History 2110: Exam 2

Capitalism and Slavery

The Antebellum South

Emancipation Proclamation

-1863, Lincoln says that slaves living in states that are underarms fighting against union forces are free. Doesn't mean all slaves are free but does liberate most of them in the confederacy.

Ideology of the South

-Agrarian Republicanism -White Supremacy -Paternalism

perfectionism

-Charles Finney: publish the book perfection Perfect obedience to the law of God and requires perfect, disinterested, impartial benevolence, love to God and our neighbor, kind of says that we can be as perfect as God, if followers take that to heart they are going to think God requires perfection and perfection means perfect in the way God is perfect, -leave the meetings with a very powerful sense of what your potential is -Message produced by the second great awakening, individuals begin to act upon the principle in political way,

New Technology

-Cotton Gin: invented by Eli Whitney, with a comb like action the seeds are combed out in a labor saving manner -Cotton Loom: produces cotton thread/cloth -Steamboat: went from rafts made of wood and had to bust it up and sell lumber once got goods from northern mississippi river to New ORleans to steamboat which were technological marvels but also very dangerous, the engines were always exploding because they were pushing the limits

Destruction of Slavery:

-Emancipation Proclamation -13th amendment -Homestead Act -Protective Tariff -Morell Act

Slave Resistance

-Enslaved people resisted their enslavement with a variety of weapons available to them Day to day resistance on plantation, breaking tools, fences, not cooperating with the overseer master in daily assignments l Final form of resistance is armed revolt, other places had more armed slave revolt than the US south, much of the fair of revolt centered in the island of Espanola(DR spanish colony and Haiti French Colony) -Haitian Revolution -U.S slave rebellions -Turners Rebellion

territorial exapnsion as a safety valve

-In a literal sense it is a mechanism which lets off steam -In sociological terms it is a mechanism that reduces social tensions -Both north and south have defined their ways of life in different ways -Territorial Expansion: west, functions as a safety valve because they see land as an opportunity for mobility it is an escape from permanent wage labor and tenancy -Important to both the north and south and become more important as economic changes begin to polarize both regions -Settler Colonialism: territorial expanision in antebellum period can be seen as a continuation of this, the colonies were the first safety valve for English settlers who needed to escape primitive accumulation in the mother country

Parts of the Market Revolution

-Industry -Transportation -Communications (expanded the the US socially and geographically)

sectional divide

-John Ashworth: the combination of free labor, wage labor, and slave power make up the antebellum north -Free Labor: farms and artisans, independence -Wage labor: always regarded as a form of almost servitude, working for somebody else, dependent, traditionally had been viewed as the antithesis of free labor -The republican party reinterprets wage labor as a form of free labor (abe Lincoln 1860) because it is temporary and will later allow them to life themselves up, become economically independent, and allows social mobility, view slavery as the antithesis of free labor

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854:

-Politics currently in ferment. The Whig party is collapsing the Republican party is emerging. The most prominent leader of the Democratic party in the North, Stephen Douglas, the senator from Illinois submits to congress a new piece of legislation that will overturn the Missouri Compromise and all the people of Kansas and Nebraska(old Louisiana territories) to decide whether they will be free or slave states. To Northerners this meant that slave power was engaged in a diabolical conspiracy to create slavery everywhere. Begins the civil war fought in Kansas. Slaveholders from Missouri are coming and anti slave people are sending people to fight. Horrific bloodshed here.

Indian Removal

-Removal of indians in the 17th century is repeated in the first half of the 19th century Andrew Jackson was a war hero, 1818-1826, demands of of voters to remove indians east of mississippi river and by the 1830s the removal had been completed, -moved to new land set aside for them West of Mississippi river in majority Oklahoma and part of Arkansas -Sent the US army to force march thousands of Indians to their new homes The land had to be cleared

Haitian Revolution 1791-1804

-San Domain Haiti was the largest producer of sugar in the world making it very valuable, tens of thousands of African slaves being poured into the colony every year. - French revolution had a significant impact on this colony and the enslaved population of colony rose up and began a revolt. -By 1804 the former slave population had annihilated the master class and defeated several french armies sent out to end rebellion and Spanish and British armies. -Led to the creation of the first independent black republic. Picture Revolt of blacks and massacre of the whites during the early stages of the revolt Fulfilled worst nightmare of slaveholders anywhere, and was a beacon of hope, proof enslaved people could defeat the master class US did anything it could to get the republic to submit the first American to invite Haiti in is Fredrick Douglas

New Labor

-Slavery changes in fundamental ways, 1808 transatlantic slave trade ends -domestic slave trade -cotton production

Was the Antebellum South Capitalist?

-Smith: if capitalism is about the exchange of commodities then the antebellum south was capitalist, commodities include cotton, tobacco, crops, slaves, and land -Marx: if capitalism is about the exchange of labor power not just commodities then the antebellum South was not capitalist, the slaves aren't selling their wage power, labor power is supposed to be exchanged or wages, enslaved people aren't selling these labor power in the free market the people themselves are being bought and sold -Smith/Marx: if capitalism is about the subordination of unfree labor systems to the imperatives of capitalism on a global scale, then the antebellum south was capitalist Slave societies might not be capitalist in the perfect Marx definition but the way they interact with the capitalist sector they change as the produce commodities like cotton and then they are exported, the nature of slavery begins to change as it adapts itself to the demands of the advanced capital sector Governed by the rules/dynamics of capitalist development

south

-Social Tension: the emergence of a small slaveholding elite and a large population of non slaveholders threatens the white majority who fear they will become permanent wage earners and tenants(and lose the land that they own so they will have to lease the land from the landowners they do not want to be tenant farms) -Threatens the white majority who do not own slaves Slaveholders with 100 more slaves make up .1% of the population Slave holders with 10-99 6.6% Slaveholders with 1-9 17.2% None slave holders make up 76.1% of the white populations Trend of decreasing percentage of ownership of slaves

North:

-Social Tensions: the emergence of an industrial bourgeoisie and an industrial working class threatens farms and artisans who fear they will become permanent wage earners(proletarianization) -Territorial Expansion as a Safety Valve: the large population of small producers farmers and artisans are fearful they will fall into wage earners They are receiving the largest number of immigrants

Agrarian Republicanism

-Southerners beleived that their society embodied the values of an agrarian society, they form and live lives off the land -southerners were prod of this tradition because they believed that it was one of the best, pure ways of life, believed that moving ot the city corupted this life - the people are easily influenced by a demogogue this subverts the governemnt because it will end up in reality popular tyranny and it will lead in the name of the people but wont be a republic -the people are not economically independent and therefore follow the demagogue -two solutions: guarantee that all people are economically independent with the redistribution of wealth, disenfranchise those sections of the people that are not economically independent

Irish Immigrants

-Surplus labor will be exhausted eventually because move west or found other jobs. There is then a labor shortage for factory owners. - Ireland was a peasant and colonized society. Britain imposed a number of restrictive regulations on Ireland which impoverished the population. -The English are protestant and Irish are catholic. - Potatoes could be grown anywhere and by anyone so they became the principal crop of impoverished peasant population through out Europe and especially in Ireland. -The potato crop in Ireland was wiped out by a disease. -The remaining population fled. -The push of the famine and the pull of the job availability in the United states the immigration skyrockets in the 1850s. -Men are laying out railroad tracks and women are playing domestic roles maids, cooks, nannies, etc. -The Irish become the new workforce as original immigrants agricultural class get own farms and move in other directions

the four elements to the working class

-artisans -lowell system -rhode island system -Irish Immigrants

Transportation

-canal(nw/ne): take advantage of the water so they dig canals that connect one body of water with another, if you have these you could transport wheat, cotton, or other commodities over hundreds of miles by water. The most famous canal is the eerie canal which connects the great lakes to the Hudson river, connected all the area that surrounds the great lakes to the Atlantic ocean, transportation radically expands the market. -Railroad System(after 1870 -New England to the Great Lake States): transcontinental railroad not built until after the civil war, the rail road system that began to develop after the 1820s was the single most important addition to transport system integrated with roads and canals.

Rhode Island System:

-complete families employed by textile factory owners. - Well being of the family fell upon the father

artisans

-highly skilled worker or craftsman who has been trained in a highly skilled way(before the industrial revolution) -master artisan: adult men who have completed their training and have saved the money to open up their own workshop, has to have a wife in order to operate a workshop because the workload couldn't be handled alone. He will then look for more help, so he hires a journeyman. -journeyman artisan: younger than the master and is over the age of 21 because by this year he would have completed his training but he does not have the savings to open up his own workshop or propose marriage to a woman and begin his fully adult life. Can deal with the general skills and opens up time for master to deal with the intricate details, he will receive a negotiated wage, after working for a while hits the road for better work. -apprentice artisan: boys and teenagers that are apprenticed to a master artisan in a particular high trade ,the master had to clothe, feed, and teach the apprentice, acts as sort of a father figure.

state

-political transformation ending the creation of a particular kind of state that acts as an independent center of capital accumulation. To facilitate the development of labor power as a commodity and the development of society in which the owners of the means of production will be constrained to reinvest their profit in the system and will be actively working to promote capital accumulation in those ways -National governemtn in DC will be promoting capital accumulation

Industry

-powered by new kinds of machinery that was in turn powered by new forms of energy, involves the concentration of production of activities in building called factories -industrial revolution: new types of of macinery concentrated in new work places called factories powered by water used to turn a water wheel, the steam powered and coal -loom in the late 1700s early 1800s -eventuallly get to textile factories in the 1820s and later, the machine powered loom is a much more sophisticated loom than the earlier loom

second great awakening

-preachers arguing that if you prepare yourself and have faith then you will be saved and at the moment of salvation you will know that you have been reborn. -Evangelical explosion, rebirth, enthusiastic response. Picks up steam in 1820s-30s and America was overwhelmingly protestant in these days

communications

-printing press: relatively simple piece of machinery requiring highly skilled workers to work it in the 1800s, printing technology undergoes radical changes in the 1810s and on the printing press is powered by steam engines and they require a full complement of workers and machine tenders, dramatically expanded the volume of printed materials circulating in the US because cut the cost down now ordinary people could afford it.

Lowell System(NE)

-produced cotton textiles , company towns that included factories and dormitories, in factory towns producing company textiles around the Lowell system -recruited workers from farms, the workers would not only be from farm families but would be young women. -In New England farms were having a difficult time competing with other producers. -Towns like Lowell ensured that your daughters were looked over because there were dorm mothers that ensured the girls in boys out, there were curfews, detailed rules and regulations -the company owners also created programs and opportunities for the young women to pursue their own education. Church, reading club, Lowell offering magazine by the workers. -Save money that they could send some back home and the rest of the money used for personal use and for dowry(marriage).

Domestic Slave Trade

-purchasing slaves forms upper south and moving to the lower south, shipping and selling those slaves to the newly opened up states -Advertisements for this slave trade, families are probably going to be separated -Production of cotton increases the demand for slave increases and the upper south do not need them because they have tobacco which is nowhere near in demand as cotton, - the upper south and lower south are in their own domestic slave trade which is just as terrible as transatlantic slave trade -The Map: the slaves are moving from upper south to the the lower south and the west. The best land is on the Mississippi Delta. Incentive of Northern slave owners to cash in while they can. Majority of slaves were moved by way of sale..... or transported by their owners to the south to new plantations. -Many husbands and wives lived on different plantations. Be able to draw general lines on the map -Freewomb Laws: if you born after a particular date you will become free at a certain age.

Four Parts of Norther Ideology

-second great awakening -perfectionism -reform -sectional divide

paternalism

-southerners are a conservative people who believe in traditional family values where everything revolves around the father -if the father was genuine had to treat people under his authroity with kindness, fairness, and belevonence, includes children, family and slaves

Industrial Bourgeoisie: Two Paths

-the master artisan can become the new industrial bourgeoisie succeed and maybe save enough to invest in a capital revolutionary path, or the merchant class because the producers -producers merchants -class composition -family life -Eli Whitney: cotton gin and other inventions, began as an artisan and became a successful manufacturer of a variety of things. Good example of the producer path. Nathan Appleton: very wealthy Boston merchant who invested heavily in the factories of Lowell Massachusetts. Represents the merchant path to the industrial bourgeoisie.

The Politics of Territorial Expansion

......

Capitalism and Freedom: The Antebellum North

..........

White Supremacy

1.)Flowed out of the belief that black people were racially inferior to white people and had to be enslaved for their good and the good of all people in the society 2.)Black people having suffered under slavery for many years would like nothing more to turn the world upside down and reap vengence on the master class that had enslaved them. This prospect brought whites together because they did not want a race war 3.) all white people in the south share interest in this because white supremacy is profitable especially plantation owners but also to whites who dont own slaves -Profits generated by slavery drive the whole regional economy -These three came together to form the ideology of the south In state after state legislation is being passed that restricts voting to male whites These took a distinctive form in the north because of the large black population and the institution of slavery was so central to the south

New Land

Cotton depletes the nutrients of the soil very very rapidly and there was a ravenous demand for cotton, push for new lands in the South that was quite extraordinary -Indian Removal -Clearing Fields -Mature Plantation

Compromise of 1850:

Deciding what to do with the new territories. The unorganized territory. California is admitted as a free state. Mexican cession remainder divided into Utah and New Mexico territory, these two territories will vote on whether they will enter as a free state or slave state. Abolished the slave trade in Washington D.C. There were slave auction houses in the shadows of the capital building and in the 20s, 30s, and 40s anti slavery sentiments considered these houses to be a blight on the republic itself. Gain in north and a concession by the south.

Party Systems:

First: 1792-1824, Democratic Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson vs Federalists Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, John Adams. Second: 1824-1854, Democrats, Andrew Jackson vs Whigs, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison. Third: 1854-1896, Republicans versus Democrats.

Morill Act

Land grant for college

Clearing Fields

Landscape is what it is today as a result of labor of people who transformed land

Fugitive Slave Act:

Old fugitive slave law apparently not effective to the south. New one gave authorities much more powers to apprehend prospective slave runaways and bring them to "justice" and northern authorities who did not cooperate were liable to persecution.

1860 Presidential Election:

The Republican party is here and is a northern party. The democratic party is having internal divisions between north and south. Independent parties are also forming. -Republican: Abraham Lincoln he gets the entire north and Oregon and California. Has 40 percent of the popular vote. -Southern Democrat: John Breckinridge, majority of South -North Democrat: Stephen Douglas and he gets Missouri -Constitutional Union: Bell, gets the border states

The Louisiana Purchase of 1803:

The US bought from france the Louisiana territory, extended from east of mississippi river to the rocky mountains. The US roughly doubled in size from this purchase. Thomas Jefferson believed this purchase might be unconstitutional but he believed in Agrarian Republicanism and this land purchases was a necessity. A good example of how territorial expansion in the early 19th century brought the North and the South together.

Mature Plantation

The land went from forests and everything to flats farm land

The Missouri Compromise of 1820:

The territory is at the point where it can apply for statehood. The white settlers who were coming were from the most part from southern states and they brought slaves along with them. Adding Missouri was going to give the slave states one more state than the free states had which would upset the senate. The compromise said it would admit Missouri as a slave state but would also admit Main as a free state. A line was drawn separating Missouri and Arkansas saying that slavery would never be allowed above that 36 30 line in Louisiana unorganized territory.

Mexican American War of 1846

The war lasted two years. A treaty of peace was signed in 1848 the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Texas was admitted to the US as a slave state before the war, after the war Mexico was required to cede certain territories and they were now brought into the US.

13th Amendment:

completely abolishes slavery and was ratified in 1865. The foundation of slavery had to be abolished because it was hindering economic advancement. Stimulate industry

Family Life: Companionate Marriage:

from self sufficient economic stable households and producing children first and foremost to companionship and romantic love(spiritually and physically compatible). Birthrate is declining.

Protective Tariff:

imported goods are being taxed and raising the price of imported good. Domestic companies will benefit. So domestic manufactures will have an advantage and stimulate domestic industry.

Producers

interested in revolutionizing the economy

Class Composition:

manufacturers are center of bourgeoisie. Merchants are engaged in transatlantic trade and expanding it. Professionals Clerks: new group of white collar male workers, work in offices, stores, etc. Young men with education and ambition to open up own businesses but have not made it yet

Merchants

old merchants are not interested in revolutionizing the economy. Their principal business is international trade where they make their real money.

Homestead Act:

passed during the civil war. Offers western lands that has been acquired by war and purchased by treaty and havent been claimed yet. Anyone who stakes claim to these lands will have the land for free.

reform

reform Movements: -Temperance: reduce consumption of alcohol, identifying a serious problem during this time, most extreme form is prohibition Pacifism: eliminate war Prison: e.g debt accumulating in prison, emphasize rehab rather than incarceration and punishment -Antislavery: by the 1830s and 40s a new kind of anti slavery movement developed in the north and was much more militant than any other antislavery movement preceding Constitutions was a pact with slavery therefore a pact with devil --William Lloyd Garrison: the liberator paper took a copy of constitution to Boston commons and burned it

cotton production

slave population in the south increases from 750k to 4450 mil. Up mississippi river across black belt