History 2301 Unit 1
According to research that some consider controversial, the first humans entered Texas __________. between 12,000 and 40,000 years ago and had entered the North American continent through the land bridge called Beringia about 5,000 years ago and crossed the Pacific Ocean from South Asia nearly 2,000 years ago and came northward from their origins in South America around 10,000 years ago and came by boat from Europe
a
Although the Spanish experienced problems with various Indian groups, the most hostile and dangerous group in the 1720s and 1730s was the __________. Lipan Apaches Mayas Caddos Jumanos
a
Anglo American colonization projects in Texas were initially viewed by the new Mexican government __________. as an inexpensive way to populate and improve the conditions on the northern frontier with indifference because they felt that Texas was a hopeless backwater area where few rational migrants would want to settle as a threat to the stable Indian relationships they had developed with the Comanches and the Apaches as a threat to the Mexican Republic, because foreign settlers could not be trusted
a
By the 1760s it had become clear that __________. all of these the Nuevo Santander area was doing well economically and growing in population the presidio-mission system had failed to produce much growth in the main part of Texas the Paso del Norte area was doing well economically and growing in population
a
By the early 1800s, one important development concerning Texas Indians was __________. the Caddos, Tonkawas, and Coahuiltecans had suffered dramatic declines in the size of their populations epidemics had almost destroyed the Comanche population the Lipan Apaches had pushed the Comanches out of most of Texas the Cherokees had taken over most of East Texas
a
Despite some of the physical advantages that the missions had achieved, their greatest challenge was __________. maintaining adequate Indian populations teaching the native peoples how to speak Spanish producing enough food to sustain their populations keeping large numbers of immigrants from entering their territories
a
Empresario Martín de León is important historically because he __________. was the only empresario to recruit a sizeable number of Mexican colonists from the interior of the country succeeded in bringing in several hundred Catholic immigrants from Ireland led the first revolt that sought to gain Texas Independence from Mexico was the first empresario to bring in a large number of German families
a
Governor Antonio Cordero y Bustamante (1805-1808) forbid the admission of Anglo Americans into the region because __________. they seemed intent on undermining Spanish Indian relations he feared that Anglo Americans had strong loyalties to the United States he preferred the idea of encouraging poor Spaniards to immigrate he was concerned that they were not Catholic
a
Governor Cordero believed that Louisianans who wished to remain in the Nacogdoches area __________. could be the only means to populate East Texas in the absence of any significant migration from the interior of New Spain could not be trusted because their main loyalty was to the United States should be moved back to San Antonio, by force if necessary were mostly worthless troublemakers and outlaws
a
In the 1780s Spanish officials tried to settle Louisiana as a way to prevent U.S. expansion from getting closer to Texas by recruiting __________. Protestant families Germans Comanches poor immigrants from Spain
a
In the early 1770s, the missions of San Antonio __________. controlled some of the best grazing lands in the region and had built a sophisticated acequia system were converted into presidios because of the increased Apache threat to the area depended on the good will of the residents for subsistence because of their economic difficulties had been abandoned by the Jesuit priests
a
In their dealings with Indian groups during the 1770s and 1780s, Spanish officials favored __________. war against the Apaches, but peace with the Comanches joining with the French in a joint military attack against the Indian peoples war against the Comanches, but peace with the Apaches war against all Indians
a
Mexican politics in the 1820s and 1830s were divided into two ideological factions, which came to known as the __________. Federalists and Centralists Federalists and Monarchists Federalists and Tories Democrats and Republicans
a
Norteños was a term utilized to identify __________. Indian nations north and east of San Antonio, which included the Comanches and the Wichitas mestizos and other people of mixed ancestry who lived in Texas residents of New Spain who migrated to the northern frontier Anglo American merchants who traded with the Spanish in Texas
a
On April 1, 1813, the Republican (Insurgent) Army captured San Antonio and then __________. executed Governor Salcedo and fourteen of his supporters exiled Governor Salcedo to the United States moved Governor Salcedo to Mexico City, where he died in prison after several years executed over fifty Spaniards who refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the new Mexican government
a
One common misconception about the Karankawas is that they were __________. cannibals advanced farmers who developed many varieties of corn so peaceful that they never resisted Spanish conquest the best horsemen on the southern Plains
a
One important issue on which Tejanos and Anglo Texans strongly agreed was that __________. Texas needed to be detached from Coahuila and become a separate state slavery should be abolished in Texas a new constitution for Mexico was badly needed all Indians should be forced to leave Texas
a
Some of the major problems that Spanish officials identified as barriers to colonization of the Texas area were the __________. lack of precious metals and the difficulty of assimilating the primitive people living there lack of rainfall and dangerous animals military strength of the indigenous people and their strange religious beliefs presence of the French settlers and the natives' loyalty to the king of France
a
Spain's first attempt to establish a permanent settlement in the province of Texas was a __________. failure when the priests ran out of gifts for the Tejas Indians, who then lost interest in mission activities success because two permanent presidios were established in East Texas failure because French soldiers drove them out of the area success because they were able to cooperate with a nearby French settlement
a
Spaniards who had been born in Europe and migrated to the New World were known as __________. peninsulares hacendados mestizos criollos
a
Successful adaptation to Texas environments during the Early Archaic period resulted in __________. a population boom around 5,000 years ago gross overpopulation and regular warfare over resources an end to innovations in agriculture stability in the size of the population
a
The Baron of Bastrop went to Texas in order to __________. establish a colony between San Antonio de Béxar and the Trinity River evaluate the status of the missions for the king of Spanish secretly advise American officials on how to steal East Texas from the Spanish Empire fight the Comanches
a
The Comanches' primary enemy was the __________. Apaches French Tonkawas Spanish
a
The North African slave who also traveled widely through the Texas area was __________. Estebanico Kunta Kinte Memin Pinguin Abdul Rahman
a
The efforts of the Texas missions to develop large herds of cattle __________. succeeded quite well in several locations were prohibited by Spanish officials as part of the reforms of 1772 had a little success but eventually failed was a complete failure
a
The famous member of the first expedition to Texas who was held captive by Indians for a while, traveled widely across the area, and survived to write a description of his travels was __________. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Hernán Cortés Hernando de Soto Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
a
The first post-independence leader and constitutional emperor of Mexico was __________. Agustín de Iturbide José María Morelos Antonio López de Santa Anna Benito Júarez
a
The group that in 1818 attempted to establish an outpost on the Trinity River was composed of __________. Napoleonic exiles who wanted to occupy a portion of New Spain and proclaim Joseph Bonaparte as king of Mexico residents of southern New Spain who were escaping the violence of the wars for independence German immigrants interested in the cattle industry Anglo Americans wanting to claim a portion of Texas for the United States
a
The individual who met with U.S. officials, formed the Republican (Insurgent) Army of the North, and was supported by U.S. Army officer Augustus Magee in his fight against the Spanish was __________. José Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara José María Morelos Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Lorenzo de Zavala
a
The occupation of New Mexico became important to the Spanish because __________. it was a strategic location and offered the opportunity to convert the natives to Christianity there were vast gold deposits found in the region of the vast trading networks between California and New Mexico the land seemed very fertile with hardly any Indians living there
a
The shift in President Antonio López de Santa Anna's political support to the Centralist faction and the dismantlement of the Constitution of 1824 __________. set off a fierce resistance by Mexican Federalists and alarmed Texans, who nonetheless remained divided about what course of action to pursue did not really interest Texans, who ignored most political events in far-off Mexico City was viewed favorably by most Texans, who supported the Centralists was only a temporary change, as the Federalists quickly regained control of the Mexican government
a
The various indigenous groups that resided in present-day southeastern New Mexico, western Texas, and northern Chihuahua were collectively known as __________. Jumanos Iroqouis Utes Caddos
a
What eventually happened to Mission San Sabá? It was destroyed by an attack of rival Indians using weapons supplied by the French. The Spanish soon abandoned it because it was too expensive to maintain. The Apaches switched their allegiance to the French and destroyed the mission. It became a fairly successful mission with about 100 Indians living there.
a
When the Mexican independence movement began, of the northeastern Interior Provinces only Texas initially __________. remained under royal control fought for independence supported the insurrection remained completely neutral
a
Which one of the following statements accurately describes Texas at the conclusion of the Mexican War for Independence? Extensive wartime damage had turned the area into a "wild, howling wilderness." The economy was in surprisingly good shape. The Apaches had driven most settlers out of East Texas. Illegal immigrants from the United States had converted much of Texas into an American colony.
a
Which one of the following statements accurately describes economic development in Texas in the 1820s? Economic and population growth was slow in the San Antonio area, but in East Texas the expanding cotton culture was producing significant economic development. The San Antonio and La Bahía areas enjoyed rapid economic growth from ranching and expanded trade with Paso del Norte. Both the San Antonio area and East Texas were thriving economically Every part of Texas suffered economic difficulties, and almost all residents remained trapped in a subsistence economy.
a
Which one of the following statements accurately describes how various groups viewed Texas in 1821? American frontiersmen viewed Texas as future American territory, since it was a logical extension westward of the southern Cotton Kingdom and the Louisiana territory. Native-born Tejanos (Hispanics) were so disgusted with a decade of violence and chaos that they wanted Texas to be annexed by the United States. Indians native to the area saw themselves as subjects of the Spanish king and were confused about what Mexican rule might mean. Mexican officials saw Texas as a potential source of great wealth for their new nation, if peace could be maintained.
a
As hunter-gatherer groups adapted to their local environments, temporary rock shelters and stream-side camps that they had established in the past __________. were used strictly for spiritual purposes became more permanent homes were replaced with elaborate Pueblo buildings were no longer used
b
By about 2,000 years ago, some of the communities in the Southwest adopted a more sedentary way of life that included technological and cultural characteristics known as __________. Archaic Mogollón Aztecan Neolithic
b
By the time Stephen F. Austin returned home from his imprisonment in Mexico City, he was convinced that __________. the future good of Texas depended on the Centralists maintaining political control in Mexico City it was not really possible to work with either Centralists or Federalists and that Texas should be prepared for armed resistance only the leadership of President Antonio López de Santa Anna could fix Mexico's problems and improve relations with Texas Mexican officials were finally ready to grant separate statehood for Texas
b
Federalists argued that Mexico __________. should sign a military treaty with Great Britain for protection against any future attempts by Spain to reconquer its lost territory should decentralize political power, relying on regional governments and local rule to prevent the rise of new dictators lacked experience in self-government and needed a strong unified government that would control the entire nation should have been divided into three different countries
b
France transferred Louisiana to Spain during the eighteenth-century __________. as a gift of good faith to Charles III in order to keep it away from Great Britain for $15 million because it was not interested in a New World empire
b
In addition to Columbus's discovery of the Americas, another important development that took place in 1492 was the __________. defeat of the Jumanos by the Apaches, who then claimed control of all of West Texas and southern New Mexico expulsion of the Jews from Spain, unless they converted to Christianity establishment of the first English settlement in North America at Jamestown collapse of the Aztec Empire in Mexico
b
In order to increase the civilian population of the San Antonio (Béxar), Spanish officials in 1731 successfully recruited new settlers from __________. Cuba the Canary Islands the Philippines the Caribbean Islands
b
In the eighteenth century, the economy of Paso del Norte, located in present-day West Texas, relied primarily on __________. copper mining agriculture production slave trading large cattle ranches
b
In the late 1500s, the native peoples who were collectively known as Chichimecas __________. were almost wiped out by smallpox epidemics in the 1570s and 1580s actively resisted Spanish encroachment into their territory quickly accepted Spanish culture and converted to Christianity relocated to the California area in order to escape from the Spanish advance
b
In the new Mexican government's reorganization of provincial and state boundaries, the main part of Texas became __________. its own separate state part of the state of Coahuila, whose capital was far away in Saltillo part of the state of Tamaulipas, as did most of the New Mexico area a territory, which had a lower political status designed for underdeveloped parts of the nation
b
José Escandón's colonization efforts were built around the establishment of __________. presidios civilian settlements (villas) missions mining camps
b
New Spain's northern frontier in the 1750s and 1760s __________. extended all the way north to modern-day Canada had been mostly neglected by Spain was a densely populated region with a thriving economy had been completely controlled by the Spanish military
b
Owners of large amounts of livestock were known as __________. vaqueros hacendados gente de razón vecinos
b
Spanish officials managed to keep the Comanches from raiding settlements __________. by incorporating them into the settlements in Texas through the use of the policy known as "peace by purchase" by carrying out numerous large-scale attacks that drove them out of Texas by forcing them to live in reservations
b
The Adams-Onís Treaty (Transcontinental Treaty) of 1819 __________. transferred the ownership of Florida to the United States all of these finally settled the dispute between Spain and the United States over the Texas-Louisiana border relinquished all U.S. claims to the ownership of Texas
b
The Athabaskan-speaking bands of hunter-gatherers who migrated from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains to the Great Plains came to be known as __________. Pueblo Indians Apaches Tewa Indians Comanche
b
The Catholic religious order that was responsible for the conversion of the Chichimecas was the __________. Knights Templar Franciscans Jesuits Dominicans
b
The Fredonian Rebellion was carried out by __________. settlers in the Paso del Norte area who were led by Charles Stillman supporters of Haden and Benjamin Edwards several dozen slaves near Nacogdoches, who had been imported from Louisiana new arrivals from South Carolina in Austin's colony
b
The Spanish explorer who led a large expedition through the Southwest including the Texas Panhandle all the way into modern-day Kansas, in search of the legendary "Seven Cities of Gold," was __________. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Hernán Cortés Hernando de Soto
b
The Spanish general sent to regain royalist control over Texas after the Republican Army captured San Antonio de Béxar was __________. Lorenzo de Zavala Joaquín Arredondo Agustín de Iturbide Benito Júarez
b
The adelantado who led an expedition to pacify New Mexico in 1598 was __________. José de Gálvez Juan de Oñate Antonio de Otermín Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
b
The establishment of Mission San Sabá was a bold experiment by the Spanish to reach out to the __________. Caddos Apaches Pueblo Indians Comanches
b
The first Europeans to arrive in Texas and make contact with Indians were members of an expedition led by __________. Christopher Columbus Pánfilo de Narváez Juan de Oñate Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
b
The last Ice Age affected what is now the Texas area by bringing about such physical and biological changes as __________. the creation of barrier islands such as Padre Island all of the these incredible erosion in places such as Palo Duro Canyon the extinction of mastodons and mammoths in the area
b
The most successful empresario in the Texas region was __________. Green DeWitt Stephen F. Austin Martín de León Sam Houston
b
The only group that thrived in the endemically violent circumstances of early nineteenth-century Spanish Texas was the __________. Caddos Comanches Spanish officials Tejanos
b
The results of the various expeditions exploring the Texas area from 1528 to about 1543 convinced Spanish officials that __________. the indigenous people in that region were more sophisticated and advanced than the Aztecs and other Indians in central Mexico the area was not promising and that their efforts would be more profitable if directed to other parts of the New World the Texas area was a potentially rich region for colonization the French had already begun to establish an empire there and would resist Spanish colonization
b
The second French frontiersman to establish an important settlement on the border of Texas and motivate Spanish officials to pay more attention to Texas was __________. Marquis de Lafayette Louis Juchereau de St. Denis Juan de Oñate Teodoro de Croix
b
The second most successful empresario in Texas was __________. James Bowie Green DeWitt Lorenzo de Zavala Martín de León
b
The various Indian groups identified by sixteenth-century Spaniards as Jumanos lived mostly in the __________. woodlands of East Texas southern Plains and parts of the Trans-Pecos region Gulf Coast prairies and marshes mountains of central New Mexico
b
The versatile projectile point that is specifically associated with South Texas and appeared about 11,500 years ago is known as the __________. Archaic Golondrina Clovis Neo-Greek
b
Unbranded livestock was known as __________. mesteñas diablos blancos cabras libres vacas libres
b
What major factor resulted in the southern migration of the Shoshone, a portion of which came to be known as the Comanches? Deadly attacks by Anglo Americans in their original homeland The flourishing of buffalo herds in the Great Plains Hostilities with Russian immigrants from the West Coast Warfare with the Sioux, which resulted in the loss of their original homeland
b
When Marqués de Rubí visited San Antonio de Béxar, he found __________. an ethnically diverse population with a strong military presence a thriving community of 2,000 with five missions, but weak military defenses an abandoned settlement a large town with an estimated population of 15,000 residents, mostly native-born Spaniards
b
When Marqués de Rubí's inspection tour arrived at Paso del Norte, he found __________. a settlement larger than any other in what is now Texas a small community in a flourishing state nothing but wilderness an abandoned settlement
b
Which one of the following statements accurately describes actions by the Mexican insurgents (rebels) in the early years of their revolt? They confirmed the legality of slavery, in order to avoid losing support from large landholders who still owned slaves. They declared independence from Spain, drafted a constitution, and declared slavery to be abolished. They encouraged Texas to withdraw from New Spain and become its own independent nation. They created a Mexican national army under the leadership of Francisco Villa.
b
Women in Spanish Texas __________. were entitled to half of all the property that was acquired during a marriage all of these had the right to own separate property could initiate a legal action against an individual and provide testimony in court
b
A Spanish conquistador who led an expedition across the Gulf Coast from Florida to the Mississippi River, where he died a failure, was __________. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Bartolomé de Las Casas Hernando de Soto Juan Seguín
c
Adventurer and Indian trader Philip Nolan visited Texas several times and eventually __________. returned to Ireland after various failed ventures in North America had a successful life and died a very wealthy and prosperous man died at the hands of Spanish forces who thought he might be an American spy died during a Comanche raid
c
After his visit to Texas, the Marqués de Rubí recommended several changes in policy for the area, which proved to be especially beneficial to the __________. missions of Paso del Norte Lipan Apaches presidios of Béxar and La Bahía missions of San Sabá and Los Adaes
c
After receiving repeated complaints from Texans, the Coahuila y Texas legislature __________. petitioned the national government to establish Texas as a separate state agreed to improve its military defense of Texas against Indian attacks granted several concessions, including the use of English as a legal language and additional Texas representation in the legislature still refused to make any concessions to Texas
c
After the United States purchased the Louisiana territory in 1803, __________. New Spain and the United States became strong allies in order to fight the Comanches relations between New Spain and the United States did not change very much tensions between the United States and New Spain were eventually settled by the Neutral Ground Agreement war between New Spain and the United States broke out one year after the transfer of the land
c
As governor, Manuel Salcedo __________. was an inefficient leader who was most concerned with improving his economic standing and the conditions of his ranch was personally unconcerned about the needs of Texas residents implemented numerous policies to improve the conditions of Texas but was unable to hold back the rising tide of rebellion among local settlers was recalled because he was so corrupt
c
As of 1800, ranching __________. ceased to be an important economic activity in Texas was replaced by crude oil production as the most important economic activity in Texas was the most important economic activity in Texas experienced a drastic decline and was replaced by cotton production as the most important economic activity in Texas
c
As the war for independence ended, Mexico __________. based its hopes for economic recovery on its silver mining industry, which had not been disrupted by the war now found itself facing an invasion by a French army from Haiti was economically devastated and lacked a stable political system emerged as a wealthy nation with a healthy democratic political system
c
Governor Manuel Salcedo (1808-1813) blamed most of Texas's numerous problems on __________. numerous raids by American frontiersmen frequent interference from France inadequate support from the Spanish government the failures of the mission system
c
In the 1740s and 1750s, José Escandón y Elguera succeeded in greatly expanding Spanish settlements __________. in East Texas at Matagorda Bay in the area between the Rio Grande and Nueces Rivers (Nuevo Santander) in the San Antonio area
c
In the early 1820s, the Paso del Norte (El Paso area) settlements __________. were still recovering from the economic devastation caused by the war for independence found their economic future increasing linked to San Antonio because of the Overland Trail continued to prosper, especially because of commercial activity moving along the Santa Fe Trail and the Camino Real remained part of the State of New Mexico
c
One nonthreatening and loyal group of Texas Indians who were viewed as a useful barrier against the Comanches was the __________. Choctaws Kickapoo Tonkawas Karankawas
c
Overall, Texans' policies toward Indians during the 1820s tended to __________. be indifferent, because they were no longer seen as a threat be very positive and sympathetic vary widely depending on the nature of the specific indigenous group and its location be consistently negative, hostile, and violent
c
Residents of Spanish-claimed lands in the Americas who were of mixed Spanish and indigenous parentage were known as __________. hacendados criollos mestizos peninsulares
c
Spain's acquisition of the Louisiana territory gave the Spanish __________. highly industrialized regions that could yield high profits a new source of laborers for maintaining the mining industry a buffer zone against other European powers in the northern frontier nothing of real value
c
The Clovis toolkit, which included fluted projectile points, blades, and scrapers, has been found __________. in Palo Duro Canyon from present-day El Paso north to the Santa Fe area at several locations from the Trans-Pecos area to East Texas mostly along the Gulf Coast
c
The Early Archaic period is marked by the greater reliance on __________. imported products from Europe copper and bronze tools locally available resources the buffalo as the main source of protein
c
The Fredonian Rebellion demonstrated __________. all of these the danger of allowing slavery to be practiced in Texas the danger of allowing Americans to settle in East Texas that Texas Indians were completely trustworthy
c
The heartland of the Caddo culture region was based along the __________. Nueces River Rio Grande River Sabine River Brazos River
c
The main goal of the majority of Mexican insurgents was __________. to have New Spain pledge allegiance to Joseph Bonaparte for New Spain to be incorporated into the United States for Mexico to be governed by Mexicans complete independence from Spain
c
The ranching system, environmental circumstances, and land laws in Texas created a society __________. where wealth was evenly distributed that was the poorest and most depressed area of the northern frontier that was land rich but money poor that had more actual wealth than any other region in New Spain
c
The royalist army defeated the Republican Army of the North and regained control of Texas at the __________. Battle of Goliad Battle of Chapultepec Battle of Medina Battle of the Alamo
c
What happened as a result of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680? The Spanish abandoned northern and central New Mexico and did not return for nearly a century. The Comanches controlled all of modern-day New Mexico except for the far southern portion. Several thousand Spanish colonists and about 300 Indians retreated to Paso del Norte and established settlements there. The governor ordered that half of one foot of each Indian rebel be cut off.
c
According to population records for 1830, __________ the state's population had grown to almost 100,000 people the Texas population had increased to only 9,000 residents during the decade, despite all the efforts of the empresarios Tejanos made up about 50 percent of the Texas population Anglo Texans outnumbered Tejanos (Mexican Texans) by about two to one
d
African American slavery in Texas __________. was a very tiny percentage of the overall labor system, since there were only about 200 slaves in Texas in 1835 had briefly existed in the 1820s, but was permanently ended by a provision of the Law of April 1830 was never permitted under Mexican law was illegal in Mexico after 1829, but Texans evaded the law by getting special exemptions and later reclassifying their slaves as indentured servants
d
After the execution of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the next leader of the revolt against Spanish rule was __________. Vicente Guerrero Antonio López de Santa Anna Juan Bautista de las Casas José María Morelos
d
After the reforms of the 1790s were implemented, the missions at San Antonio de Béxar __________. were preserved, with the exception of Mission San Sabá experienced a drastic change in their social organization were completely destroyed by Governor Manuel Muñoz continued their day-to-day operations with little change
d
An enlightened Spanish official who became visitador (inspector general) of New Spain in 1765 and attempted to improve the administration of New Spain was __________. Juan de Oñate Manuel de Mier y Terán Teodoro de Croix José de Gálvez
d
Another distinctive characteristic of Caddo society was that __________. they were unusually resistant to European diseases and epidemics they were the only indigenous people who lacked any religious beliefs their houses were sometimes large wooden cabins they were prolific mound builders
d
Because of the area's great distance from other Spanish settlements, the principal commercial activity of the soldiers and civilian settlers in the Los Adaes area of East Texas was __________. ranching fishing farming smuggling contraband
d
By the 1730s, the most successful settlement in the main part of Texas was at __________. La Bahía San Sabá Los Adaes Béxar (San Antonio)
d
Coastal Coahuiltecans, Karankawas, and Galveston Bay peoples made extensive use of __________. corn and wheat in their plant-based diet beef and pork from native cattle and hogs metal tools developed through small-scale mining small mammals, freshwater fish, and shellfish for the meat portion of their diet
d
During the second half of the seventeenth century, Paso del Norte was officially incorporated into the province of __________. Coahuila Chihuahua Texas New Mexico
d
In 1493 Pope Alexander IV issued a papal decree called the Inter Caetera, which __________. prohibited Spanish Jews from immigrating to the New World attempted to limit the force that the Spanish could use against the indigenous peoples of the Americas divided up the Americas into three sections belonging to Spain, France, and England, so that they would not wage war with each other granted the Catholic Kings of Spain dominion over most of the newly discovered lands in the Americas
d
In the Texas region, during the wars for Mexican independence __________. most Indian groups fled the area because of the high level of violence smaller tribal groups such as the Biloxis, Alabamas, and Coushattas suffered considerable losses because they were regularly attacked by both royalist and republican forces major Indian groups such as the Comanches and Apaches stayed completely neutral and tried to avoid Texas because there were so many military units in the area smaller tribal groups such as the Biloxis, Alabamas, and Coushattas were friendly toward Spanish authorities because they wanted Spanish protection against intrusions by American frontiersmen
d
In the area between the Rio Grande River and the Nueces River in what once was Nuevo Santander and now was Tamaulipas, residents __________. were mostly outlaws and pirates who had driven out the original settlers attracted several thousand immigrants from the United States felt very distant from settlers in the main part of Texas and believed that the two areas had very little in common greatly expanded their ranching operations that had been disrupted by the war for independence
d
In the early 1720s the Spanish reestablished missions and presidios in East Texas under the efficient leadership of __________. Captain Diego Ramón José Escandón y Elguera Bartolomé de Las Casas the Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo
d
Most of the women who resided in Spanish Texas settlements __________. were criollos, since Spanish law prohibited racial mixing between the Spanish and indigenous groups on the frontier were indigenous women who had been purchased by their husbands immigrated from Spain had been born on the frontier, and their "Spanish" status was often based on social convention rather than biological grounds
d
One distinctive feature of Caddo society was that __________. they practiced plural marriage all of these they were an unusually warlike people their social organization was matrilineal, meaning that descent was traced on the mother's side
d
One reason the Comanches posed such a challenge for other Indian peoples as well as the Spanish was their __________. natural ability to withstand deadly diseases that other indigenous groups in the northern frontier did not ability to speak various languages including French vast arsenal of weapons purchased from British traders highly decentralized sociopolitical organization
d
Spaniards who had been born in the Americas but could trace all of their family lines back to Europe were known as __________. peninsulares hacendados mestizos criollos
d
The Comanches' political economy depended on two principal items: __________. corn and fish turquoise and obsidian pottery and blankets buffalo and horses
d
The Imperial Colonization Law of 1823 offered __________. 4,428 acres of land to families involved in stock raising and 177 acres for those in farming operations new settlers lots of land at very low prices with payments due in small installments a seven-year moratorium on import duties for the new settlers all of these
d
The Mexican Law of April 1830 __________. raised taxes on all property owners in Texas granted separate statehood for Texas, beginning in 1831 made it easier for Americans to settle in Texas cancelled most empresario contracts and tried to severely restrict American immigration to Texas
d
The Mexican military officer sent to Texas to investigate conditions there in 1827-1828, especially the loyalty of American immigrants in East Texas, was __________. Lorenzo de Zavala José Antonio Navarro Guadalupe Victoria Manuel Mier y Terán
d
The end of the Archaic period marked the __________. beginning of purely hunter-gatherer societies end of most sedentary native societies rise of numerous sedentary native societies end of purely hunter-gatherer societies
d
The failure of the San Sabá experiment demonstrated __________. the difficulty of imposing European farming practices on native peoples that the Franciscans were not capable of understanding the values and beliefs of native peoples that the Apaches were not suited to become mission Indians the inadequacy of the presidio-mission complex and Spain's inability to prevent the French from selling weapons and other supplies to the Norteños
d
The father of the Mexican independence was __________. Antonio López de Santa Anna Vicente Guerrero José de Escandón Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
d
The presidio that Marqués de Rubí found to be in the best condition was __________. La Trinidad Los Adaes San Antonio de Béxar La Bahía
d
Which one of the following statements accurately describes Texas for most of the eighteenth century? The French laid claim to most of the territory that is now Texas throughout the century The Spanish maintained complete control of the region throughout the century. Great Britain controlled the territory throughout the period. Although Spain laid claim to most of the territory on paper, Indians actually controlled most of the region
d
Governor Manuel Salcedo __________. supported the insurrection against Joseph Bonaparte favored an independent Texas favored Mexican independence urged Texas residents to remain loyal to the king and God
d?