History 2610 Exam 3
Nat Turner's rebellion
1831 slave uprising in Virginia led by Nat Turner. It panicked white Southerners, leading to tighter control of African Americans and a reconsideration of the institution of slavery.
Second Seminole War
1835-1842 war between the Seminoles and the U.S. government over the relocation of the Seminoles to land west of the Mississippi River. It took seven years for the U.S. to achieve victory.
Treaty of New Echota
1836 treaty in which a group of Cherokee men agreed to exchange their land in the Southeast for money and land in Indian Territory. The treaty was obtained without tribal sanction.
Wilmot Proviso
1846 proposal by Democratic congressman David Wilmot to outlaw slavery in all territory acquired from Mexico. The proposal was defeated, but foreshadowed future sectional conflicts of the 1850s.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War. The U.S. acquired control over Texas north and east of the Rio Grande plus the New Mexico territory. Mexico also ceded Alta California to the U.S.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854 act creating the territories of Kansas and Nebraska out of what was then Indian land. The act stipulated that the issue of slavery would be settled by a popular referendum in each territory.
Ostend Manifesto
1854 letter from U.S. ambassadors and the Secretary of State to President Franklin Pierce urging him to conquer Cuba. Northerners were outraged and saw it as a plot to expand slavery.
Dred Scott decision
1857 Supreme Court in which the Court denied the claim that black men had any rights and blocked Congress from excluding slavery from any territory.
By the spring of 1865, how many African Americans were serving in the Union army and navy?
200,000 Approximately 200,000 African Americans served in the Union army and navy by the spring of 1865. And by the end of the war, 37,000 black soldiers had given their lives for freedom and the Union.
transcendentalism
A movement founded by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830s that proposed individuals look inside themselves and to nature for spiritual and moral guidance rather than to formal religion.
Crittenden plan
A political compromise over slavery that would have protected slavery from federal interference where it existed and extended the Missouri Compromise line to California. It failed.
underground railroad
A series of routes from southern plantation areas to northern free states and Canada along which abolitionist supporters provided hiding places and transportation for runaway slaves.
American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS)
Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833 that became the most important northern abolitionist organization of the period.
What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam Creek in September 1862?
Abraham Lincoln used it as the occasion to announce the emancipation policy. Because Robert E. Lee and his Confederate army were forced to retreat after the battle, Lincoln claimed Antietam as a great victory. Five days later, the president announced his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Act strengthening earlier fugitive slave laws, passed as part of the Compromise of 1850. The Fugitive Slave Act provoked widespread anger in the North and intensified sectional tensions.
siege of Vicksburg
After a prolonged siege, Union troops forced Confederate forces to surrender at Vicksburg, Mississippi, leading to Union control of the rich Mississippi River valley.
Thirteenth Amendment
Amendment to the Constitution abolishing slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment was passed in January 1865 and sent to the states for ratification.
white supremacy
An ideology promoted by southern planters and intellectuals that maintained that all whites, regardless of class or education, were superior to all blacks.
nativists
Anti-immigrant Americans who launched public campaigns against foreigners in the 1840s. It emerged as a response to increased immigration, particularly the influx of Catholic immigrants.
Liberty Party
Antislavery political party formed in 1840. The Liberty Party, along with the Free-Soil Party, helped place slavery at the center of national political debates.
Battle of Shiloh
April 1862 battle in Tennessee that provided the Union entrance to the Mississippi valley. Shiloh was the bloodiest battle in American history to that point.
Which general offered military protection to fugitive slaves by claiming them as property forfeited by their owners' acts of rebellion?
Benjamin Butler As slaves fled plantations, Union leaders needed to decide how to treat them. Butler decided to claim the slaves as contraband; that is, property forfeit by rebellious owners. The Union thus attacked slavery without stoking fears of a general emancipation.
Which group was most likely to die of disease during the Civil War?
Black contrabands Black contrabands in Union camps were the most likely to die of disease. In one instance, one quarter of runaway slaves had died within the first few months of arrival.
Declaration of Sentiments
Call for women's rights in marriage, family, religion, politics, and law issued at the 1848 Seneca Falls convention. It was signed by 100 of the 300 participants.
utopian societies
Communities formed in the first half of the nineteenth century to embody alternative social and economic visions and to create models for society at large to follow.
Which of the following assessments of changes in the nation's banking system during the Civil War is accurate?
Congress gave the federal government the power to take on national debt. Congress did authorize the federal government to take on national debt.
contraband
Designation assigned to escaped slaves by Union general Benjamin Butler in May 1861, classifying slaves as property forfeited by the act of rebellion.
Second Great Awakening
Evangelical revival movement that began in the South in the early nineteenth century and then spread to the North.
U.S. Sanitary Commission
Federal organization established in June 1861 to improve and coordinate the medical care of Union soldiers. Northern women played a key role in the work of the commission.
Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
First major battle of the Civil War at which Confederate troops routed Union forces in July 1861.
Battle of Antietam
Fought in September 1862, this was the bloodiest single day in U.S. military history, but it gave Lincoln the victory he sought to announce the Emancipation Proclamation.
Free-Soil Party
Founded by political abolitionists in 1848 that focused on the benefits of providing economic opportunities for northern whites in western territories more so than the moral wrongs of slavery.
Sherman's March to the Sea
Hard war tactics employed by General William Tecumseh Sherman to capture Atlanta and huge swaths of Georgia and the Carolinas, devastating this crucial region of the Confederacy in 1864.
Why did President Abraham Lincoln initially not want to enlist African American soldiers when the Civil War began?
He did not want to lose the slaveholding border states to the Confederacy. Lincoln and his advisers were initially wary of letting a war to preserve the Union become a war against slavery, and they feared that any further threat to slavery might drive the four slave states that remained in the Union into the Confederacy.
Why did Abraham Lincoln ask for only 75,000 volunteers for three months at the beginning of the Civil War?
He did not want to unnerve Northerners with a larger army. Lincoln feared that he would unnerve Northerners if he followed the advice of General Winfield Scott to muster 300,000 men for two to three years, and instead asked for only 75,000 volunteers for three months.
Why did President Lincoln suspend the right of habeas corpus in border states that allowed slavery in 1861?
He hoped to check the spread of secessionist thought before it was too late. Fearing the rapid spread of secessionist influence, Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus in border states. He also jailed secessionists, arrested state legislators, and limited freedom of the press.
How did Secretary of War Simon Cameron respond to free African Americans who volunteered for military service early in the Civil War?
He refused to accept black soldiers. At the beginning of the Civil War, Cameron did not imagine that the Union would include black soldiers.
What benefit did General Robert E. Lee have in mind when he invaded the North in the summer of 1863?
He wanted a decisive victory that would win European recognition for the South. When Lincoln appointed George A. Meade as the new Union commander, the general immediately faced a major engagement at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. If Confederates won a victory there, European countries might finally recognize the southern nation and force the North to accept peace.
Why did President Lincoln order the garrison at Fort Sumter to be resupplied in April 1861 when he knew South Carolina might resist such a move?
If South Carolina chose to stop the resupply, it would be responsible for beginning hostilities. Lincoln pledged to use force to resupply the fort only if South Carolina moved to block resupply. By doing so, Lincoln forced South Carolina to make a choice: allow the fort to be resupplied or follow through on its belief that the Union was a "foreign power."
The Civil War had which of the following economic consequences for both North and South?
Inflation The war increased the currency in circulation in both regions, causing prices to skyrocket.
market revolution
Innovations in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation in the early 1800s fueled increased efficiency and linked northern industry with western farms and southern plantations.
Why was passage by Congress of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865 so important?
It ended slavery everywhere in the United States. Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution on January 31, 1865, prohibiting slavery and involuntary servitude anywhere in the United States. Although the amendment still required approval by three-quarters of the states, wartime experiences had made ratification likely.
Which of the following accurately assesses the labor force in southern war industries during the Civil War?
It included workers of all ages and colors. Women and children worked alongside slaves and white men who were either too old or injured to serve in the army.
What was the strategic significance of the Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee in 1862?
It provided the Union access to the Mississippi valley. The Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee in April 1862 provided the Union army entrée to the Mississippi River valley.
Why did Union leaders reject calls to enlist African Americans early in the Civil War?
It was feared that whites would not enlist if they had to serve with black soldiers. Knowing they would need to recruit large numbers of whites, Union leaders did not want to alienate any men who would balk at having to serve with black soldiers.
In addition to its disadvantages in agricultural and manufacturing capacities, what further weakened the Confederacy on the eve of the Civil War?
Its slave population of several million could not be armed for combat. In addition to the fact that the Confederacy had a smaller population base than the North, its slave population of several million could not be armed for combat.
Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863, proclamation that declared all slaves in areas still in rebellion "forever free." It stopped short of abolishing slavery, but was seen by blacks and abolitionists as a victory.
Why did Jefferson Davis argue that secession was a necessity for slave states in 1861?
Lincoln's victory had jeopardized the future of slavery. Davis joined many other southern leaders in arguing that Lincoln's victory jeopardized the future of slavery.
At the beginning of the Civil War, which of the following advantages did the Confederacy enjoy?
Many experienced officers Many officers, including large numbers of West Point graduates and veterans of the Mexican-American War, led the Confederate armies during the war.
Enrollment Act
March 1863 Union draft law that selected draftees by an impartial lottery. A loophole allowed wealthy Americans to escape service by paying $300 or hiring a substitute created resentment.
Tejanos
Mexican residents of Texas. Although some Tejano elites allied themselves with American settlers, most American settlers resisted the adoption of Tejano culture.
Why were slaves in the border states eager to join the Union army? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
Military service would result in their freedom. Military service marked the end of their servitude and the beginning of freedom for them.
Confederate States of America
Nation established in 1861 by the eleven slave states that seceded between December 1860 and April 1861.
cult of domesticity
New ideals of womanhood that emerged alongside the middle class in the 1830s and 1840s that advocated women's relegation to the home and domestic sphere.
Copperheads
Northern Democrats who did not support the Union war effort. Such Democrats enjoyed considerable support in eastern cities and parts of the Midwest.
According to Robert Toombs, what has brought about secession?
Northern states have treated the South unfairly in the debate over slavery in the western territories. Toombs blamed the North for giving the South no choice but to secede. He particularly cited the debate over slavery in the territories. "The South at all times demanded nothing but equality in the common territories, equal enjoyment of them with their property, to that extended to Northern citizens and their property—nothing more," he wrote.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Novel published in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Meant to publicize the evils of slavery, the novel struck an emotional chord in the North and was an international best seller.
By the end of the Civil War in 1865, women had almost entirely replaced men in what military occupation?
Nurse By the end of the Civil War in 1865, women had almost entirely replaced men as military nurses.
Field Order Number 15
Order issued by General William Sherman in January 1865 setting aside more than 400,000 acres of Confederate land to be divided into plots for former slaves.
Women's National Loyal League
Organization founded by abolitionist women during the Civil War to press Lincoln and Congress to enact universal emancipation.
Republican Party
Party formed in 1854 that was committed to stopping the expansion of slavery and advocated economic development and internal improvements.
Whig Party
Political party formed in the 1830s to challenge the power of the Democratic Party by forging a geographically diverse coalition that promoted commercial interests and moral reforms.
Which of the following exposed soldiers most to disease and starvation during the Civil War?
Prisoner-of-war camps Prisoner-of-war camps were exceptionally deadly, killing large numbers of men through disease and starvation.
Liberator
Radical abolitionist newspaper launched by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831. Through the Liberator, Garrison called for immediate, uncompensated emancipation of slaves.
Appeal...to the Colored Citizens of the World
Radical abolitionist pamphlet published by David Walker in 1829. Walker's work inspired some white abolitionists to take a more radical stance on slavery.
By 1861, the Confederacy had moved its capital to the city of
Richmond. Virginia was by far the most significant slave state of the Upper South that had joined the secession, and it was strategically close to Washington, D.C. The Confederacy thus moved its capital to Richmond.
gag rule
Rule passed by the House of Representatives in 1836 to postpone all antislavery petitions without hearing them to stifle debate over slavery.
What led Union soldiers to grow more sympathetic to abolitionism as the Civil War unfolded?
Seeing the degradation of slavery at first hand changed soldiers' minds Union soldiers fighting in the South saw plantations and witnessed the degradation of slaves at first hand. It was far worse than they imagined and made them more likely to support emancipation.
Compromise of 1850
Series of acts following California's application for admission as a free state, it was intended to provide something for all sides but ended up fueling more conflicts.
panic of 1837
Severe economic recession that began shortly after Martin Van Buren's presidential inauguration. It started in the South and was rooted in the changing fortunes of U.S. cotton in Great Britain.
yeomen farmers
Southern independent landowners who did not own slaves. They had connections to the plantation economy, but many realized their interests were not always identical to those of the planter elite.
planters
Southern whites who owned the largest plantations and forged a distinct culture and economy around the institution of slavery.
What was the significance of General Benjamin Butler's declaration in May 1861 that slaves who had escaped to Union lines were "contraband"?
Southerners lost any rights to reclaim them. Butler was no abolitionist, but he realized that slaves were valuable assets to the Union cause and so offered them military protection. He claimed fugitive slaves as "contraband" of war: property forfeited by the act of rebellion.
manifest destiny
Term coined by John L. O'Sullivan in 1845 to describe what he saw as the nation's God-given right to expand its borders. It was used to justify U.S. expansion throughout the 19th century.
Alamo
Texas fort captured by General Santa Anna on March 6, 1836, from rebel defenders. Sensationalist accounts of the siege of the Alamo increased popular support in the U.S. for Texas independence.
Where did Congress abolish slavery in April 1862, the first step to the end of slavery in the United States?
The District of Columbia In April 1862, Congress abolished slavery in the District of Columbia.
Which of the following items increased settlement of the West as the Civil War ended and in the following years?
The Homestead Act The Homestead Act encouraged whites to continue moving west, despite Native support for the Union war effort and opposition to such migration.
Bleeding Kansas
The Kansas Territory during a period of violent conflicts over the fate of slavery in the mid- 1850s. The violence in Kansas intensified the sectional division over slavery.
What was the result of Indians' support for the Union during the Civil War?
The U.S. government encouraged more white migration west. Although receiving support from Native Americans, the federal government nevertheless refused to support Native goals such as limiting western settlement. On the contrary, laws such as the Homestead Act (1864) encouraged greater migration.
Battle of Gettysburg
The Union victory at Gettysburg in July 1863, combined with a victory at Vicksburg that same month, positioned the Union to push farther into the South.
How does the photographer who took the photograph of the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam (1862) lead the viewer to feel horrified by the reality of war?
The bodies lie in an indiscriminate mass, looking abandoned. The men appear to have died a horrible death. They are left in the open and no one's face is distinctly visible.
Trail of Tears
The forced march of some 15,000 Cherokees from Georgia to Indian Territory. Inadequate planning, food, water, sanitation, and medicine led to the deaths of thousands of Cherokees.
Why did Lincoln dispatch ships to Fort Sumter in South Carolina's Charleston harbor in April 1861?
The garrison was running out of food and medicine. The small garrison was running low on food and medicine, prompting Lincoln to dispatch ships to the fort with a promise to use force only if the Confederates blocked his peaceful effort to send supplies.
temperance
The movement to moderate and then ban the sale and consumption of alcohol. It emerged in the early 19th century as part of the larger push for improving society from the 1820s to the 1850s.
Which of the following assessments of living conditions for civilians in the North during the Civil War is accurate?
The prices of consumer goods climbed faster than wages. Even though workers received higher wages, the prices for the goods they bought rose even faster.
gold rush
The rapid influx of migrants into California after the discovery of gold in 1848. Migrants came from all over the world seeking riches.
deskilling
The replacement of skilled labor with unskilled labor and machines.
Oregon Trail
The route west from the Missouri River to the Oregon Territory. By 1860, some 350,000 Americans had made the three- to six-month journey along the trail.
Which Union victory effectively cut the Confederacy in half in 1864?
The siege of Atlanta The Union victory at the siege of Atlanta, led by General William Tecumseh Sherman, effectively meant that the Confederacy was cut into two.
hard war
The strategy promoted by General Ulysses S. Grant in which Union forces destroyed civilian crops, livestock, fields, and property to undermine Confederate morale and supply chains.
Why had civilians traveled from the District of Columbia to the battle site of Bull Run (Manassas) in July 1861?
They wanted to catch a glimpse of live combat. Civilians from Washington traveled to the battle site to view the combat but had to flee for their lives in the aftermath of the battle to escape Confederate artillery.
During the Civil War, which form of discrimination against black soldiers in the Union army bothered them the most?
They were paid less than whites were paid. Particularly galling was the Union policy of paying black soldiers less than whites were paid. Black soldiers openly protested this type of discrimination, and by June 1864, the War Department finally equalized wages.
What was the ratio of deaths from disease to death from battle among soldiers who fought in the Civil War?
Three deaths by disease for every one from battle For every soldier who died as a result of battle, three died of disease. Measles, dysentery, typhoid, and malaria killed thousands who drank contaminated water, ate tainted food, and were exposed to the elements.
Why does the Pawnee warrior Loots-Tow-Oots hold a sword in the photograph taken of him and his wife in 1868?
To recall his service in a Union cavalry unit during the war The photograph shows the dual identities of Natives such as Loots-Tow-Oots and his wife: he appears in Union uniform with cavalry sword while wearing a feather in his hair.
When the Union army under General William T. Sherman was executing its March to the Sea, why did it turn away escaping slaves?
Too many people were asking for refuge, slowing down the army. So many slaves sought refuge with Sherman's army that he risked his ability to fight if he accepted them all. As a result, some slaves were turned away to fend for themselves so that the army could continue its march against the Confederacy.
filibusters
Unauthorized military expeditions launched by U.S. adventurers to gain control of Cuba, Nicaragua, and other Spanish territories in the 1850s.
Fort Sumter
Union fort that guarded the harbor in Charleston, South Carolina. The Confederacy's decision to fire on the fort and block resupply in April 1861 marked the beginning of the Civil War.
Second Party System
When the Whig Party formed in 1834, they posed the first significant challenge to Democratic Party control in two decades.
During the Civil War, what did Cherokee and Comanche Indians have in common?
Working with both sides The Comanche negotiated with both Union and Confederate agents while raiding the Texas frontier for horses and cattle. The Cherokee General Stand Watie led a pan-Indian force, but most members of the Cherokee supported the Union.
The fact that Confederate soldiers under Robert E. Lee went into the Battle of Antietam without shoes is evidence of
chronic supply problems that plagued the Confederacy in particular. As General Lee complained before Antietam, many soldiers went into battle in ragged uniforms and without shoes. Rations, too, ran short. Food was dispensed sporadically and was often spoiled.