thind

Indian-born WWI veteran and when applying for citizenship as a Caucasian, the Supreme Court rejected his naturalized citizenship status in 1922.

Macrus Garvey

Jamaican political activist that helped founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association to encourage African Americans to be proud of their identity and background.

Tripartite Act

Japan-signed act with Germany and Italy that guaranteed economic and military support

Takao Ozawa

Japanese businessman who filed for naturalization/citizenship under the Naturalization Act of 1906. He said his skin was as white as a Caucasian's and one's beliefs, not race, should determine citizenship; denied citizenship because he did not have legal status as white/Caucasian.

Fair Labor Standards Act

June 25, 1938- United States federal law that applies to employees engaged in and producing goods for interstate commerce. Established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor," a term defined in the statute. Administered by the Wage & Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

The Automobile

Keystone in the American economy, not for just giving hundreds of thousands of jobs, but also encouraged the industries of fast food restaurants, filling stations, garages, and "guest cottages" (motels). Also lead to the decay of some small towns.

The Great War

Known as World War I and would later set precursors for the next World War; A global military conflict that embroiled most of the world's great powers from 1914 to 1919.

GI Bill of Rights

Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes, pay for higher education, health care, and loans for startup business.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1940 to register eligible for a military draft if the time of war arose. (First time with a draft during peace time)

The Lend-Lease Act

Legislation in 1941 that enabled Britain to obtain arms from the United States without cash but with the promise to reimburse the United States when the war ended. The act reflected Roosevelt's desire to assist the British in any way possible, short of war.

National Recovery Administration

New Deal agency that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages -Codes to promote fair working conditions and prices -optional, weak enforcement

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects; formed jobs for millions of young men and a handful of women thanks to Eleanor Roosevelt.

Scottsboro Boys

Nine young black men between the ages of 13 to 19 were accused of of raping two white women by the names of Victoria Price and Ruby Bates. All of the young men were charged and convicted of rape by white juries, despite the weak and contradictory testimonies of the witnesses. However with the rising Communist party hired a team of lawyers that saved them from the electric chair.

The Crash of 1929

On October 29, 1929, "Black Tuesday," after a week of growing instability, all efforts to save the market failed. Sixteen million shares of stock were traded; the industrial index dropped 43 points (10%), wiping out all the gains of the previous year- stocks in many companies became virtually worthless. Many believe the stock market crash was the beginning, and even the cause, of the Great Depression.

Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)

Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), collective bargaining rights, closed shops permitted (where workers must join unions), outlawed anti-union tactics

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II

Objectives of the New Deal

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Alice Paul

She worked in a settlement house. Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking. She also helped to advocate for the passage of the 19th amendment.

The Arsenal of Democracy

Term introduced by President Franklin Roosevelt for America's role in World War II giving supplies to the British war effort, but also staying out of the fight.

Double V Campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad." It pushed the federal government to require defense contractors to integrate their workforce.

Nineteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans.

The New Woman

a woman of the turn of the 20th century often from the middle class who dressed practically, moved about freely, lived apart from her family, and supported herself. She was portrayed being college educated, drank, smoked, and wore skimpy dresses and not caring.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

an agency created in 1933 to insure individuals' bank accounts, protecting people against losses due to bank failures. Key feature in the New Deal to restored depositors' confidence in the banking system during the Great Depression.

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s